CEN/TR 16557:2013

Automotive fuels - High FAME diesel fuel blends (B11 - B30) - Background to the parameters required and their respective limits and determination

This Technical Report provides background information to the deliberations within CEN that led to establish a specification for blending from more than 10 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in diesel fuel to be used in captive fleet application for designated vehicles. It gives guidance and explanations to the producers, blenders, marketers and users of high FAME diesel blends (B11 to B30).
The sole designation "Bxx" refers to a FAME-diesel blend where "xx" is the specific FAME content in volume percentage. The connotation "Byy fuel" is used in this document for a fuel with a defined range of FAME allowed and having "yy" volume percentage of FAME content as the maximum of that range.
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the term “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, respectively.

Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Dieselkraftstoffmischungen mit hohem FAME-Anteil (B10 - B30) - Hintergrund zu den geforderten Parametern und deren jeweiligen Grenzwerten und Bestimmungen

Carburants pour automobiles - Mélanges de carburants diesel ayant une teneur en EMAG élevée (B11 – B30) - Contexte de l’élaboration des caractéristiques requises, de leurs déterminations et de leurs limites respectives

Goriva za motorna vozila - Mešanice z dizelskim gorivom z visoko vsebnostjo FAME (B11 - B30) - Osnove za zahtevane parametre, postavitev mejnih vrednosti in njihovo določevanje

To tehnično poročilo vsebuje dodatne o informacije obravnavah v okviru CEN, ki so vodile v določitev specifikacije za dodajanje od več kot 10 % (V/V) do vključno 30 % (V/V) metilnega estra maščobnih kislin (FAME) dizelskemu gorivu, ki se uporablja za območno omejene vozne parke za določena vozila. Zagotavlja smernice in pojasnila za proizvajalce, pripravljavce mešanic, trgovce ter uporabnike mešanic z dizelskim gorivom z visoko vsebnostjo FAME (B11 do B30). Edina oznaka »Bxx« se nanaša na mešanico metilnega estra maščobnih kislin in dizelskega goriva, pri čemer je »xx« specifična vsebnost metilnega estra maščobnih kislin v odstotku prostornine. Izraz »gorivo Byy« se v tem dokumentu uporablja za gorivo z določenim razponom dovoljene vsebnosti metilnega estra maščobnih kislin in z odstotkom prostornine »yy« vsebnosti metilnega estra maščobnih kislin kot največjo vrednostjo tega razpona.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 17-Sep-2013
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• ICS: 75.160.40 - Biofuels
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 19 - Petroleum products, lubricants and related products
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 19/WG 44 - FAME fuel developments
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 18-Sep-2013
• Due Date: 10-May-2014
• Completion Date: 18-Sep-2013
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR 16557:2013 - Automotive fuels - High FAME (B11 - B30) diesel fuel blends - Background to the parameters required and their respective limits and determination

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 16557:2013
01-november-2013
*RULYD]DPRWRUQDYR]LOD0HãDQLFH]GL]HOVNLPJRULYRP]YLVRNRYVHEQRVWMR
)$0(%%2VQRYH]D]DKWHYDQHSDUDPHWUHSRVWDYLWHYPHMQLKYUHGQRVWLLQ
QMLKRYRGRORþHYDQMH
Automotive fuels - High FAME (B11 - B30) diesel fuel blends - Background to the
parameters required and their respective limits and determination
Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Hochgehältige FAME (B11 - B30) Diesel

Brenstoffmischungen - Hintergrund den geforderten Parametern und ihre respectieve

Limiten und Beprüfung
Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Hochgehältige FAME (B11 - B30) Diesel

Brenstoffmischungen - Hintergrund den geforderten Parametern und ihre respectieve

Limiten und Beprüfung
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16557:2013
ICS:
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
SIST-TP CEN/TR 16557:2013 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 16557:2013
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 16557:2013
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16557
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
September 2013
ICS 75.160.20
English Version
Automotive fuels - High FAME diesel fuel blends (B11 - B30) -
Background to the parameters required and their respective
limits and determination

Carburants pour automobiles - Mélanges de carburants Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Dieselkraftstoffmischungen

diesel ayant une teneur en EMAG élevée (B11 - B30) - mit hohem FAME-Anteil (B10 - B30) - Hintergrund zu den

Contexte de l'élaboration des caractéristiques requises, de geforderten Parametern und deren jeweiligen Grenzwerten

leurs déterminations et de leurs limites respectives und Bestimmungen

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 15 June 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United

Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16557:2013: E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 4

3 Background of the High FAME diesel blends (B11 - B30) taskforce work ...................................... 5

4 Record of the work to date ................................................................................................................... 6

4.1 Context ................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.2 The Task Force ...................................................................................................................................... 6

4.3 Planning .................................................................................................................................................. 8

5 The feasibility study .............................................................................................................................. 9

5.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 9

5.2 Parameters to be included .................................................................................................................. 10

5.3 Considerations on the parameters .................................................................................................... 11

5.4 Dyes and markers ................................................................................................................................ 18

5.5 Additives ............................................................................................................................................... 18

5.6 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................... 18

5.7 Pump marking ...................................................................................................................................... 18

5.8 Parameters considered and not included in the draft specification .............................................. 19

6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 21

7 Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................... 21

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 22

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Foreword

This document (CEN/TR 16557:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous

and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the

secretariat of which is held by NEN.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent

rights.
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1 Scope

This Technical Report provides background information to the deliberations within CEN that led to

establish a specification for blending from more than 10 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) of fatty acid methyl

ester (FAME) in diesel fuel to be used in captive fleet application for designated vehicles. It gives

guidance and explanations to the producers, blenders, marketers and users of high FAME diesel blends

(B11 to B30).

The sole designation “Bxx” refers to a FAME-diesel blend where “xx” is the specific FAME content in

volume percentage. The connotation “Byy fuel” is used in this document for a fuel with a defined range of

FAME allowed and having “yy” volume percentage of FAME content as the maximum of that range.

NOTE For the purposes of this document, the term “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass

fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, respectively.
2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are

indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 116:1997, Diesel and domestic heating fuels - Determination of cold filter plugging point

EN 590, Automotive fuels — Diesel — Requirements and test methods

EN 12662:2008, Liquid petroleum products - Determination of contamination in middle distillates

EN 14078:2009, Liquid petroleum products - Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in

middle distillates - Infrared spectrometry method

EN 14214, Liquid petroleum products - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and

heating applications - Requirements and test methods

EN 15195:2007, Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number

(DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber

EN 15751:2009, Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fuel and blends with diesel fuel -

Determination of oxidation stability by accelerated oxidation method

EN 16091:2011, Liquid petroleum products - Middle distillates and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fuels

and blends - Determination of oxidation stability by rapid small scale oxidation method

EN 16329:2013, Diesel and domestic heating fuels - Determination of cold filter plugging point - Linear

cooling bath method

EN ISO 2719:2002, Determination of flash point - Pensky-Martens closed cup method (ISO 2719:2002)

EN ISO 3104:1996, Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic

viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104:1994)
EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids - Manual sampling (ISO 3170)
EN ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids - Automatic pipeline sampling (ISO 3171)
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EN ISO 3405:2011, Petroleum products - Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric

pressure (ISO 3405:2011)

EN ISO 3675:1998, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products - Laboratory determination of density

- Hydrometer method (ISO 3675:1998)

EN ISO 5165:1998, Petroleum products - Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels - Cetane

engine method (ISO 5165:1998)
EN ISO 6245:2002, Petroleum products - Determination of ash (ISO 6245:2001)

EN ISO 12185:1996, Crude petroleum and petroleum products - Determination of density - Oscillating U-

tube method (ISO 12185:1996)

EN ISO 12937:2000, Petroleum products - Determination of water - Coulometric Karl Fischer titration

method (ISO 12937:2000)

EN ISO 20846:2011, Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels -

Ultraviolet fluorescence method (ISO 20846:2011)

EN ISO 20884:2011, Petroleum products - Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels -

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ISO 20884:2011)
3 Background of the High FAME diesel blends (B11 - B30) taskforce work

At the 2009 plenary meeting, CEN/TC 19 decided to register the following preliminary work item as

described in its active programme of work: Automotive fuels — High FAME diesel blends (B10 - B30) —

Requirements and test methods, under responsibility of WG 24, with the scope to finalise its feasibility

study in time to allow WG 24 to report to TC19 in order to make a final decision on activation at 2011

plenary meeting at the latest on the basis of existing related national standards and to consider and solve

the comments as presented by SUTN during the PWI ballot.

An automatic link has been established between the diesel fuel and FAME standards (EN 590 and

EN 14214 respectively) and the High FAME diesel blends standard so that modifications to one will be

coherent with the other.

Captive fleets are in general considered as a group of vehicles that possess specific supply logistics,

their own dedicated facilities for storage and distribution and adequate maintenance of the vehicles. As

the definitions are widespread around Europe and the group does not wish to contradict specific legal

situations in some countries, the technical definition of captive fleets is left to the national standardization

bodies and will be required.

The provisional scope would thus read: “This European Standard specifies requirements and test

methods for marketed and delivered high FAME (B30) fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed or

subsequently adapted to run on high FAME (B30) fuel. High FAME (B30) fuel is a mixture of more than

10 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl esters (commonly known as FAME) complying to

EN 14214 and automotive diesel fuel complying to EN 590. For maintenance and control reasons it is to

be used in captive fleets that are intended to have an appropriate fuel management.”

The group agreed that the national captive fleet description requirement needed to be required in a point

in the text.
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4 Record of the work to date
4.1 Context

The European Commission is following a policy of promoting renewable energy use in Europe, and to

this end is encouraging the extension of automotive diesel fuel with a proportion of renewably-sourced

fatty acid methyl ester (referred to in this document as FAME).

In order to facilitate a transparent and stable market in FAME, it is necessary to establish a higher FAME

diesel blend (B11 - B30) standard for Europe that will ensure a uniform high quality fuel for problem-free

blends from more than 10 %(V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) of FAME in Diesel fuel to be used in captive fleet

application for designated vehicles.

To this end, the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) Technical Committee 19, responsible for

Automotive Fuels Standards, has accepted a preliminary work item on its programme to be developed in

Working Group 24, responsible for Automotive Diesel fuel management. The intention of CEN/TC 19 was

to finalise a feasibility study in time to allow WG 24 to report to the Technical Committee in order to make

a final decision on activation at 2011 plenary meeting at the latest to define a CEN standard based on

the publication of EN 14214 and EN 590, also taking into account the developments in France[1] and

Czech Republic[2]. Discussion in WG 24 had given indications that there were still test method questions

to solve and thus national initiatives were not halted.

CEN/TC 19, having considered the proposal for a preliminary new work item, as documented in N 1441

and supported by WG 24 decided to register “CEN/TR, Automotive fuels – High FAME diesel blends

(B10 - B30) - Requirements and test methods” in its active programme of work, under responsibility of

WG 24. The scope of this work to finalise the feasibility study in time to allow WG 24 to report to

CEN/TC 19 in order to make a final decision on activation at 2011 plenary meeting at the latest on the

basis of existing related national standards and to consider and solve the comments as presented by

SUTN during the ballot. The Task Force B30 was created.

The idea of CEN/TC 19 was that the standard should specify requirements and test methods for

marketed and delivered high FAME (B30) fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed or subsequently

adapted to run on high FAME (B30) fuel. High FAME (B30) fuel is a mixture of nominally 30 % (V/V) fatty

acid methyl esters (commonly known as FAME) complying to EN 14214 and automotive diesel fuel

complying to EN 590. HVO and XTL products can be included in this fuel if the final automotive diesel

fuel part complies to EN 590.

B30 fuel is a mixture of nominally 30 % FAME and 70 % diesel fuel, but also including the possibility of

having different seasonal grades. For maintenance and control reasons the high FAME (B30) fuel is to

be used in captive fleets that have appropriate fuel management practices, for example high fuel turn-

over.

In 2011, the WG 24 chose to merge the TF FAME and the B30 TF. The new TF had been given the

preparation work for EN 14214 revision and the task to continue the development on B30 fuel.

This Technical Report is based on the final report carried out by this B30 TF towards establishing the

feasibility to reach a European standard for High FAME diesel blends (B11 - B30). On the basis of the

report, CEN/TC 19 decided in November 2012 to activate the work item for a CEN specification for the

fuel itself.
4.2 The Task Force

CEN/TC 19/WG 24 decided to convene a task force and to begin studying the feasibility to draft a high

FAME diesel blends (B10 - B30) standard. A call was made to the industries concerned by the mandate

for experts to participate in the B30 TF. After a first report to WG 24, it was felt that many discussions on

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FAME product had overlapping technical content. It was decided in 2011 to merge the TF B30 with the

existing TF FAME. The experts that have contributed to the work over the years are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 — Membership of the taskforce
Surname Christian name Company or Organisation Member State
1. Alfredsson Sara Scania Sweden
2. Alvarez Beatriz APPA Biofuels Spain
3. Andreasen Kjær Daka Biodiesel Production Denmark
4. Baldini Luca ENI Italy
5. Balfour Graham Infineum CEFIC-ATC
6. Baumgarten Jens Esso Deutschland Germany
7. Borkes Ruben BP Netherlands
8. Burrows Aubrey Downstream Fuel United Kingdom
9. Buttle Dermot EBB EBB
10. Cajete Garcia Reyes Acciona Biocombustibles Spain
11. Catalano Salvatore SGS Italia Italy
12. Roudot Florence AFNOR France
13. Chrysafi Sofia Ford Motors Europe United Kingdom
14. Costenoble Ortwin TF secretary Netherlands
15. Crépeau Gérald PSA Peugeot Citroen France
16. Diaz Garcia Carlos Repsol Spain
17. Doermer Wolfgang BP Germany
18. Elliott Nigel WG 24 convenor United Kingdom
19. Engelen Benoit Total Belgium
20. Eriksson Henrik Scania Sweden
21. Faedo Davide SSC Italy
22. Falciola Michele Assocostieri Italy
23. Feuerhelm Thomas DIN-FAM Germany
24. Fiolet Gerard Shell Nederland Netherlands
25. Fischer Juergen ADM Research Germany
26. Gomez Guenca Felix CLH Spain
27. Gomez Martinech Jose CEPSA Spain
28. Guirao Galinos Beatriz CLH Spain
29. Guizouarn Kristell Diester Industries France
30. Guizouarn Gwenael Diester Industries France
31. Jackson Alister ExxonMobil United Kingdom
32. Jeuland Nicolas IFP France
33. Keasey Alan Biofuels Corp United Kingdom
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Surname Christian name Company or Organisation Member State
34. Kleijntjens Rene Argos Oil Netherlands
35. Kupfermunz Alain Cargill Belgium
36. Kvinge Frode Statoil Norway
37. Lacey Paul Delphi Systems United Kingdom
38. Lois Evripidis Technical University of Athens Greece
39. Macrae Colin DFA United Kingdom
40. Manuelli Pascal Total France
41. Marcos Jose Luis Abengoa Bioenergy Spain
42. Marthinsen Geir Exxon Mobil Norway
43. Mittelbach Martin University of Graz Austria
44. O'Connell Adrian EBB EBB
45. Papachristou Chariklia Hellenic Petroleum Greece
46. Pidol Ludivine IFP Energies Nouvelles France
47. Schuermans Kurt Chevron Netherlands
48. Scott Mike Argent Energy United Kingdom
49. Stikans Indulis Bio-VENTA Latvia
50. Stopper Ingrid OMV Austria
51. Tamm Ebba SPBI Service Sweden
52. Theeuwissen Jan ExxonMobil Belgium
53. Ullmann Jörg Robert Bosch Germany
54. Verdonck Raf OLEON Biodiesel Belgium
55. Verschaeve Michel BNPé France
56. Woldendorp Jacco Shell Global Solutions Netherlands
The experts have discussed B30 fuel on the following occasions:
1) 21 May 2010, Brussels, 1st meeting of the B30 TF
2) 1 October 2010, Brussels, 2nd meeting of the B30 TF
3) 10 January 2011, Hamburg, 3rd meeting of the B30 TF
4) 1 March 2012, Paris, 20th meeting of the TF FAME
5) 9 October 2012, Paris, 21st meeting of the TF FAME
6) 26 March 2013, Brussels, 22nd meeting of the TF FAME
4.3 Planning

The planning was firstly for the B30 TF to finalise the scope and a feasibility study in time to allow WG 24

to report to CEN/TC 19 in order to make a final decision on activation at 2011 plenary meeting at the

latest. For the renewed TF FAME, the planning was to establish a specification proposal to WG 24 for

blending from more than 10 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) of FAME in diesel fuel to be used in captive fleet

application for designated vehicles.
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5 The feasibility study
5.1 Background

Worldwide, energy policy makers are increasingly keen to move away from petroleum based fuels to

more diverse and renewable sources of energy for reasons of environmental protection, energy security

and continued economic development. As an alternative for diesel fuel many countries use fatty acid

methyl ester (FAME) as a biologically based alternative. With this “biodiesel” good experience has been

observed and it has resulted in many specification standards, of which EN 14214 (now in its third

revision) is the best example. It is a specification fit for all type of diesel engines, where especially the

demands of light-duty, Euro V and beyond engines scrutinise the biological product.

Investigation is done towards specifying a FAME quality that could be used at 10 % level (B10), but

much higher levels for non-adapted light duty engines are not to be expected soon.

From a sustainability perspective, it would be beneficial to use much higher levels of FAME. In addition,

use of FAME blends above 20 % would allow the oil industry to compensate for the supply of regular

diesel or low blends for specific cases (protection grade, marine applications) or periods of the year.

Especially, now that the EU directives require them to lower overall greenhouse gas emissions (FQD,

2009/30/EC[3]) and to reach 10 % of energy from renewable sources in transport in 2020 (RED,

2009/28/EC[4]).

About the certification fuels, the Euro V certification fuel for heavy duty vehicles is not allowed to contain

any FAME at all. A truck manufacturer can, by adapting seals and tubing materials, service intervals,

filter change intervals etc., make it possible to run the vehicle on B30 (or even up to B100) without bigger

technical risks. This has been done by several European truck and bus manufacturers. With higher

FAME-contents, it is possible that the legal limits for NOx emissions will not be fulfilled. Nevertheless,

with the Euro V certification fuel for heavy duty vehicles “legal NOx limits are likely not to be met when

B30….B100 is used”. Moreover, the Euro VI certification diesel fuel shall contain 6 % - 7 % FAME. In

addition, there is new fuel provision in Euro VI legislation: the so called “Universal fuel type-approval”.

This means that if a vehicle manufacturer wants to approve other fuels/ fuel blends (for instance

B30...B50…B100), the full legal compliance shall be demonstrated also for this new fuel.

Some countries already have quality specification in place for B20 under ASTM, B30 in France[1] or

even B31 in the Czech Republic for specific tax reasons[2]. Some car manufacturers already supply

heavy or light duty diesel vehicles running on B20 fuel or B30 fuel in some EU countries, with particular

lube and maintenance specifications. Moreover, some trucks fleet use B15 fuel.

However, a wide range of blends would make matters really difficult in view of fuel consumption and

guarantee emissions. For these reasons, in order to find consensus, the group decided to work on a high

FAME diesel blends (B11 - B30) and recommended to WG 24 to activate the work item as an

EN specification for B11 - B30 with at least two grades of choice: a B20 fuel grade (11 % (V/V) –

20 % (V/V)) and a B30 fuel grade (21 % (V/V) – 29,5 % (V/V)). The taskforce had no specific preference

whether the two grades should be presented in a single standard with national choices on the basis of

climate or engine warranties, or in two separate standards for more clear pump labelling.

The TF agreed to have a maximum content of FAME of 29,5 % (V/V) as a start. This to avoid requesting

a change of the definition of diesel in the FQD, or a change of the definition of CN-code via DG Taxud.

This option is however still open to CEN.

On the other hand, DG CLIMA had set the maximum in the past to address the negative impact on NOx

of higher density. This would need to be assessed from the environmental perspective. The convenor

drafted a letter together with the CEN/TC 19 Chairman in order to convince the EC about the need to

allow adaptation of the density requirements.

Due to the fact the scope for this B30 fuel is for captive fleet usage, i.e. a niche market, and the wish of

car and truck manufacturer is to have low range FAME content to ensure emission regulations, and to

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respect the current national choices, WG 24 agreed to have two distinct grades, the B20 fuel (more than

15 % (V/V) up to 20 % (V/V) and the B30 fuel (more than 25 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V)).

In all cases the lack of standards is seen by fleet owners and suppliers as the main barrier for the fuels to

reach the market. Also, because the perception is that the actual CEN standards limit the use of biofuel

blends. A standard that would allow higher FAME blends would thus support the market.

5.2 Parameters to be included

High FAME diesel blends (B11 - B30) should be based on diesel fuel complying with EN 590 and FAME

complying with EN 14214. This leads to on one side a set of limitations to possible contaminants

resulting from both production processes and from the logistic chain, and on the other side a set of

requirements that allow adapted engines to be correctly tuned for reception of this fuel.

These parameters, which are listed in Table 2, are the same for the two grades except the property that

discriminates between the two grades. For the moment FAME content is considered as the most useful

discriminator.

NOTE See 5.3. Parameters considered, but not included in the draft specification are discussed in 5.8.

Table 2 — Parameters to be considered for a B11 - B30 specification
Unit Values Method Applicability
OK 600 - 1100 ; U tube method.
Indicated reproducibility corresponds
EN ISO 12185:1996 to that mentioned in the standard
EN ISO 12185 for the transparent
820 min medium distillates.
Density at 15°C kg/m
860 max OK Aerometer - Indicated
reproducibility corresponds to that
EN ISO 3675:1998 mentioned in the standard
EN ISO 3675 for the transparent and
low viscosity products.
OK Indicated reproducibility
2.0 min
Kinematic viscosity
mm /s EN ISO 3104:1996 corresponds to that mentioned in the
at 40°C
4,5 max
standard EN ISO 3104:1996.
Distillation 95 % vol °C 360 max
Distillation Final
point
EN ISO 3405:2011 OK
Distillation % at
% (V/V) 65 max
250°C
Distillation % at
% (V/V) 85 min
350°C
OK the result, in terms of standard
51 min EN ISO 5165:1998
deviation, were in line with the
results obtained with the other fuels
Cetane number
tested in the scheme, with both test
EN 15195:2007
methods (EN ISO 5165 and
EN 15195)
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Unit Values Method Applicability
OK both EN ISO 20846 and
EN ISO 20884 are suitable for the
determination of sulfur in B30.The
EN ISO 20846:2011
UVF (EN ISO 20846) is not affected
by the presence of different levels of
oxygen containing species. For
WDXRF (EN ISO 20884), oxygen
content of B30 is about 3,6 % that is
Sulfur content mg/kg 10 max very similar to the oxygen contents
in the petrols checked during the last
RRT made by WG 27. Oxygen effect
would correspond to about
EN ISO 20884:2011
0.6 mg/kg sulfur that is lower than
the repeatability of the method. So
both methods should be applicable
and the precision is expected to be
similar to that published.
Flash point °C above 55 EN ISO 2719:2002 OK Pensky Martens Method.
Appearance C&B at 20 °C OK
Water content mg/kg 250 max EN ISO 12937:2000 OK Karl Fischer coulometry
Acid number after
mgKOH/g More data needed
ageing @115°C Method under investigation
Oxidation stability h 20 min EN 15751:2009
Oxidation stability min More data needed EN 16091:2011 OK
Total contamination mg/kg 24 max EN 12662:2008
OK final paper
15 min 20 max
(B20)
FAME content % (V/V) EN 14078:2009 OK
25 min 30 max
(B30)
OK Regarding CFPP acc. EN 116 or
EN 16329 there seem to be no
EN 590 and EN
CFPP °C EN 116:1997 specific problems for B30 and is
16329
similar to other blend ratios up to
B110.
Ash content % (m/m) 0,01 EN ISO 6245:2002
Na, K, Mg, Ca
mg/kg More data needed
content Feasibility study
5.3 Considerations on the parameters
5.3.1 Density

Biodiesel density is higher than that of fossil diesel fuel. The specific density values depend on fatty acid

composition and purity. Most batches of FAME contain only about ten different molecules with densities

usually within a very narrow range.

The diesel fuel injection is controlled volumetrically or by timing of the solenoid valve. Variations in fuel

density (and viscosity) result in variations in engine power and, consequently, in engine emissions and

fuel consumption. Therefore, in order to optimise engine performance and tailpipe emissions, OEMs

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 16557:2013
CEN/TR 16557:2013 (E)

prefers both minimum and maximum density limits shall be defined in a fairly narrow range. Moreover,

the (volumetric) injection quantity is a control parameter for other emission control systems like the

exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Variations in fuel density therefore result in non-optimal EGR-rates for a

given load and speed point in the engine map and, as a consequence, influence the exhaust emission

characteristics.
The group felt t
...