CEN/TR 15677:2008
(Main)Fly ash obtained from co-combustion - A report on the situation in Europe
Fly ash obtained from co-combustion - A report on the situation in Europe
This CEN report compiles the experience collected from the co-combustion of biomass and waste by 2002. The data and the test results are given from systematic research projects and from investigations on fly ash obtained from co-combustion in different power plants in the framework of national certification processes or from other co-combustion tests. The report:
- includes the existing national regulations for the demonstration of the suitability of fly ash from co-combustion,
- gives a survey on the combustion materials used so far,
- describes the chemical composition of fly ashes obtained from co-combustion,
- lists the chemical and physical properties of the fly ashes, which are relevant to the technical and environmental properties of concrete,
- includes test results of properties of concrete with fly ashes obtained from co-combustion.
Flugasche, die unter Verwendung eines Anteils an Mitverbrennungsstoffen gewonnen wird - Sachstandsbericht über die europäische Situation
Cendres volantes obtenues par co-combustion - Rapport sur la situation en Europe
Le présent rapport CEN compile l'expérience rassemblée à partir de la co-combustion de la biomasse et des
déchets autour de 2002. Les caractéristiques et les résultats d'essai donnés proviennent de projets de
recherche systématiques et d'investigations sur des cendres volantes obtenues par co-combustion dans
différentes centrales de production d’électricité dans le cadre des processus de certification nationale ou
d'autres essais de co-combustion. Le rapport :
- inclut les règlements nationaux existants pour la démonstration de l'aptitude des cendres volantes
obtenues par co-combustion,
- donne un aperçu sur les matériaux de combustion utilisés jusqu'ici,
- décrit la composition chimique des cendres volantes obtenues par co-combustion,
- énumère les propriétés chimiques et physiques des cendres volantes, qui sont pertinentes aux propriétés
techniques et environnementales du béton,
- inclut des résultats d'essai relatifs aux propriétés du béton avec des cendres volantes obtenues par cocombustion.
Elektrofiltrski pepel, pridobljen pri soizgorevanju - Poročilo o stanju v Evropi
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2008
(OHNWURILOWUVNLSHSHOSULGREOMHQSULVRL]JRUHYDQMX3RURþLORRVWDQMXY(YURSL
Fly ash obtained from co-combustion - A report on the situation in Europe
Flugasche, die unter Verwendung eines Anteils an Mitverbrennungsstoffen versorgt wird
- Sachstandsbericht über die europäische Situation
Cendres volantes obtenues par co-combustion - Rapport sur la situation en Europe
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15677:2008
ICS:
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15677
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
May 2008
ICS 91.100.30
English Version
Fly ash obtained from co-combustion - A report on the situation
in Europe
Cendres volantes obtenues par co-combustion - Rapport Flugasche, die unter Verwendung eines Anteils an
sur la situation en Europe Mitvergrennungsstoffen gewonnen wird -
Sachstandsbericht über die europäische Situation
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 25 September 2007. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 104.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15677:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword.4
Introduction .5
1 Scope.7
2 National regulations.7
2.1 General.7
2.2 Terms and definitions .7
2.3 Experience in different countries.8
2.3.1 The Netherlands.8
2.3.2 Germany.8
2.3.3 Denmark.8
2.3.4 United Kingdom.9
2.3.5 Finland.9
2.3.6 Belgium.9
2.3.7 Other countries.9
2.3.8 Overview of requirements.9
3 Inventory of co-combustion materials .11
4 Properties of fly ash obtained from co-combustion — Test results .16
4.1 General.16
4.2 Chemical properties.16
4.2.1 General.16
4.2.2 Sewage sludge.16
4.2.3 Biomass.16
4.2.4 Petcoke.17
4.2.5 Paper sludge.17
4.2.6 Straw.17
4.2.7 Wood.17
4.2.8 Meat and Bone meal .17
4.2.9 Other co-combustion materials.17
4.3 Physical and chemical properties of fly ash.29
4.4 Environmental compatibility.32
4.4.1 General.32
4.4.2 Netherlands.32
4.4.3 Germany.32
4.5 Compressive strength and activity index of mortar samples according to EN 450 .34
4.5.1 General.34
4.5.2 Netherlands.34
4.5.3 Germany.36
4.5.4 Finland.38
4.5.5 Belgium.39
5 Properties of concrete with fly ash obtained from co-combustion.39
5.1 Concepts in Europe — General.39
5.2 Conformity tests on fresh and hardened concrete in the Netherlands (technical
properties) .40
5.2.1 General.40
5.2.2 Assessment criteria on technical concrete properties according to CUR 70 .40
5.2.3 Test results — Overview .41
5.2.4 Durability of concrete.42
5.2.5 Admixtures in concrete.43
5.2.6 Air-entraining agent.44
5.2.7 Retarding agents.44
5.3 Tests results on fresh and hardened concrete properties from trials in Finland (technical
properties).45
5.4 Assessment of the environmental compatibility of fly ash obtained from co-combustion
(leaching tests on concrete).46
5.4.1 Netherlands.46
5.4.2 Germany.47
Annex A (informative) .50
Bibliography.51
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15677:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete
and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Introduction
The test results included in this report demonstrate, with certain exceptions, that the properties of fly ashes
obtained from the co-combustion of biomass and waste used at this time, do not significantly differ from fly
ashes obtained from the combustion of pure coal. In some cases, changes in the chemical composition of fly
ash occur, which may be of technical relevance to concrete. These changes have to be taken into account.
Examples are:
higher content of alkalis in fly ash from the co-combustion of straw;
increase of P O in case of the co-combustion of sewage sludge;
2 5
increase of vanadium and nickel content in fly ash obtained from the co-combustion of petcoke.
The requirements of the EN 450:1994 regarding harmlessness and the effects of fly ashes in concrete are met.
In some cases the maximum amount of combustion materials added to the coal is limited by the requirements
of EN 450.
Investigations on concrete with fly ashes from co-combustion did not show any significant change in concrete
properties. This applies to properties of fresh concrete, to the efficiency of admixtures like air entraining
agents and retarders, as well as to properties of hardened concrete like strength development and ingression
of chloride ions into the concrete. In general, tests on the leaching of concrete with fly ash from co-combustion
did also not deviate from concrete with fly ashes from pure coal. Merely in the case of co-combustion of
petcoke an increase in the leaching of vanadium was found. In this case a limitation of the amount of petcoke
added to the coal may be required.
Fly ashes obtained from the combustion of coal have been used as a valuable concrete constituent for more
than 30 years in Europe. At the beginning, utilisation was based on national standards in Member States. The
European standard EN 450 was first published in 1994 and according to this standard fly ash for concrete is
defined as follows:
“Fine powder of mainly spherical, glassy particles, derived from burning of pulverized coal, which has
pozzolanic properties and consists essentially of SiO and Al O , the content of reactive SiO , defined
2 2 3 2
and determined as described in ENV 197-1, being at least 25 % by mass.
Fly ash is obtained by electrostatic or mechanical precipitation of dust-like particles from the flue gases of
furnaces fired with pulverised anthracite or bituminous coal.”
Since the beginning of the nineties coal-fired power plants started to burn co-combustion materials such as
biomass and waste. As an example, sewage sludge was offered to power plant operators for co-combustion in
order to get rid of the material. Power plants made it possible to remove animal meal at low costs when the
production of animal food from animal meal was no longer permitted. In addition, biomass is used more and
more for co-combustion in order to reduce emissions of CO from the combustion of fossil fuels. In some
countries power generators have been committed by their governments to co-combust biomass in order to
meet Kyoto targets.
This development was taken into account when the revision of EN 450 began in 1998. Fly ash obtained from
co-combustion was included in the scope of the standard by extending the definition mentioned above:
“Fine powder of mainly spherical, glassy particles, derived
...
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