EN 1936:2006
(Main)Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity
Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity
This European standard specifies methods for determining the real density, apparent density, and open and total porosity of natural stone.
Prüfverfahren für Naturstein - Bestimmung der Reindichte, der Rohdichte, der offenen Porosität und der Gesamtporosität
Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Reindichte, der Rohdichte, der offenen Porosität
und der Gesamtporosität von Naturstein fest.
Méthodes d'essai des pierres naturelles - Détermination des masses volumiques réelle et apparente et des porosités ouverte et totale
La présente Norme européenne spécifie des méthodes de détermination des masses volumiques réelle et apparente ainsi que des porosités ouverte et totale de la pierre naturelle.
Preskušanje naravnega kamna - Ugotavljanje prostorninske mase brez por in votlin in prostorninske mase s porami in votlinami ter skupne in odprte poroznosti
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 05-Dec-2006
- Withdrawal Date
- 29-Jun-2007
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 246 - Natural stones
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 246/WG 2 - Test methods
- Current Stage
- 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
- Start Date
- 23-May-2018
- Completion Date
- 14-Apr-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 22-Dec-2008
Overview
EN 1936:2006 (CEN) specifies laboratory methods to determine the real density, apparent density, and open and total porosity of natural stone. The standard establishes accepted test procedures and terminology for consistent characterization of stone materials used in construction, restoration and product specification. Principal test principles include vacuum-assisted water absorption with submerged weighing for apparent density and open porosity, and pulverisation followed by pycnometer or Le Chatelier volumenometer tests for real density and total porosity.
Key Topics
- Scope and purpose: Measurement methods for apparent density, real density, open porosity and total porosity of natural stone.
- Terms and definitions: Aligns with EN 12670:2001 terminology for natural stone.
- Specimen preparation:
- Dry specimens to constant mass at (70 ± 5) °C and store in a desiccator until cooled.
- Test specimens should have an apparent volume of at least 60 ml and meet surface-area/volume ratio limits.
- Open porosity and apparent density:
- Determined by vacuum-assisted water absorption and submerged weighing of saturated specimens.
- Evacuation vessel pressure and immersion procedures are specified to ensure open pores are filled.
- Real density (two methods):
- Method A - Pycnometer: more accurate; ground specimen dispersed in liquid and measured in a pycnometer.
- Method B - Le Chatelier volumenometer: faster, suitable for production control; measures displaced liquid volume.
- Results and reporting:
- Results expressed as apparent density, real density, open porosity and total porosity with required precision and test-report content.
Applications
EN 1936:2006 delivers practical value in multiple contexts:
- Quality control and production testing: Rapidly identify material consistency using Le Chatelier method for on-site or production checks.
- Specification and procurement: Provide standardized density and porosity values for material selection and tender documents.
- Compliance and certification: Produce reproducible test reports required for conformity assessment and national adoption across CEN members.
- Dispute resolution and reference testing: Use the pycnometer method (Method A) as a reference method where higher accuracy or arbitration is required.
Practical keywords: natural stone, apparent density, real density, open porosity, total porosity, pycnometer, Le Chatelier volumenometer, vacuum-assisted water absorption.
Related Standards
- EN 12670:2001 - Natural stone terminology (normative reference)
- ISO 3507 - Laboratory glassware, pycnometers (referenced for pycnometer specifications)
For laboratories and specifiers, EN 1936:2006 provides a clear procedural framework to ensure consistent measurement of stone density and porosity, supporting reliable material assessment and procurement decisions.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 1936:2006 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity". This standard covers: This European standard specifies methods for determining the real density, apparent density, and open and total porosity of natural stone.
This European standard specifies methods for determining the real density, apparent density, and open and total porosity of natural stone.
EN 1936:2006 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 73.020 - Mining and quarrying; 91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 1936:2006 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1936:1999. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase EN 1936:2006 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2007
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1936:2000
Preskušanje naravnega kamna - Ugotavljanje prostorninske mase brez por in
votlin in prostorninske mase s porami in votlinami ter skupne in odprte poroznosti
Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of
total and open porosity
Prüfverfahren für Naturstein - Bestimmung der Reindichte, der Rohdichte, der offenen
Porosität und der Gesamtporosität
Méthodes d'essai des pierres naturelles - Détermination des masses volumiques réelle
et apparente et des porosités ouverte et totale
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1936:2006
ICS:
73.020 Rudarstvo in kamnolomsko Mining and quarrying
izkopavanje
91.100.15 Mineralni materiali in izdelki Mineral materials and
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1936
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2006
ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 Supersedes EN 1936:1999
English Version
Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and
apparent density, and of total and open porosity
Méthodes d'essai des pierres naturelles - Détermination Prüfverfahren für Naturstein - Bestimmung der Reindichte,
des masses volumiques réelle et apparente et des der Rohdichte, der offenen Porosität und der
porosités ouvertes et totale Gesamtporosität
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 October 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1936:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword.3
1 Scope.4
2 Normative references.4
3 Principle.4
4 Terms and definitions .4
5 Symbols.5
6 Apparatus.5
7 Preparation of the specimens .6
7.1 Sampling.6
7.2 Test specimens.6
7.3 Drying the specimens.6
8 Test procedure.6
8.1 Open porosity and apparent density .6
8.2 Real density.7
8.2.1 General.7
8.2.2 Method A (pycnometer).7
8.2.3 Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) .7
9 Expression of results.8
9.1 General.8
9.2 Apparent density.8
9.3 Open porosity.8
9.4 Real density.8
9.5 Total porosity.9
10 Test report.9
Bibliography .11
Foreword
This document (EN 1936:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 “Natural stones”,
the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by June 2007.
This document supersedes EN 1936:1999.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This European standard specifies methods for determining the real density, apparent density, and open and
total porosity of natural stone.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12670:2001, Natural stone - Terminology
ISO 3507, Laboratory glassware - Pyknometers
3 Principle
After drying to constant mass, the apparent density and open porosity are determined by vacuum assisted
water absorption and submerged weighing of specimens. The real density and total porosity require the
specimen to be pulverised.
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12670:2001 and the following apply.
4.1
apparent density (ρ )
b
ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and its apparent volume
4.2
apparent volume
volume limited by the external surface of the specimen, including any voids
4.3
volume of the solid part
difference between the apparent volume of the specimen and the volume of the voids (open and closed pores)
4.4
real density (ρ )
r
ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and the volume of its solid part
4.5
open porosity
ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of the open pores and the apparent volume of the specimen
4.6
total porosity
ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of pores (open and closed) and the apparent volume of the
specimen
5 Symbols
m mass of the dry specimen, in grams;
d
m mass of the specimen immersed in water, in grams;
h
m mass of the saturated specimen, in grams;
s
m mass of the specimen ground and dried (for the tests using the pycnometer or the volumenometer), in
e
grams;
m mass of the pycnometer filled with water and the ground specimen, in grams;
m mass of the pycnometer filled with water, in grams;
V apparent volume of the specimen, in millilitres;
b
V volume of open pores of the specimen, in millilitres;
o
V volume of liquid displaced by the mass m (volumenometer test);
s e
ρ apparent density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre;
b
ρr real density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre;
ρ density of water, in kilograms per cubic metre;
rh
p open porosity of the specimen, as a percentage;
o
p total porosity of the specimen, as a percentage.
6 Apparatus
6.1 A ventilated oven which maintain a temperature (70 ± 5) °C.
6.2 An evacuation vessel which can maintain a pressure of (2,0 ± 0,7) kPa = (15 ± 5) mm Hg and allow
gradual immersion of the contained specimens.
6.3 A weighing instrument which has an accuracy of at least 0,01% of the mass to be weighed, also
capable of weighing the specimen in water.
6.4 A linear measuring device with an accuracy of at least 0,01%.
6.5 An ISO 3507 type 3 pycnometer having a nominal capacity of 50 ml.
6.6 A La Chatelier type volumenometer consisting of a flat-bottomed flask with a tube graduated form 0 ml
to 24 ml in 0,1 ml graduations.
6.7 A sieve with a 0,063 mm mesh.
6.8 A dessicator with dessicant.
7 Preparati
...
SIST EN 1936:2007は、天然石の物理特性を評価するための重要な欧州標準を提供しており、特に実密度、表面密度、さらには全体および開口部の多孔性を測定するための方法を明確に定義しています。この標準の重要性は、天然石の使用における材料性能の信頼性を確保する点にあります。 この文書の範囲は非常に明確で、天然石の特性を正確に測るための方法を網羅しています。実密度と表面密度の測定は、材料の物理的な強度や構造に直接関わるため、建築、インテリアデザイン、さらには石材加工業界において不可欠です。また、多孔性の評価は、吸水性や耐久性に影響を与えるため、特に外部環境で使用される場合の石材選定においても重要です。 この標準の強みは、国際的に認知されている測定方法を提供している点にあります。これにより、さまざまな国や地域における取り扱いや品質管理の基準が統一され、消費者や業界関係者にとっての透明性が向上します。また、自然石の特性が一貫して測定されることで、製品の質が保証され、長期的な信頼性が確保されることになります。 さらに、SIST EN 1936:2007は、他の関連標準と整合性があり、関連する試験方法や基準とともに使用することで、より包括的な評価が可能になります。これにより、業界全体での効率的な材料評価が推進され、結果として天然石市場の発展に寄与することが期待されます。 総じて、この標準は、石材業界における品質保証や製品開発に不可欠な枠組みを提供しており、天然石の精密な評価が求められる現代において、非常に重要です。
La norme SIST EN 1936:2007, intitulée "Méthodes d'essai des pierres naturelles - Détermination de la densité réelle et de la densité apparente, ainsi que de la porosité totale et ouverte", constitue une référence essentielle pour les professionnels du secteur des pierres naturelles. Son champ d'application est clairement défini, offrant des méthodes normalisées pour évaluer des caractéristiques cruciales des matériaux en pierre. L'un des principaux points forts de cette norme est sa capacité à fournir des méthodologies précises et rigoureuses, assurant ainsi la fiabilité des résultats sur la densité réelle et apparente, ainsi que sur la porosité des pierres naturelles. La norme aborde en détail les procédures à suivre, garantissant une approche cohérente et reproductible pour les laboratoires d'essai et les entreprises du secteur de la construction. De plus, la pertinence de la norme EN 1936:2006 ne se limite pas seulement à la validation des propriétés des pierres naturelles; elle joue également un rôle clé dans la durabilité et la performance des matériaux utilisés dans le bâtiment. En comprenant les niveaux de porosité, par exemple, les professionnels peuvent mieux évaluer la résistance des pierres aux facteurs environnementaux et à l'usure. En conclusion, la norme SIST EN 1936:2007 est un outil incontournable pour les acteurs de l'industrie des pierres naturelles, consolidant les pratiques de qualité et favorisant des applications durables et sûres des matériaux.
Die Norm EN 1936:2006 bietet eine umfassende Grundlage zur Bestimmung der realen Dichte, der scheinbaren Dichte sowie der Gesamt- und Offenporosität von Naturstein. Diese europäische Norm ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Bau- und Materialindustrie, da sie präzise Testmethoden bereitstellt, die für die Bewertung der Qualität und Performance von Natursteinen unerlässlich sind. Ein bemerkenswerter Vorteil dieser Norm ist die klare Struktur, die es Fachleuten ermöglicht, die verschiedenen Dichte- und Porositätsattribute systematisch zu vermessen. Diese Eigenschaften sind entscheidend für die Verwendung von Natursteinen in bautechnischen Anwendungen, da sie das Verhalten der Materialien unter verschiedenen Bedingungen beeinflussen. Die Standardisierung dieser Testmethoden garantiert konsistente und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse, was für die Vergleichbarkeit von Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten von großer Bedeutung ist. Die Norm deckt eine breite Palette von Natursteinen ab und ist somit für diverse Anwendungen relevant. Durch die Definition von Normen für die Prüfung der Dichte und Porosität trägt sie dazu bei, die Sicherheit, Langlebigkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit von Natursteinprodukten zu gewährleisten. Zudem fördert sie die Transparenz im Handel mit Natursteinen und unterstützt die Industrie dabei, die hohen Anforderungen an die Materialqualität zu erfüllen. Insgesamt stellt die SIST EN 1936:2007 eine wertvolle Ressource für Ingenieure, Architekten und Materialwissenschaftler dar, die sicherstellen möchten, dass die verwendeten Natursteine den erforderlichen Standards entsprechen und für ihre spezifischen Anwendungen geeignet sind. Durch die Anwendung dieser Norm wird die Fachwelt in die Lage versetzt, fundierte Entscheidungen zu treffen, die sowohl die Qualität als auch die Nachhaltigkeit von Bauprojekten fördern.
The EN 1936:2006 standard, titled "Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity," serves as a critical guide for professionals in the natural stone industry. This European standard outlines comprehensive methods for evaluating essential physical properties of natural stone, facilitating quality assurance and consistency. One of the key strengths of EN 1936:2006 is its rigorous approach to testing parameters that directly influence the performance and durability of natural stone materials. By defining precise procedures for determining real density, apparent density, and both total and open porosity, the standard enables stakeholders to assess factors that impact the stone's suitability for various applications, including construction and decorative uses. The focus on these fundamental characteristics underscores the importance of material integrity in ensuring longevity and safety in design. Moreover, the relevance of EN 1936:2006 is underscored by its alignment with industry needs. As the demand for natural stone products continues to grow, the capacity to reliably determine these physical properties becomes increasingly vital. The standardized methodology fosters a uniform approach across manufacturers and laboratories, promoting transparency and trust within the market. This is particularly important for architects, engineers, and suppliers who rely on accurate material specifications to make informed decisions. In summary, the EN 1936:2006 standard not only provides a clear framework for natural stone testing but also reinforces the significance of quality control and material assessment in the industry. Its detailed protocols for measuring real density, apparent density, and porosity ensure that professionals can effectively evaluate and utilize natural stone, maintaining high standards of performance across applications.
SIST EN 1936:2007은 자연석 시험 방법에 대한 유럽 표준으로, 자연석의 실제 밀도, 겉보기 밀도, 그리고 전체 및 개방 기공률을 결정하는 방법을 명확히 규명하고 있습니다. 이 표준은 자연석의 물리적 특성을 평가하는 데 필수적인 기준을 제공하여, 건축 및 조경 분야에서의 효과적인 재료 선택을 가능하게 합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 실질적인 실험 방법론을 포함하여, 다양한 유형의 자연석에 적합한 테스트 절차를 제시한다는 점입니다. 믿을 수 있는 결과를 제공함으로써, 사용자들은 자연석의 성질을 신뢰성 있게 파악할 수 있게 됩니다. 또한, 표준은 다양한 형태의 자연석에 대한 비교 분석을 가능하게 하여, 건축 자재의 효율적인 사용을 촉진합니다. 더욱이, SIST EN 1936:2007은 자연석의 물리적 특성에 대한 투명한 데이터 제공을 통해, 환경적 고려와 경제적 효율성을 동시에 높이는 데 기여합니다. 이 표준은 자연석 응용 분야에서 경쟁력을 확보하기 위한 중요한 기준으로 자리 잡고 있으며, 특히 고품질 자연석을 요구하는 프로젝트에서 그 중요성이 부각됩니다. 결론적으로, 이 표준은 자연석에 대한 종합적인 이해를 제공함으로써, 업계 전문가들에게 매우 중요한 도구로 작용하며, 자연석을 다루는 모든 이해관계자에게 필수적인 자료가 됩니다.
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