ASTM C1836-16(2023)
(Classification)Standard Classification for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures
Standard Classification for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Composite materials consist by definition of a reinforcement phase/s in a matrix phase/s. The composition and structure of these constituents in the composites are commonly tailored for a specific application with detailed performance requirements. For fiber reinforced carbon-carbon composites the tailoring involves the selection of the reinforcement fibers (composition, properties, morphology, interface coatings etc), the matrix (composition, properties, and morphology), the composite structure (component fractions, reinforcement architecture, interface coatings, porosity structure, microstructure, etc.), and the fabrication conditions (assembly, forming, densification, finishing, etc.). The final engineering properties (physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, etc) can be tailored across a broad range with major directional anisotropy in the properties. (9-12)
4.2 This classification system assists the designer/user/producer in identifying and organizing different types of C-C composites (based on fibers, matrix, architecture, physical properties, and mechanical properties) for structural applications. It assists the composites community in developing, selecting, and using C-C composites with the appropriate composition, construction, and properties for a specific application.
4.3 This classification system is a top level identification tool which uses a limited number of composites properties for high level classification. It is not meant to be a complete, detailed material specification, because it does not cover the full range of composition, architecture, physical, mechanical, fabrication, and durability requirements commonly defined in a full design specification. Guide C1783 provides direction and guidance in preparing a complete material specification for a given C-C composite component.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fiber reinforced carbon-carbon (C-C) composite structures (flat plates, rectangular bars, round rods, and tubes) manufactured specifically for structural components. The carbon-carbon composites consist of carbon/graphite fibers (from PAN, pitch, or rayon precursors) in a carbon/graphite matrix produced by liquid infiltration/pyrolysis or by chemical vapor infiltration, or both.
1.2 The classification system provides a means of identifying and organizing different C-C composites, based on the fiber type, architecture class, matrix densification, physical properties, and mechanical properties. The system provides a top-level identification system for grouping different types of C-C composites into different classes and provides a means of identifying the general structure and properties of a given C-C composite. It is meant to assist the ceramics community in developing, selecting, and using C-C composites with the appropriate composition, construction, and properties for a specific application.
1.3 The classification system produces a classification code for a given C-C composite, which shows the type of fiber, reinforcement architecture, matrix type, fiber volume fraction, density, porosity, and tensile strength and modulus (room temperature).
1.3.1 For example, Carbon-Carbon Composites Classification Code, C3-A2C-4C2*-32—classification of a carbon-carbon composite material/component (C3) with PAN based carbon fiber (A) in a 2-D (2) fiber architecture with a CVI matrix (C), a fiber volume of 45 % (4), a bulk density of 1.5 g/cc (C), an open porosity less than 2 % (2*), an average ultimate tensile strength of 360 MPa (3), and an average tensile modulus of 35 GPa (2).
1.4 This classification system is a top level identification tool which uses a limited number of composite properties for high level classification. It is not meant to be a complete, detailed material specification, because it does not cover the full range of composition, architecture, physical, mechanical, fabrication, and durability requirements commonly defined in a full de...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1836 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Classification for
Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1836; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope full range of composition, architecture, physical, mechanical,
fabrication, and durability requirements commonly defined in a
1.1 This classification covers fiber reinforced carbon-carbon
full design specification. Guide C1783 provides extensive and
(C-C) composite structures (flat plates, rectangular bars, round
detailed direction and guidance in preparing a complete mate-
rods, and tubes) manufactured specifically for structural com-
rial specification for a given C-C composite component.
ponents. The carbon-carbon composites consist of carbon/
graphite fibers (from PAN, pitch, or rayon precursors) in a 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
carbon/graphite matrix produced by liquid infiltration/ as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
pyrolysis or by chemical vapor infiltration, or both. standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 The classification system provides a means of identify-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing and organizing different C-C composites, based on the fiber
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
type, architecture class, matrix densification, physical
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
properties, and mechanical properties. The system provides a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
top-level identification system for grouping different types of
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
C-C composites into different classes and provides a means of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
identifying the general structure and properties of a given C-C
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
composite. It is meant to assist the ceramics community in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
developing, selecting, and using C-C composites with the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
appropriate composition, construction, and properties for a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
specific application.
1.3 The classification system produces a classification code
2. Referenced Documents
for a given C-C composite, which shows the type of fiber,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
reinforcement architecture, matrix type, fiber volume fraction,
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
density, porosity, and tensile strength and modulus (room
Products
temperature).
C559 Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measure-
1.3.1 For example, Carbon-Carbon Composites Classifica-
ments of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles
tion Code, C3-A2C-4C2*-32—classification of a carbon-
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
carbon composite material/component (C3) with PAN based
Graphite (Withdrawn 2017)
carbon fiber (A) in a 2-D (2) fiber architecture with a CVI
C838 Test Method for Bulk Density of As-Manufactured
matrix (C), a fiber volume of 45 % (4), a bulk density of 1.5
Carbon and Graphite Shapes
g/cc (C), an open porosity less than 2 % (2*), an average
C1039 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Apparent Spe-
ultimate tensile strength of 360 MPa (3), and an average tensile
cific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Graphite Electrodes
modulus of 35 GPa (2).
C1198 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
1.4 This classification system is a top level identification
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
tool which uses a limited number of composite properties for
Sonic Resonance
high level classification. It is not meant to be a complete,
C1259 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
detailed material specification, because it does not cover the
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
1 2
This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Ceramic Matrix Composites. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published June 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
published in 2016. Last previous edition published in 2016 as C1836 – 16. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/C1836-16R23 www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1836 − 16 (2023)
Impulse Excitation of Vibration hexagonal array of carbon atoms (space group P 63/mmc) but
C1275 Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of also known in a rhombohedral form (space group R 3m). C709
Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with
3.1.9 graphitization, n—in carbon and graphite technology,
Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Am-
the solid-state transformation of thermodynamically unstable
bient Temperature
amorphous carbon into crystalline graphite by a high tempera-
C1773 Test Method for Monotonic Axial Tensile Behavior
ture thermal treatment in an inert atmosphere.
of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubu-
3.1.9.1 Discussion—The degree of graphitization is a mea-
lar Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature
sure of the extent of long-range 3-D crystallographic order as
C1783 Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber
determined by diffraction studies only. The degree of graphi-
Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for
tization affects many properties significantly, such as thermal
Nuclear Applications
conductivity, electrical conductivity, strength, and stiffness.
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
3.1.9.2 Discussion—A common, but incorrect, use of the
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
term graphitization is to indicate a process of thermal treatment
Methods
of carbon materials at T > 2200 °C regardless of any resultant
D6507 Practice for Fiber Reinforcement Orientation Codes
crystallinity. The use of the term graphitization without report-
for Composite Materials
ing confirmation of long range three dimensional crystallo-
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
graphic order determined by diffraction studies should be
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
avoided, as it can be misleading. C709
and Chord Modulus
3.1.10 hybrid, n—for composite materials, containing at
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
least two distinct types of matrix or reinforcement. Each matrix
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-
3 or reinforcement type can be distinct because of its (a) physical
drawn 2015)
or mechanical properties, or both, (b) material form, or (c)
chemical composition. D3878
3. Terminology
3.1.11 knitted fabric, n—a fiber structure produced by inter-
3.1 General Definitions—Many of the terms in this classi-
looping one or more ends of yarn or comparable material.
fication are defined in the terminology standards for graphite
D4850
articles (C709), composite materials (D3878), fabrics and
fabric test methods (D4850), and mechanical testing (E6).
3.1.12 laminate, n—any fiber- or fabric-reinforced compos-
3.1.1 apparent porosity, n—the volume fraction of all pores,
ite consisting of laminae (plies) with one or more orientations
voids, and channels within a solid mass that are interconnected
with respect to some reference direction. D3878
with each other and communicate with the external surface,
3.1.13 lay-up, n—a process or fabrication involving the
and thus are measurable by gas or liquid penetration. (Syn-
placement of successive layers of materials in specified se-
onym – open porosity) C242
quence and orientation. D6507, E1309
3.1.2 braided fabric, n—a woven structure produced by
3.1.14 matrix, n—the continuous constituent of a composite
interlacing three or more ends of yarns in a manner such that
material, which surrounds or engulfs the embedded reinforce-
the paths of the yarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the
ment in the composite and acts as the load transfer mechanism
fabric.
between the discrete reinforcement elements. D3878
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Braided structures can have 2-D or 3-D
3.1.15 ply, n—in 2-D laminar composites, the constituent
architectures. D4850
single layer as used in fabricating, or occurring within, a
3.1.3 bulk density, n—the mass of a unit volume of material
composite structure. D3878
including both permeable and impermeable voids. C559
3.1.16 tow, n—in fibrous composites, a continuous, ordered
3.1.4 fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of
assembly of essentially parallel, collimated continuous
yarns or fibers. D4850
filaments, normally without twist. (Synonym – roving) D3878
3.1.5 fiber, n—a fibrous form of matter with an aspect ratio
3.1.17 unidirectional composite, n—any fiber reinforced
>10 and an effective diameter <1 mm. (Synonym – filament)
composite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. D3878
3.1.5.1 Discussion—A fiber/filament forms the basic ele-
3.1.18 woven fabric, n—a fabric structure produced by the
ment of fabrics and other textile structures. D3878
interlacing, in a specific weave pattern, of tows or yarns
3.1.6 fiber content/fraction (volume or weight), n—the
oriented in two or more directions.
amount of fiber present in a composite, expressed either as a
3.1.18.1 Discussion—There are a large variety of 2-D
percent by weight or a percent by volume. D3878
weave styles, e.g., plain, satin, twill, basket, crowfoot, etc.
3.1.7 fiber preform, n—a preshaped fibrous reinforcement,
3.1.19 yarn, n—in fibrous composites, a continuous, ordered
normally without matrix, but often containing a binder to
assembly of essentially parallel, collimated filaments, normally
facilitate manufacture, formed by distribution/weaving of fi-
with twist, and of either discontinuous or continuous filaments.
bers to the approximate contour and thickness of the finished
3.1.19.1 single yarn, n—an end in which each filament
part. D3878
follows the same twist. D3878
3.1.8 graphite, n—allotropic crystalline form of the element
carbon, occurring as a mineral, commonly consisting of a 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
C1836 − 16 (2023)
3.2.1 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D reinforcement, n—a description of commonly the axis with the highest fiber loading. This primary
the orientation and distribution of the reinforcing fibers and structural axis may not be parallel with the longest dimensional
yarns in a composite. axis of the plate/bar/structure.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—In a 1-D structure, all of the fibers are
3.2.8 pyrolysis, n—in carbon matrix composites, the con-
oriented in a single longitudinal (x) direction. In a 2-D
trolled thermal process in which the hydrocarbon precursor is
structure, all of the fibers lie in the x-y planes of the plate or bar
decomposed to elemental carbon in an inert atmosphere.
or in the circumferential shells (axial and circumferential
(Synonym – carbonization)
directions) of the rod or tube with no fibers aligned in the z or
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Pyrolysis commonly results in weight
radial directions. In a 3-D structure, the structure has fiber
loss and the release of hydrogen and hydrocarbon vapors.
reinforcement in the x-y planes and in the z-direction in the
3.2.9 rectangular bar, n—a solid straight rod with a rectan-
plate or bar and in the axial, circumferential, and radial
gular cross-section, geometrically defined by a width, a
directions in a tube or rod.
thickness, and long axis length.
3.2.2 axial tensile strength, n—for a composite tube or solid
3.2.10 round rod, n—a solid, straight elongated cylinder,
round rod, the tensile strength along the long axis of the rod or
geometrically defined by a outer diameter and an axial length.
tube. For a composite flat plate or rectangular bar, the tensile
strength along the primary structural axis/direction.
3.2.11 round tube, n—a hollow elongated cylinder, geo-
metrically defined by a outer diameter, an inner diameter, and
3.2.3 carbon-carbon composite, n—a ceramic matrix com-
an axial length.
posite in which the reinforcing phase consists of continuous
carbon/graphite filaments in the form of fiber, continuous yarn,
3.2.12 surface seal coatings, n—an inorganic protective
or a woven or braided fabric contained within a continuous
coating applied to the outer surface of a C-C composite
matrix of carbon/graphite. (1-6)
component to protect against high temperature oxidation or
corrosion or to improve wear and abrasion resistance. Such
3.2.4 carbon fibers, n—inorganic fibers with a primary
coatings are commonly hard, impermeable ceramic coatings.
(>90 %) elemental carbon composition. These fibers are pro-
duced by the high temperature pyrolysis of organic precursor
4. Significance and Use
fibers (commonly, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch, and rayon) in
an inert atmosphere. (Synonym – graphite fibers) (7, 8)
4.1 Composite materials consist by definition of a reinforce-
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The term carbon is often used inter-
ment phase/s in a matrix phase/s. The composition and
changeably with "graphite"; however, carbon fibers and graph-
structure of these constituents in the composites are commonly
ite fibers differ in the temperature at which the fibers are made
tailored for a specific application with detailed performance
and heat-treated, the amount of elemental carbon produced,
requirements. For fiber reinforced carbon-carbon composites
and the resulting crystal structure of the carbon. Carbon fibers
the tailoring involves the selection of the reinforcement fibers
typically are carbonized at about 2400 °F (1300 °C) and assay
(composition, properties, morphology, interface coatings etc),
at 93 % to 95 % carbon, while graphite fibers are graphitized at
the matrix (composition, properties, and morphology), the
3450 °F to 5450 °F (1900 °C to 3000 °C) and assay at more
composite structure (component fractions, reinforcement
than 99 % elemental carbon. (7, 8)
architecture, interface coatings, porosity structure,
3.2.5 chemical vapo
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