EN ISO 9241-4:1998
(Main)Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 4: Keyboard requirements (ISO 9241-4:1998)
Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 4: Keyboard requirements (ISO 9241-4:1998)
2013-11-08 EMA: ISO confirmed that ISO 9241-400:2007 replaces ISO 9241-4 and -9.
Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Problems in ISO. Conflict between pure ergonomists and manufacturers.
Ergonomische Anforderungen für Bürotätigkeiten mit Bildschirmgeräten - Teil 4: Anforderungen an die Tastatur (ISO 9241-4:1998)
Dieser Teil der ISO 9241 befaßt sich mit der ergonomischen Konstruktion von Tastaturen. Ihr Ziel besteht darin, die Konstruktion von Tastaturen so zu beeinflussen, daß die biomechanischen und physiologischen Grenzen und Fähigkeiten der Anwender bei der Konstruktion der Tastatur berücksichtigt werden. Sie enthält auf ergonomischen Faktoren beruhende Richtlinien für die Gestaltung der Tastatur, die physikalischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen Tasten und für die Gesamtauslegung des die Tasten enthaltenen Gehäuses.
Exigences ergonomiques pour travail de bureau avec terminaux à écrans de visualisation (TEV) - Partie 4: Exigences relatives aux claviers (ISO 9241-4:1998)
La CEI 60512-16-21:2012 L'objet de la présente norme est de préciser une méthode d'essai normalisée pour évaluer la possibilité de développement de trichites par une contrainte mécanique extérieure sur les parties recouvertes d'un placage d'étain ou d'alliage d'étain d'un connecteur dans son application (après sortie de fil, après soudure, après montage, accouplé avec ses contreparties). La présente norme ne couvre pas la trichite de type par contrainte interne. La présente partie de la CEI 60512 est utilisée pour les essais des connecteurs qui entrent dans le domaine d'application du comité d'études 48 de la CEI. Ces essais peuvent aussi être utilisés sur des composants similaires lorsqu'une spécification particulière le précise.
Mots clé: Trichite, contrainte mécanique extérieure
Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 4: Keyboard requirements (ISO 9241-4:1998)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2001
Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part
4: Keyboard requirements (ISO 9241-4:1998)
Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 4:
Keyboard requirements (ISO 9241-4:1998)
Ergonomische Anforderungen für Bürotätigkeiten mit Bildschirmgeräten - Teil 4:
Anforderungen an die Tastatur (ISO 9241-4:1998)
Exigences ergonomiques pour travail de bureau avec terminaux a écrans de
visualisation (TEV) - Partie 4: Exigences relatives aux claviers (ISO 9241-4:1998)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 9241-4:1998
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
35.180 Terminalska in druga IT Terminal and other
periferna oprema IT peripheral equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9241-4
First edition
1998-08-01
Ergonomic requirements for office work
with visual display terminals (VDTs) —
Part 4:
Keyboard requirements
Exigences ergonomiques pour travail de bureau avec terminaux à écrans
de visualisation (TEV) —
Partie 4: Exigences relatives aux claviers
A
Reference number
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions . 2
4 Guiding principles . 7
Performance criterion .
5 8
6 Design requirements and recommendations. 8
7 Measurement. 13
8 Conformance . 19
Annex
Usability test (proposed alternative test) .
A 20
B Bibliography . 27
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
©
ISO ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 9241-4 was prepared by the Technical
Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Ergonomics of
human system interaction.
ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomic
requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs):
— Part 1: General introduction
— Part 2: Guidance on task requirements
— Part 3: Visual display requirements
— Part 4: Keyboard requirements
— Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements
— Part 6: Guidance on the work environment
— Part 7: Requirements for display with reflections
— Part 8: Requirements for displayed colours
— Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
— Part 10: Dialogue principles
— Part 11: Guidance on usability
— Part 12: Presentation of information
— Part 13: User guidance
— Part 14: Menu dialogues
— Part 15: Command dialogues
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ISO 9241-4:1998(E) ISO
— Part 16: Direct-manipulation dialogues
— Part 17: Form filling dialogues
Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 9241 are for information only.
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ISO ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
Introduction
The keyboard is currently the principal input device used by operators to
enter information into interactive office computer systems. Keyboard
design can have a significant impact on efficiency, effectiveness and
satisfaction. The requirements and recommendations are based on
ergonomic principles.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display
terminals (VDTs) —
Part 4:
Keyboard requirements
1 Scope
This part of ISO 9241 applies to linear detachable keyboards designed for stationary use. It provides
guidance on the design of keyboards used for typical office tasks so that the limitations and capabilities of
users are considered. It provides guidance based on ergonomic factors for keyboard layout arrangements,
the physical characteristics of the individual keys and the overall design of the housing containing the
keys. This part of ISO 9241 specifies methods for testing conformance by measuring the physical
attributes of a keyboard. It also includes a proposed alternative test method for keyboards that do not
conform to the physical design requirements and recommendations, based on a user performance test and
subjective rating scales.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 9241. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 9241 are encouraged to investigate
the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and
ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 2469:1994, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse reflectance factor.
ISO 7000:1989, Graphical symbols for use on equipment — Index and synopsis.
ISO 9241-3:1992, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) —
Part 3: Visual display requirements.
1)
ISO 9241-5:— , Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals — Part 5:
Workstation layout and postural requirements.
____________
1) To be published.
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ISO
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
ISO/IEC 9995-1:1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 1:
General principles governing keyboard layouts.
ISO/IEC 9995-2:1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 2:
Alphanumeric section.
ISO/IEC 9995-4: 1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 4:
Numeric section.
ISO/IEC 9995-5: 1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 5:
Editing section.
ISO/IEC 9995-6: 1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 6:
Function section.
ISO/IEC 9995-7: 1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 7:
Symbols used to represent functions.
ISO/IEC 9995-8: 1994, Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office systems — Part 8:
Allocation of letters to the keys of a numeric keypad.
IEC 417:1973, Graphical symbols for use on equipment. Index, survey and compilation of single sheets.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 9241, the following definitions apply.
3.1 Technical definitions
3.1.1
cursor
visual indication of the focus for alphanumeric input
1)
[ISO 9241-12:— ]
3.1.2
cursor keys
array of keys which control the movement of the cursor on the display screen and are labelled with arrows
indicating the direction of cursor movement caused by the individual keys
3.1.3
dished profile keyboard
keyboard in which the side profile of the keys resembles a continuous concave curve
(see figure 1)
____________
1) To be published.
©
ISO
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
Figure 1 — Example of a dished profile keyboard
3.1.4
flat profile keyboard
keyboard that has a zero slope with the front at the same height as the back when placed on a flat work
surface
(see figure 2)
Figure 2 — Example of a flat profile keyboard
3.1.5
home row
row of the keyboard to which the fingers typically return between keystrokes
(see figure 3)
NOTE — On a typical keyboard, the home row is row C of ISO/IEC 9995 in the alphanumeric section as well as in
the numeric section.
Key
1 Home row
Figure 3 — Home row
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ISO
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
3.1.6
home row height
height from the centre of the strike surface of an unactuated key in the home row to the support surface
(see figure 4)
Key
1 Home row height
2 Row C
Figure 4 — Home row height
3.1.7
keyboard profile
geometric (i.e. flat, stepped, sloped, dished or sculptured) configuration of the top of the keys
3.1.8
keyboard slope
angle (a) between the plane of the key top surfaces (P-P) and the horizontal surface (H-H) as measured
across row A-E using the notation of ISO 9995-1
(see figure 5)
NOTE — For keyboards without an E row, use rows B to D.
Figure 5 — Keyboard slope
3.1.9
key displacement
key movement from its rest position to its fully depressed position
3.1.10
key force
force required to displace a key to a specified position
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ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
3.1.11
key roll over
ability of a keyboard to register the correct order of activation of a set of keys
3.1.12
layout
spatial allocation of keys on a keyboard
3.1.13
numeric keypad
array of keys in the numeric section to which are allocated the ten digits 0 to 9 and the decimal separator
(see figure 6)
Figure 6 — Numeric keypad [1-2-3 (telephone) layout, left; 7-8-9 (calculator) layout, right]
3.1.14
palm-rest
platform placed in front of the keyboard or embedded in the keyboard on which the operator may place
the palm of their hands
3.1.15
principle section
alphanumeric, editing, function, and numeric sections
3.1.16
ramp action
kinaesthetic sensation during key actuation in which the force required to actuate the key increases as the
key is displaced
3.1.17
sculptured profile keyboard
keyboard in which the side view of the keytops is shaped in other than a straight line
3.1.18
sloped profile keyboard
keyboard in which the side profiles of the keys are all sloped (pitched) at the same angle with respect to
the base
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ISO
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
3.1.19
snap action
sudden drop in force required to further displace a key
3.1.20
stepped profile keyboard
keyboard in which the top of each key is parallel to the work surface but at a different height from the
work surface
(see figure 7)
Figure 7 — Example of a stepped profile keyboard
3.1.21
strike surface
area on the top surface of the key which the finger contacts during key actuation
3.1.22
tactile indicator keys
keys in the home row which contain a tactile aid for recentering the hands
3.1.23
visual display terminal (VDT)
functional unit consisting of at least a visual display and an input device
3.2 Usability-related definitions
3.2.1
diffuse reflection
diffusion by reflection in which, on the macroscopic scale, there is no regular reflection
[CIE Publ. 17.4:1987, IEV 845-04-47]
3.2.2
efficiency
resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness with which users achieve goals
[ISO 9241-11]
3.2.3
effectiveness
the accuracy and completeness with which users achieve specified goals
[ISO 9241-11]
3.2.4
feedback
information to the user indicating that a key has been actuated
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ISO
ISO 9241-4:1998(E)
3.2.5
kinaesthetic feedback
sensation based on the cutaneous, joint, and muscle-spindle receptors of the hands, limbs and other body
parts
3.2.6
neutral hand/arm posture
hand/arm not deviated (bent or twisted) at a wrist, elbow or shoulder joint
3.2.7
reflectance
ratio of the reflected luminous flux to the incident flux under given conditions
[CIE Publ. 17.4:1987, IEV 845-04-58]
3.2.8
satisfaction
freedom from discomfort, and positive attitudes to the use of a product
3.2.9
specular reflection
reflection in accordance with the laws of geometrical optics, without diffusion
[CIE Publ. 17.4:1987, IEV 845-04-45]
3.2.10
usability
extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness,
efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use
[ISO 9241-11]
4 Guiding principles
The design of the keyboard can affect efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction of a user. Design elements
interact such that optimizing one feature can degrade another. Trade-offs may be required to achieve an
acceptable balance. The objective of an ergonomic design is to ensure that the keyboard allows the user to
locate and operate the appropriate keys accurately, quickly and without discomfort. The keyboard
characteristics which influence keying performance include the layout arrangement of the alphabetic and
numeric keys, linguistic differences (national variants), the physical characteristics of the individual keys
and the overall design of the ho
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