CEN/TS 15234:2006
(Main)Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance
Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance
This Technical Specification defines the procedures to fulfil the quality requirements and describes measures to ensure adequate confidence that the biofuel specification is fulfilled. This Technical Specification covers the whole chain, from supply of raw materials to point of delivery to the end-user.
According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the Technical Committee (TC 335) only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources:
- products from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from the food processing industry;
- wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metal as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste;
- fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from the production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered;
- cork waste.
NOTE 1: The quality assurance systems applied to the operation of conversion plants fuelled by solid biofuels are outside the scope of this Technical Specification.
NOTE 2: Health, safety and environmental issues for solid biofuels are important and need special attention, however are outside the scope of this Technical Specification.
NOTE 3: For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this Technical Specification. Demolition wood is defined as "used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations" (CEN/TS 14588).
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Qualitätssicherung von Brennstoffen
Diese Technische Spezifikation legt die Verfahren zur Erfüllung der Qualitätsanforderungen fest und be-
schreibt Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung eines angemessenen Vertrauens auf die Einhaltung der Biobrenn-
stoffspezifikation. Diese Technische Spezifikation umfasst die gesamte Kette, von der Anlieferung der Roh-
stoffe bis zum Lieferort beim Endverbraucher.
Nach dem für die Normungsarbeit zugeteilten Mandat umfasst der Aufgabenbereich des Technischen
Komitees (TC 335) nur feste Biobrennstoffe, die aus folgenden Quellen stammen:
- Produkte aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft;
- pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft;
- pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Lebensmittel verarbeitenden Industrie;
- Holzabfälle, mit der Ausnahme von Holzabfällen, die im Ergebnis der Behandlung mit Holzschutzmitteln
oder Aufbringung von Beschichtungen halogenierte organische Verbindungen oder Schwermetalle ent-
halten können, und zu denen besonders Holzabfälle gehören, die von Bau- und Abbrucharbeiten
stammen;
- faserige pflanzliche Abfälle aus der Herstellung von natürlichem Zellstoff und aus der Herstellung von Pa-
pier aus Zellstoff, sofern sie am Herstellungsort verbrannt werden und die erzeugte Wärme genutzt wird;
- Korkabfälle.
Biocombustibles solides - Assurance qualité du combustible
Trdna biogoriva – Zagotavljanje kakovosti goriv
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2006
Trdna biogoriva – Zagotavljanje kakovosti goriv
Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Qualitätssicherung von Brennstoffen
Biocombustibles solides - Assurance qualité du combustible
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15234:2006
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15234
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
March 2006
ICS 75.160.10
English Version
Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance
Biocombustibles solides - Assurance qualité du Feste Biobrennstoffe - Qualitätssicherung von Brennstoffen
combustible
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 13 September 2005 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15234:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Symbols and abbreviations .7
5 Principle.8
6 Quality Assurance measures .9
7 Quality control measures.12
Annex A (Informative) Guidance for Quality Assurance of Solid Biofuels.18
Annex B (Informative) Examples on documentation for compliance with sub-clause 6.2
Production requirements .22
Annex C (Informative) Examples of Fuel Quality Declarations.36
Annex D (Informative) Example of a template for documentation of nonconformity.40
Annex E (Informative) Calculation of the net calorific value in different basis and energy density
as received .41
Bibliography .44
Foreword
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 15234:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335
“Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Introduction
The overall aim of this Technical Specification is to guarantee the solid biofuel quality through the whole
supply chain, from the origin to the delivery of the solid biofuel and provide adequate confidence that specified
quality requirements are fulfilled.
The solid biofuel supply chain usually consists of the main stages described in Figure 1.
End-user
Combustion
Raw
Identification Production/ Trade and Reception of
unit or
material
and collection of preparation of delivery of solid solid biofuel
other
raw material solid biofuels biofuels by end-user
conversion
unit
Supply chain activities covered by this Technical Specification
Figure 1—Solid biofuel supply chain
The objective of this Technical Specification is to serve as a tool to enable the efficient trading of biofuels.
Thereby:
[1] the end-user can find a biofuel that corresponds to his needs;
[2] the producer/supplier can produce a biofuel with defined and consistent properties and describe the
biofuel to the customers.
Quality assurance measures should establish confidence in the biofuel through systems that are simple to
operate and do not cause undue bureaucracy.
Solid biofuels are specified according to CEN/TS 14961—Solid Biofuels, Fuel Specification and Classes. Each
property specification requirement refers to a CEN Standard or a CEN Technical Specification. With a proper
quality assurance procedure and specification of origin and source (i.e. kind of biofuel) in the whole production
chain, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the parameters that need analysing.
[1]
According to the terminology of EN ISO 9001 a Quality Management system generally consist of Quality
Planning, Quality Control, Quality Assurance and Quality Improvement. This Technical Specification covers
Fuel Quality Assurance and Quality Control.
The users of this Technical Specification may integrate the CEN—Solid biofuels, Fuel Quality Assurance
[1, 2, 3]
Technical Specification in their general quality assurance scheme, e.g. the EN ISO 9000 series . If the
company does not have a quality management system, this Technical Specification can be used on it´s own to
help the supplier in documenting fuel quality and creating adequate confidence between the supplier and the
end-user.
In parallel to the preparation of this Technical Specification a Guide for Quality Assurance of Solid Biofuels
[8]
has produced as a CEN Technical Report .
This Technical Specification for Fuel Quality Assurance is only concerned with the fuel part. To ensure the
efficient use of solid biofuels, the relationship between the fuel and the combustion unit is also important to
consider. It is recommended that the end-users ensure that the combustion technology used and the solid
biofuels are compatible to achieve an optimised burning process. In addition to high efficiency, the
environmental impact is reduced when the combustion process is optimised (e.g. unburnt carbon in the ash
will be reduced; the emissions from the flue gases are reduced, etc.).
1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines the procedures to fulfil the quality requirements and describes measures
to ensure adequate confidence that the biofuel specification is fulfilled. This Technical Specification covers the
whole chain, from supply of raw materials to point of delivery to the end-user.
According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the Technical Committee (TC 335)
only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources:
- products from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from the food processing industry;
- wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or
heavy metal as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular
such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste;
- fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from the production of paper from pulp, if it is co-
incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered;
- cork waste.
NOTE 1: The quality assurance systems applied to the operation of conversion plants fuelled by solid biofuels are outside
the scope of this Technical Specification.
NOTE 2: Health, safety and environmental issues for solid biofuels are important and need special attention, however are
outside the scope of this Technical Specification.
NOTE 3: For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this Technical Specification.
Demolition wood is defined as “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (CEN/TS
14588).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CEN/TS 14588:2003 Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and descriptions
CEN/TS 14961:2005 Solid biofuels – Fuel Specifications and classes
NOTE: In the CEN/TS 14961 there is a list (Table 3) of the CEN Technical Specifications for sampling,
sample reduction and determination of biofuel properties.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in the CEN /TS14588:2003
and the following apply.
3.1
biomass resource owner
body or enterprise with the right to exploit the biomass resources for energy purposes
NOTE: The biomass resource owner can be a land or forest owner, a company etc.
3.2
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air or water (e. g. glue and paint)
NOTE: See informative Annex D in the CEN/TS 14961:2005—Solid Biofuels, Fuel Specification and Classes.
3.3
critical control point
point within or between processes at which relevant properties can be most readily assessed and are also the
points that offer the greatest potential for quality improvement
3.4
customer
the next operator in the biofuel supply chain
3.5
delivery agreement
contract for fuel trade, which specifies e.g. origin and source, quality and quantity of the fuel, as well as
delivery terms
3.6
end-user
consumer (private person, enterprise, utility, etc.) using fuel for energy purposes
3.7
fuel quality declaration
document dated and signed by the producer/supplier to the retailer or end-user, specifying origin and source,
traded form and properties of defined lot
3.8
operator
body or enterprise, which is responsible for one or several activities in the solid biofuel supply chain
NOTE 1: The operator can be, for example, a biofuel producer or a subcontractor to the biofuel supplier.
NOTE 2: The first operator is a body or an enterprise which operates at the beginning of the supply chain.
3.9
point of delivery
the delivery location specified in the delivery agreement, at which the proprietary rights of and responsibility
for a fuel lot is transferred from the supplier to the end-user
3.10
producer
operator responsible for the production of the fuel or for any operation with the purpose of changing the biofuel
properties
NOTE: The producer can also be the supplier of the fuel.
3.11
quality
degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements
3.12
quality assurance
part of quality management, focused on providing confidence that the quality requirements will be fulfilled
3.13
quality control
part of quality management, focused on fulfilling the quality requirements
3.14
retailer
supplier of (usually packaged) biofuels in (small) quantities to end-user
NOTE: Retailers are usually suppliers to the private household consumers.
3.15
supplier
operator responsible for supplying solid biofuels
NOTE: One supplier may deliver to the end-user directly and take responsibility for fuel deliveries from several
producers as well as delivery to the end-user.
3.16
supply chain
the overall process of handling and processing raw materials to the point of delivery to the end-user
4 Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this Technical Specification comply with the SI—system of units as far
as possible.
d dry (dry basis)
daf dry, ash-free
ar as received
A Designation for ash content (w-% of dry basis)*
ρ Density [kg/m ]
BD Designation for bulk density [kg/m ]*
DE Designation for particle density as received [kg/dm ]*
D Designation for diameter [mm]*
DU Designation for mechanical durability [w-%]*
E Energy density as received [MWh/m loose, solid or stacked volume (amount of energy/volume unit)]
ar
E Designation for energy density as received [kWh/m or kWh/kg, unit is to be stated in brackets]*
F Designation for amount of fines (< 3,15 mm, w-%)
L Designation for length [mm]*
M Total
...
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