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ASTM C157/C157M-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete

Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the length changes that are produced by causes other than externally applied forces and temperature changes in hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete specimens made in the laboratory and exposed to controlled conditions of temperature and moisture.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E 11. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2004
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.68 - Volume Change
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C157/C157M-03 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C157/C157M-06 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM C666/C666M-15 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1105-08a(2016) - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C688-22 - Standard Specification for Functional Additions for Use in Hydraulic Cements
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1012/C1012M-18b - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1856/C1856M-17 - Standard Practice for Fabricating and Testing Specimens of Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1107/C1107M-20 - Standard Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-Cement Grout (Nonshrink)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C494/C494M-19e1 - Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C806-18 - Standard Test Method for Restrained Expansion of Expansive Cement Mortar
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C233/C233M-18 - Standard Test Method for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1709-22 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1293-20a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C596-18 - Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1622/C1622M-10(2016)e1 - Standard Specification for Cold-Weather Admixture Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004

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ASTM C157/C157M-04 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and ConcreteASTM C157/C157M-04 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
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ASTM C157/C157M-04 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 157/C 157M – 04
Standard Test Method for
Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and
1
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 157/C 157M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination
of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the length
Concrete
changes that are produced by causes other than externally
C 511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,
applied forces and temperature changes in hardened hydraulic-
Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the
cement mortar and concrete specimens made in the laboratory
Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes
and exposed to controlled conditions of temperature and
C 596 Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Con-
moisture.
taining Hydraulic Cement
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
C 1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
be regarded separately as standard.An exception is with regard
E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing
to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI
Purposes
values are the standard as stated in Specification E 11. Within
E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
peratures)
system must be used independently of the other, without
combining values in any way.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—The terms used in this test method are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
defined in Terminology C 125.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 length change, n—an increase or decrease in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
lengthofatestspecimenthathasbeencausedtochangebyany
2. Referenced Documents factor other than externally applied forces and temperature
2
changes.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
4. Significance and Use
Aggregates
4.1 Measurement of length change permits assessment of
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Ce-
the potential for volumetric expansion or contraction of mortar
ment Concrete
or concrete due to various causes other than applied force or
C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
temperature change. This test method is particularly useful for
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
comparative evaluation of this potential in different hydraulic-
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
cement mortar or concrete mixtures.
C 305 PracticeforMechanicalMixingofHydraulicCement
4.2 This test method provides useful information for experi-
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
mental purposes or for products that require testing under
nonstandard mixing, placing, handling, or curing conditions,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on such as high product workability or different demolding times.
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Standard conditions are described in 5.4.1.
C09.68 on Volume Change.
4.3 If conditions for mixing, curing, sampling, and storage
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
other than specified in this test method are required, they shall
approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 157/C 157M – 03.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
be reported but are not to be considered as standard conditions
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
of this test method. Nonstandard conditions and the reasons for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 157/C 157M – 04
departure from standard conditions shall be reported clearly in diameter in a filter paper, place it on the atmometer, and
and prominently with comparator values. secure it in place while dry, by turning the torque ha
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect on mortar strength of the organic impurities in fine aggregate, whose presence is indicated using Test Method C40/C40M. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
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5.3 Although this technique has been used historically to understand issues related to setting and slump loss, it must be emphasized that isothermal calorimetry results cannot predict concrete performance definitely, either positively or negatively. Extensive verification in concrete at planned dosages and temperatures, and at higher dosages, is needed. Isothermal calorimetry is an effective tool to identify sensitivities, so that concrete testing can be efficiently planned and performed.  
5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
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1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
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Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.  
4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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