CEN/TS 15901-15:2014

Road and airfield surface characteristics - Part 15: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with longitudinal controlled slip (LFCI): The IMAG

This Technical Specification describes a method only used on airports for determining the skid resistance of pavements by measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient LFCI.
The method provides a measure of the wet skid resistance properties of a bound surface by measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient using a trailer with a standard slip ratio of 15 %. The slip ratio can be chosen between 0 % and 100 % for research application.
The test tyre is dragged over a pre-wetted pavement under vertical force and constant speed conditions while the test tyre is parallel to the direction of motion.
This Technical Specification covers the operation of the IMAG device.
The skid resistance of a pavement is determined by friction measurements at different speeds. Tests can be performed between 40 km/h and 120 km/h but standard test speeds are 40 km/h, 65 km/h and 95 km/h. Low speed measurements asses the microtexture while high speed measurements asses the macrotexture. The skid resistance is reported as friction measurements at these speeds and by comparison with the minimum friction level.

Oberflächeneigenschaften von Straßen und Flugplätzen - Teil 15: Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Griffigkeit von Fahrbahndecken durch Verwendung eines Geräts mit geregeltem Schlupf in Längsrichtung (LFCE): Das IMAG-Gerät

Diese Technische Spezifikation beschreibt ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung der Griffigkeit von Fahrbahndecken durch Messung des Reibungskoeffizienten in Längsrichtung LFCE, das nur an Flugplätzen angewendet wird.
Das Verfahren liefert ein Maß für die Nassgriffigkeitseigenschaften einer gebundenen Oberfläche durch Messung des Reibungskoeffizienten in Längsrichtung mit Hilfe eines Anhängers mit einem Schlupfverhältnis von 15 % (Normwert). Für Forschungsmessungen kann das Schlupfverhältnis zwischen 0 % und 100 % gewählt werden.
Der Messreifen wird mit vertikaler Kraft und geregelter Geschwindigkeit über eine zuvor angenässte Fahrbahndecke gezogen, wobei er parallel zur Bewegungsrichtung läuft.
Diese Technische Spezifikation behandelt den Betrieb des IMAG-Geräts.
Die Griffigkeit einer Fahrbahn wird durch Reibungsmessungen bei verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten festgelegt. Prüfungen können bei Geschwindigkeiten zwischen 40 km/h und 120 km/h durchgeführt werden, die Normwerte für Messgeschwindigkeiten sind jedoch 40 km/h, 65 km/h und 95 km/h. Messungen bei niedriger Geschwindigkeit beurteilen die Mikrotextur, wohingegen Messungen bei hoher Geschwindigkeit die Makrotextur der Fahrbahn beurteilen. Die Griffigkeit ist als Reibungsmessungen bei diesen Geschwindigkeiten und durch den Vergleich mit dem minimalen Reibungsgrad angegeben.

Caractéristiques de surface des routes et aéroports - Partie 15: Mode opératoire de détermination de l'adhérence d'un revêtement de chaussée à l'aide d'un dispositif à glissement longitudinal contrôlé (CFLI): IMAG

La présente Spécification technique décrit une méthode utilisée uniquement pour les aéroports, permettant de déterminer l’adhérence des revêtements de chaussées par mesure du coefficient de frottement longitudinal CFLI.
La méthode permet de mesurer les propriétés d'adhérence d'une couche de roulement mouillée, en déterminant le coefficient de frottement longitudinal à l'aide d'une remorque ayant un taux de glissement normalisé de 15 %. Le taux de glissement peut être choisi entre 0 % et 100 % à des fins de recherche.
Le pneumatique d’essai est tracté sur une chaussée préalablement mouillée, dans des conditions d'effort vertical et de vitesse constante, le pneumatique d'essai étant parallèle à la direction du mouvement.
La présente Spécification technique porte sur le fonctionnement de l’appareil IMAG.
L'adhérence d'une chaussée est déterminée par des mesures du frottement à différentes vitesses. Les essais peuvent être effectués à une vitesse comprise entre 40 km/h et 120 km/h, mais les vitesses d'essai normalisées sont de 40 km/h, 65 km/h et 95 km/h. Les mesures à faible vitesse évaluent la microtexture alors que les mesures à vitesse élevée évaluent la macrotexture. L'adhérence est consignée dans le rapport sous forme de mesures du frottement à ces vitesses et par comparaison au niveau de frottement minimal.

Značilnosti cestnih in letaliških površin - 15. del: Postopek določanja torne sposobnosti vozne površine z mehanizmom za kontroliran zdrs v vzdolžni smeri (LFCI): IMAG

Ta tehnična specifikacija opisuje metodo, ki se uporablja le na letališčih za določanje torne sposobnosti površin z meritvijo količnika trenja LFCI.
Metoda določa merilo lastnosti tornih sposobnosti mokre omejene površine z meritvijo količnika trenja z uporabo priklopnika s standardno stopnjo zdrsa pri 15 %. Izbrati je mogoče stopnjo zdrsa med 0 % do 100 % za raziskovalne meritve.
S preskusno pnevmatiko se zavira na predhodno namočeni površini pod nadzorovanimi pogoji navpične sile in hitrosti, medtem ko je preskusna pnevmatika vzporedna s smerjo gibanja.
Ta tehnična specifikacija obravnava delovanje mehanizma IMAG.
Torna sposobnost površine je določena z meritvami trenja pri različnih hitrostih. Preskuse je mogoče izvajati pri hitrostih med 40 km/h in 120 km/h, vendar so standardne preskusne hitrosti 40 km/h, 65 km/h in 95 km/h. Z merjenji pri nizkih hitrostih se ocenjuje mikrotekstura, z merjenji pri visokih hitrostih pa makrotekstura. Torna sposobnost je predstavljena kot meritve trenja pri teh hitrostih in s primerjavo z najmanjšo ravnjo trenja.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Oct-2014
• ICS: 93.080.20 - Road construction materials
• ICS: 93.120 - Construction of airports
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 227 - Road materials
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 227/WG 5 - Surface characteristics
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Completion Date: 12-May-2022
• Ref Project: SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 - Road and airfield surface characteristics - Part 15: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with longitudinal controlled slip (LFCI): The IMAG

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
01-december-2014
=QDþLOQRVWLFHVWQLKLQOHWDOLãNLKSRYUãLQGHO3RVWRSHNGRORþDQMDWRUQH
VSRVREQRVWLYR]QHSRYUãLQH]PHKDQL]PRP]DNRQWUROLUDQ]GUVYY]GROåQLVPHUL
/)&,,0$*

Road and airfield surface characteristics - Part 15: Procedure for determining the skid

resistance of a pavement surface using a device with longitudinal controlled slip (LFCI):

The IMAG
Oberflächeneigenschaften von Straßen und Flugplätzen - Teil 15: Verfahren zur
Bestimmung der Griffigkeit von Fahrbahndecken durch Verwendung eines Geräts mit
geregeltem Schlupf in Längsrichtung (LFCE): Das IMAG-Gerät

Caractéristiques de surface des routes et aéroports - Partie 15: Mode opératoire de

détermination de l'adhérence d'un revêtement de chaussée à l'aide d'un dispositif à

glissement longitudinal contrôlé (CFLI): IMAG
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
ICS:
17.040.20 Lastnosti površin Properties of surfaces
93.080.10 Gradnja cest Road construction
93.120 *UDGQMDOHWDOLãþ Construction of airports
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15901-15
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
October 2014
ICS 93.080.20; 93.120
English Version
Road and airfield surface characteristics - Part 15: Procedure for
determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a
device with longitudinal controlled slip (LFCI): The IMAG

Caractéristiques de surface des routes et aéroports - Partie Oberflächeneigenschaften von Straßen und Flugplätzen -

15: Mode opératoire de détermination de l'adhérence d'un Teil 15: Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Griffigkeit von

revêtement de chaussée à l'aide d'un dispositif à glissement Fahrbahndecken durch Verwendung eines Geräts mit

longitudinal contrôlé (CFLI): IMAG geregeltem Schlupf in Längsrichtung (LFCE): Das IMAG-

Gerät

This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 1 March 2014 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their

comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available

promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)

until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United

Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 (E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3

1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5

3 Recommended uses ..............................................................................................................................5

4 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6

5 Safety ......................................................................................................................................................9

6 Essential characteristics .......................................................................................................................9

6.1 Principle of measurements ...................................................................................................................9

6.2 Description of IMAG ..............................................................................................................................9

7 Key characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 11

7.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 11

7.2 Test speed ........................................................................................................................................... 11

7.3 Braking system ................................................................................................................................... 11

7.4 Static wheel load ................................................................................................................................. 11

7.5 Dynamic wheel load ........................................................................................................................... 11

7.6 Test wheel arrangement ..................................................................................................................... 11

7.7 Test tyre ............................................................................................................................................... 11

7.8 Tyre and rim ........................................................................................................................................ 12

7.9 Force-measuring transducer ............................................................................................................. 12

7.10 Pavement wetting system, water film thickness ............................................................................. 12

7.11 Minimum sampling interval ............................................................................................................... 12

7.12 General requirements for measuring system .................................................................................. 12

8 Test Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 12

8.1 Standard test conditions .................................................................................................................... 12

8.2 Prior to testing .................................................................................................................................... 13

8.3 Testing ................................................................................................................................................. 13

9 Data recording ..................................................................................................................................... 14

10 Calibration ........................................................................................................................................... 14

10.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 14

10.2 Calibration of the static vertical test wheel force ............................................................................ 14

10.3 Calibration of the static braking force .............................................................................................. 14

10.4 Dynamic calibration of the travelled distance sensor .................................................................... 14

10.5 Calibration of the water delivery system .......................................................................................... 14

10.6 Dynamic comparison of friction devices ......................................................................................... 15

11 Precision .............................................................................................................................................. 15

12 Test report ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 (E)
Foreword

This document (CEN/TS 15901-15:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road

materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights other than those identified above. CEN [and/or] CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying

any or all such patent rights.

CEN/TS 15901, Road and airfield surface characteristics, is composed with the following parts:

— Part 1: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal fixed slip ratio (LFCS): RoadSTAR;

— Part 2: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal controlled slip (LFCRNL): ROAR (Road Analyser and Recorder of Norsemeter);

— Part 3: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal controlled slip (LFCA): The ADHERA;

— Part 4: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of pavements using a device with longitudinal

controlled slip (LFCT): Tatra Runway Tester (TRT);

— Part 5: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal controlled slip (LFCRDK): ROAR (Road Analyser and Recorder of Norsemeter);

— Part 6: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface by measurement of the

sideway force coefficient (SFCS): SCRIM®;

— Part 7: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal fixed slip ratio (LFCG): the GripTester®;

— Part 8: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface by measurement of the

sideway-force coefficient (SFCD): SKM;

— Part 9: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface by measurement of the

longitudinal friction coefficient (LFCD): DWWNL skid resistance trailer;

— Part 10: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal block measurement (LFCSK): the Skiddometer BV-8;

— Part 11: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal block measurement (LFCSR): the SRM;

— Part 12: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal controlled slip: the BV 11 and Saab friction tester (SFT);

— Part 13: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface by measurement of a

sideway force coefficient (SFCO): the Odoliograph;

— Part 15: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with

longitudinal controlled slip (LFCI): The IMAG [the present document].

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following

countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 (E)

Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,

Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,

Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 (E)
1 Scope

This Technical Specification describes a method only used on airports for determining the skid resistance of

pavements by measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient LFCI.

The method provides a measure of the wet skid resistance properties of a bound surface by measurement of

the longitudinal friction coefficient using a trailer with a standard slip ratio of 15 %. The slip ratio can be

chosen between 0 % and 100 % for research application.

The test tyre is dragged over a pre-wetted pavement under vertical force and constant speed conditions while

the test tyre is parallel to the direction of motion.
This Technical Specification covers the operation of the IMAG device.

The skid resistance of a pavement is determined by friction measurements at different speeds. Tests can be

performed between 40 km/h and 120 km/h but standard test speeds are 40 km/h, 65 km/h and 95 km/h. Low

speed measurements asses the microtexture while high speed measurements asses the macrotexture. The

skid resistance is reported as friction measurements at these speeds and by comparison with the minimum

friction level.
2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are

indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,

the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic method

for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method

ASTM E670-09, Standard Test Method for Side Force Friction on Paved Surfaces Using the Mu-Meter

ASTM E2100-04, Standard Practice for Calculating the International Runway Friction Index

PIARC Technical Document. Specification for a standard test tyre for friction coefficient measurement of a

pavement surface: Smooth test tyre (2004-03)
3 Recommended uses
The IMAG is used in the following fields of application:

— monitoring of airport pavements (Pavement Management) according to ICAO Annex 14 Attachment A 7,

— approval of new surfacing according to ICAO Annex 14 Attachment A 7,
— investigation of surface skid resistance,
— measurements on project-level compliance,
— comparative measurements among different devices,

— measurements on contaminated (ice or snow covered) airport pavements (not covered by this Technical

Specification) according to ICAO Annex 14 Attachment A 6,
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 (E)
— research measurements.
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
contact area
overall area of the road surface instantaneously in contact with a tyre

Note 1 to entry: This term describes the overall area generally covered by the tyre. Due to the effects of surface

texture or any tyre tread pattern, not all of the tyre or road surface in the contact area may be in contact at any instant.

4.2
friction

resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact, the frictional force being the force which acts

tangentially in the contact area
4.3
vertical force (load)
force applied by the wheel assembly on the contact area
Note 1 to entry: Some devices use an assumed load based on the static load.
4.4
horizontal force (drag)

horizontal force acting tangentially on the test wheel in line with the direction of travel

4.5
slip ratio
slip speed divided by the operating speed
4.6
longitudinal friction coefficient
LFC

ratio between horizontal force (drag) and vertical force (load) for a braked wheel in controlled conditions,

which is normally a decimal number quoted to two significant figures

Note 1 to entry: LFC varies depending on the slip ratio of the device and the operational speed.

4.7
skid resistance

characterisation of the friction of a road surface when measured in accordance with a standardized method

4.8
wet skid resistance

property of a trafficked surface that limits relative movement between the surface and the part of a vehicle tyre

in contact with the surface, when lubricated with a film of water

Note 1 to entry: Factors that contribute to skid resistance include the tyre pressure, contact area, tread pattern, and

rubber composition; the alignment, texture, surface pollution, and characteristics of the road surface; the vehicle speed;

and the weather conditions.

The change in skid resistance of a surface in service is affected by the volume of traffic and the composition of the traffic,

as the tyres of these vehicles polish and/or wear away the surfacing material in different ways. Rubber debris especially

affects wet skid resistance.
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15901-15:2014
CEN/TS 15901-15:2014 (E)

Where the surface contains aggregate with a coating of binder, e.g. bitumen, resin or Portland cement, the skid resistance

will change as the coating is worn away by tyres.
4.9
fixed slip

condition in which a braking system forces the test wheel to roll at a fixed reduction of its operating speed

4.10
fixed slip friction

friction between a test tyre and a airfield surface when the wheel is controlled to move at a fixed proportion of

its natural speed
4.11
longitudinal friction coefficient IMAG
LFCI

ratio between the horizontal force in the direction of the motion that can be activated between the test wheel

and the wet pavement and the vertical wheel force accomplished under controlled slipping conditions

Note 1 to entry: The controlled slipping condition of the test wheel is achieved by a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic

servo-valve enslaved by the sensors of the IMAG.
4.12
sampling length or sampling interval

distance over which responses of the sensors are sampled to determine a single measurement of the

recorded variables

Note 1 to entry: The sampling length depends upon the detailed operation of device and its recording system; a

number of samples may be combined to determine a measurement for a subsection.

Note 2 to entry: This should not be confused with horizontal resolution which is the shortest distance over which a

change in the measured parameter can be detected.
4.13
microtexture

deviation of a pavement from a true planar pavement with characteristic dimensions along the pavement of

less than 0,5 mm, corresponding to texture wavelengths with one-third-octave bands and up to 0,5 mm centre

wavelengths

Note 1 to entry: Peak to peak amplitudes normally vary in the range 0,001 mm to 0,5 mm.

Note 2 to entry: Microtexture is a primary component in skid resistance at low speeds. Those devices that utilize a

relati
...