ASTM D1447-89(1994)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Fibrograph Measurement
Standard Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Fibrograph Measurement
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of the Fibrograph. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns or fabrics.
1.2 This test method covers procedures for all models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
Note 1--Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 and previous editions.
Note 2--For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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e1
Designation: D 1447 – 89 (Reapproved 1994)
Standard Test Method for
Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by
Fibrograph Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in February 1994.
1. Scope bution of the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument
in scanning the fiber board.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length
3.1.3 span length (Fibrograph), n—the distance spanned by
and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of the Fibrograph.
a specified percentage of the fibers in the test beard, taking the
The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or
amount reading at the starting point of the scanning as 100 %.
partially processed cotton or some types of cotton waste, but
3.1.4 test beard, n—in length testing of cotton, the portion
not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers
of the test specimen that has been combed and brushed into a
recovered from cotton yarns or fabrics.
“beard” which protrudes from the outside of the comb(s) or the
1.2 This test method covers procedures for all models of the
clamp(s).
Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
3.1.5 test specimen (Fibrograph), n—the cotton fibers
NOTE 1—Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph
placed randomly on a Fibrograph comb(s) for fiber length
Models were included in the text of Test Method D 1447 in 1971 and
measurements.
previous editions.
3.1.6 uniformity ratio, n—in cotton length testing with the
NOTE 2—For other methods covering the measurement of the length of
Fibrograph, the ratio between two span lengths expressed as a
cotton fibers refer to Test Method D 1440.
percentage of the longer length.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.6.1 Discussion—various span lengths and measures of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
length uniformity may be calculated from the results of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measured points, but the 2.5 and 50 % span lengths and the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
50/2.5 uniformity ratio are usually used.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.7 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.1 Fibers are placed on comb(s) in such a way that they are
D 1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
caught at random points along their lengths to form a beard.
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
The beard is scanned photoelectrically from base to tip, the
D 1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
amount of light passing through the beard being used as a
D 3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results
measure of the number of fibers that extend various distances
by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
from the comb(s).
4.2 The Fibrograph shows the amount and the length
3. Terminology
readings from the Fibrogram being sensed on separate dials.
3.1 Definitions:
The instrument can show percent, the distance spanned by
3.1.1 amount, n.—in cotton length testing with the Fib-
predetermined percentages of the cotton fibers in the beard.
rograph, n—a measure of the thickness, or optical density, of
the test beard, proportional to the number of fibers present at
5. Significance and Use
various distances from the comb(s).
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
3.1.2 fibrogram, n—in testing cotton fibers for length, the
tance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled
curve representing the second cumulation of the length distri-
by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples
because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on
are acceptable under these conditions. In case of dispute, the
Textiles, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser
Current edition approved June 30, 1989. Published August 1989. Originally
published as D 1447 – 55. Last previous edition D 1447 – 83. and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1447
FIG. 1 Digital Fibrograph, Model 530
comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from purchaser and the supplier shall agree on what material
one sample of material. constitutes a lot.
5.2 Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast 7.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
method for determining the length and length uniformity of the
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner. an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
5.3 Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily
tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to
agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring use Practice D 1441.
lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and
7.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
other factors. tance testing, select and prepare a 30 to 225 g (1 to 8 oz)
5.4 Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial
subsample from each of the shipping containers in the lot
staple length classifications and also provide additional infor- sample, proceeding as directed in Practice D 1441 using either
mation on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton
the blended sample procedure or the subsample procedure as
quality information provided by these results is used in agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial
7.4 Test Specimens—As directed in Section 10, prepare
staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into
either two or four specimens from each subsample in the
uniform lots, and for other purposes.
laboratory sample. For acceptance testing, test either two or
5.5 Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions
four specimens from each subsample in the laboratory sample
that a fiber is caught on the comb in proportion to its length as
as agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
compared to total length of all fibers in the sample and that the
point of catch for a fiber is at random along its length.
8. Preparation and Adjustment of Apparatus
8.1 Set up the Fibrograph and adjust it as directed in the
6. Apparatus
manufacturer’s instructions for the model being used.
6.1 Fibrograph, Digital model, with accessory equipment
8.2 Set up and adjust the Fibrosampler as directed in the
as shown in Fig. 1.
manufacturer’s instructions.
6.2 Fibrosampler, for the preparation of test specimens
8.3 Before making Fibrograph length tests, allow the instru-
(optional) as shown in Fig. 2.
ment to warm up until it is electronically stable, then carefully
7. Sampling
check it both electronically and mechanically by using the
methods listed in 8.3.1-8.3.4 for specific items.
7.1 Division into Lots—For acceptance testing purposes, the
8.3.1 Check the length and sensitivity controls according to
the manufacturer’s instructions and recommendations for the
Instruments and accessories meeting these requirements may be obtained from
model being used. Compare the instrument measurement of the
Zellweger Uster, Inc., 456 Troy Circle, P. O. Box 51270, Knoxville, TN 37919-
1270. length of a card or similar item to its known length to check the
D 1447
FIG. 2 Fibrosampler
correctness of the length indicator. for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
8.3.2 Compare the instrument measurement of light passage Exposure to moving air for a period of at least4his usually
through different varying numbers of cellophane sheets to required, and a longer conditioning period is essential for large
check the linearity or optical calibration. samples and for moist samples. Preconditioning is not neces-
8.3.3 Measure specimens of cotton fibers from a laboratory sary.
control sample with established length values (Note 3). Each
10. Preparation of Specimens
technician must measure separate specimens prepared from a
10.1 Hand Combing Method:
laboratory control sample and obtain acceptable length results
10.1.1 Place a portion of the conditioned laboratory sample
before performing similar measurements on specimens from
on a pair of Fibrograph combs. Distribute the fibers evenly
unknown samples. When unacceptable results are obtained
across the width of the combs while placing the fibers
from the laboratory control sample, recheck the instrument
randomly along their lengths on the teeth of the combs. Place
adjustments and the testing techniques until acceptable results
sufficient cotton on the combs for each test specimen to
are obtained (Note 4).
produce amount readings of 1.200 to 1.600.
NOTE 3—Standard calibration cotton samples for Fibrograph length
NOTE 5—The exact amount of cotton within these limits doe
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