prEN 15718
(Main)Railway applications - Monoblock wheel products - Cast wheels
Railway applications - Monoblock wheel products - Cast wheels
This European Standard specifies the characteristics of cast railway wheels for use on European networks.Two steel grades; C ER7 and C ER8, are defined in this standard. For tread braked wheels; only C ER7 shall be used.This standard is applicable to cast wheels which have a chilled rim1). The standard is only applicable to cast wheels that have satisfied technical approval procedure prEN13979-2:2005.This standard applies only to wheels used in freight wagon applications for speeds up to and including 120 km/h.
Note 1:"Rim Chilled" describes heat treatment of the rim, the aim of which is to harden the rim and to create circumferential compressive residual stresses in the rim.
Bahnanwendungen - Vollräder - Gussräder
Diese europäische Norm spezifiziert die Merkmale von gegossenen Eisenbahnrädern, die auf europäischen Streckennetzen verwendet werden sollen.
In dieser europäischen Norm werden zwei Stahlgüten, C ER7 und C ER8 definiert. Für über die Laufflächen gebremste Räder wird nur C ER7 verwendet.
Diese europäische Norm ist auf Gussräder mit gehärteten Radreifen )anwendbar. Diese europäische Norm ist nur auf Gussräder anwendbar, die das technische Genehmigungsverfahren nach prEN 13979-2 erfüllt haben.
Diese europäische Norm gilt nur für Räder, die in Güterwagenanwendungen für Geschwindigkeiten bis zu einschließlich 120 km/h verwendet werden.
Applications ferroviaires - Roues monobloc - Roues en acier moulé
Železniške naprave - Monoblok kolesa - Lita kolesa
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15718:2007
01-december-2007
Železniške naprave - Monoblok kolesa - Lita kolesa
Railway applications - Monoblock wheel products - Cast wheels
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15718
ICS:
45.040 Materiali in deli za železniško Materials and components
tehniko for railway engineering
oSIST prEN 15718:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 15718
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2007
ICS 45.040
English Version
Railway applications - Monoblock wheel products - Cast wheels
Applications ferroviaires - Roues monobloc - Roues en
acier moulé
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 256.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15718:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword. 6
Introduction . 7
1 Scope. 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Product definition . 9
3.1 Chemical composition. 9
3.1.1 Values to be achieved. 9
3.1.2 Location of the sample. 9
3.1.3 Chemical analysis. 10
3.2 Mechanical characteristics . 10
3.2.1 Tensile test characteristics. 10
3.2.2 Hardness characteristics in the rim . 11
3.2.3 Impact test characteristics. 12
3.2.4 Fatigue characteristics. 13
3.2.5 Toughness characteristic of the rim. 14
3.3 Heat treatment homogeneity . 15
3.3.1 Location of measurement . 15
3.3.2 Values to be achieved. 15
3.3.3 Test method. 15
3.4 Material cleanliness . 15
3.4.1 Micrographic cleanliness . 15
3.4.2 Internal integrity. 15
3.5 Residual stresses. 18
3.5.1 General. 18
3.5.2 Values to be achieved. 18
3.5.3 Test piece. 19
3.5.4 Measurement methods. 19
3.6 Surface characteristics. 19
3.6.1 Surface appearance. 19
3.6.2 Surface integrity. 20
3.7 Geometric tolerances . 20
3.8 Static imbalance. 22
3.9 Shot peening . 23
3.9.1 Requirements . 23
3.9.2 Quality assurance provisions. 23
3.10 Protection against corrosion . 24
3.11 Manufacture’s Markings. 24
Annex A (normative) Hydrogen control at the point of steel melt for monobloc wheels. 25
A.1 Sampling . 25
A.2 Analysis methods . 25
A.3 Operating precautions. 25
Annex B (informative) Example of a test method for the determination of fatigue
characteristics. 26
B.1 Test piece. 26
B.2 Test rig . 26
B.3 Test monitoring. 26
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
B.4 Analysis of results . 26
Annex C (informative) Strain gauge method for determining the variation of
circumferential residual stresses located deep under the tread . 27
C.1 Principle . 27
C.2 Procedure . 27
C.2.1 Fitting of a rim cross section with strain gauges prior to wheel cutting . 27
C.2.2 Execution of cutting. 27
C.2.3 Operations to be executed during cutting.28
C.3 Expression of results. 28
C.3.1 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential residual stress located deep
under the tread . 28
C.3.2 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential stress created by cutting
operation 1. 28
C.3.3 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential stress created by cutting
operation 2. 29
C.3.4 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential stress created by cutting
operation 3. 29
C.3.5 Final diagram representing the variation of the circumferential stress located
deep under the tread. 29
Annex D (informative) Ultrasonic method for determining the residual stress in the rim
(non destructive method). 33
D.1 Description of Measurement Method. 33
D.2 Acceptance Criteria . 34
Annex E (informative) Product qualification. 35
E.1 General. 35
E.2 Requirements . 35
E.2.1 Requirements for the producer . 35
E.2.2 Requirements for the product . 36
E.3 Qualification procedure. 36
E.3.1 General. 36
E.3.2 Documentation required. 36
E.3.3 Evaluation of manufacturing equipment and of the production processes. 37
E.3.4 Laboratory tests . 37
E.3.5 Testing of wheels. 38
E.4 Qualification certificate . 38
E.4.1 Condition of the validity . 38
E.4.2 Modification and extension. 38
E.4.3 Transference. 39
E.4.4 Lapsed certificate. 39
E.4.5 Cancellation. 39
E.5 Qualification documents . 39
Annex F (informative) Product delivery. 40
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
F.1 General. 40
F.2 Delivery condition. 40
F.3 Controls on each wheel. 41
F.4 Batch Control . 41
F.4.1 Controls . 41
F.4.2 Uniformity of batches by measurement of rim hardness . 42
F.4.3 Orientation of residual stresses on rim chilled wheels . 43
F.4.4 Visual inspection. 43
F.4.5 Quality plan. 43
F.5 Allowable rectification. 44
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2001/16/EC as amended by 2004/50/EC. 45
Bibliography . 47
Figures
Figure 1 — Location of test pieces . 11
Figure 2 — Readings taken on a radial section of the rim. 12
Figure 3 — Test pieces taken from the rim . 14
Figure 4 — Standard hub for ultrasonic examination . 18
Figure 5 — Range in variation of circumferential stress values. 18
Figure 6 — Symbols. 22
Figure B.1 — The Bastenaire fatigue method . 26
Figure C.1 — Fitting of strain-gauges. 30
Figure C.2a — Operation 1. 30
Figure C.2b — Operation 2. 31
Figure C.2c — Operation 3. 31
Figure C.3 — Cutting operations. 31
Figure C.3a — Variation of the stress created by operation 1 .32
Figure C.3b — Variation of the stress created by operation 2 .32
Figure C.3c — Variation of the stress created by operation 3 .32
Figure C.3d — Variation of the stress final diagram . 32
Figure C.4 — Method for determining the variation of the circumferential stress located
deep under the tread. 32
Figure D.1. 34
Figure F.1— Location of hardness measurements . 43
Tables
Table 1 — Maximum content of various element within cast wheels. 9
Table 2 — Minimum tensile test values of the rim and web .10
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
Table 3 — Minimum hardness values . 12
Table 4 — Average and minimum impact test characteristics. 13
Table 5 — Minimum fatigue characteristics. 13
Table 6 — Average surface roughness. 19
Table 7 — Geometric tolerances . 20
Table E.1 — Radial stress levels . 37
Table F.1 — Type and number of controls to be carried out.41
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 15718:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway
Applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s).
For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, B, C or D, which is an integral part of
this document.
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
Introduction
Normative documents that up until now have been used in Europe for wheel delivery (UIC leaflets,
national standards) had, for the main purpose, a complete definition of the delivery procedures and
the wheel characteristics to be measured.
Product qualification was sometimes mentioned but the procedures and the characteristics that had to
be verified for the qualification were not given.
This standard addresses these issues by:
a) defining all the wheel characteristics;
NOTE These are either verified during the qualification or for the delivery of the product (see Clause 3).
b) defining qualification procedures (see Annex E);
c) defining delivery conditions (see Annex F).
NOTE A choice is given to the supplier, of either:
1) a traditional delivery procedure with a control by batch sampling as in existing documents
(see F.4);
2) delivery procedure using quality assurance concepts (see F.5).
The standard defines the wheel product qualification, the technical approval procedure is not within
the scope of this standard.
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the characteristics of cast railway wheels for use on European
networks.
Two steel grades; C ER7 and C ER8, are defined in this standard. For tread braked wheels; only
C ER7 is used.
1)
This standard is applicable to cast wheels which have a chilled rim . The standard is only applicable
to cast wheels that have satisfied the technical approval procedure according to prEN 13979-2.
This standard applies only to wheels used in freight wagon applications for speeds up to and including
120 km/h.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 13979-2, Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Monobloc wheels — Technical
approval procedure — Part 2: Cast wheels
EN 473, Non destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel — General
principles
EN 10002-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature
EN 10045-1, Metallic materials — Charpy impact tes — Part 1: Test method
EN 10293:2005, Steel — Castings for General Engineering Uses
EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
EN ISO 6506-2, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 2: Verification and calibration of
testing machines
EN ISO 6506-3, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks
EN ISO 9000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 1101, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of
form, orientation, location and run-out
ISO 4967:1998, Steel — Determination of content of nonmetallic inclusions — Micrographic method
using standard diagrams
ISO 5948:1994, Railway rolling stock material — Ultrasonic acceptance testing
ISO 6933:1986, Railway rolling stock material — Magnetic particle acceptance testing
1) Note “Rim Chilled” describes heat treatment of the rim, the aim of which is to harden the rim and to create
circumferential compressive residual stresses in the rim.
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
2)
ISO/TR 9769, Steel and iron — Review of available methods of analysis
ASTM E 399-90:1990, Test method for plane-strain fracture toughness of metallic materials
SAE J827, High carbon cast steel shot
SAE J442, Test strip, holder and gage for shot peening
SAE J443, Procedures for using standard shot peening test strip
SAE J444, Cast shot and grit size specifications for peening and cleaning
NF A 03-405
3 Product definition
3.1 Chemical composition
3.1.1 Values to be achieved
The maximum percentage contents of the various elements contained within cast wheels shall be as
given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Maximum content of various element within cast wheels
Steel Maximum content (unless otherwise stated)
grade
%
c a a, b c
C Si Mn P S Cr Cu Mo Ni V Cr +
Mo +
Ni
CER7 0,52 0,6 0,80 0,020 0,02 0,30 0,30 0,12 0,30 0,06 0,52
CER8 0,56 0,6 0,80 0,020 0,02 0,30 0,30 0,12 0,30 0,06 0,52
NOTE For special applications, variations within the maximum limit of these values may be agreed.
a
A maximum content of 0,025 % may be agreed at the time of enquiry or order (values reflect those in
the master draft of EN 13262).
b
minimum sulphur content may be agreed at the time of enquiry and at the time of order, in order to
safeguard against hydrogen cracking.
c
These values have been taken from EN 10293:2005, the supplier shall ensure that use of these values
(which exceed those in EN 13262) do not adversely affect the metallurgical structure of the wheel.
3.1.2 Location of the sample
The sample used for determining the chemical composition shall be taken 15 mm below the tread at
its nominal diameter.
2) See also CEN report CR 10261:1995
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
3.1.3 Chemical analysis
The chemical composition analysis shall be performed according to methods and definitions that are
described in ISO/TR 9769.
3.2 Mechanical characteristics
3.2.1 Tensile test characteristics
3.2.1.1 Values to be achieved
Cast wheels shall have rim and web characteristics of at least the values given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Minimum tensile test values of the rim and web
Steel grade Rim Web
a b
R
R ≥≥≥≥ A ≥≥≥≥ Rm reduction ≥≥≥≥ A ≥≥≥≥
m
eH 5 5
2 2 2
N/mm N/mm % N/mm %
CER7 ≥ 520 820/940 ≥ 14 ≥ 110 ≥ 16
CER8 ≥ 540 860/980 ≥ 13 > 120 ≥ 16
a
If no distinctive yield strength is present, the proof stress R shall be determined.
p0,2
b
Reduction of tensile strength as compared to that of the rim on the same wheel.
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
3.2.1.2 Location of test pieces
Test pieces shall be taken from the rim and the web of the wheel, as indicated in Figure 1.
Key
3 Nominal diameter 5 Impact test pieces
4 Tensile test pieces 6 Notch
NOTE Where the micro-structure of the wheel varies as a result of the casting process the test piece shall
be taken from the worst-case location.
Figure 1 — Location of test pieces
3.2.1.3 Test method
This shall be performed in accordance with EN 10002-1. The test piece diameter shall be at least
10 mm in the parallel length, and the gauge length shall be 5 times the diameter.
NOTE If the wheel design prevents a sample of the stated size being taken, a smaller sized sample may be
taken after agreement between the customer and supplier.
3.2.2 Hardness characteristics in the rim
3.2.2.1 Values to be achieved
Minimum values of Brinell hardness applicable to the whole wear zone of the rim shall be as given in
Table 3. These values shall be achieved up to a maximum depth of 35 mm under the tread, even if
the wear-depth is higher than 35 mm. These measurements shall be taken from the points defined by
B, C and D on Figure 2.
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prEN 15718:2007 (E)
Hardness values in the rim-web transition (point A on Figure 2) shall be at least 10 points lower than
the wear limit values.
Table 3 — Minimum hardness values
Steel grade Minimum value for Brinell hardness
CER7 235
CER8 245
3.2.2.2 Location of readings
Four readings sha
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