prEN 12312-1

Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 1: Passenger stairs

This European Standard specifies the technical requirements to minimise the hazards listed in Clause 4 which can arise during the commissioning, the operation and the maintenance of passenger stairs when used as intended, including misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, when carried out in accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorised representative. It also takes into account some requirements recognised as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and handling agencies.
This European Standard applies to:
a)   self-propelled stairs with seated driver;
b)   pedestrian controlled stairs;
c)   towable stairs equipped with powered means, e.g. for height adjustment, stabilisers;
d)   automatic levelling systems of stairs
for embarking/disembarking of passengers.
Powered should also be understood as manual effort stored in springs or hydraulic accumulators, etc., the dangerous action of which can be produced or can continue after the manual effort has ceased or directly applied manual effort for lifting or lowering loads.
Those clauses of this standard that can apply may also be used as a guideline for the design of towable stairs without powered means.
This European Standard does not establish additional requirements for the following:
1)   persons falling out of an aircraft with the passenger stairs not in position;
2)   hazards resulting from a moving stairway (escalator);
3)   upper deck door access.
This part of EN 12312 is not applicable to passenger stairs which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN of this standard.
This part of EN 12312 when used in conjunction with EN 1915-1, EN 1915-2, EN 1915-3 and EN 1915-4 provides the requirements for passenger stairs.

Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Besondere Anforderungen - Teil 1: Fluggasttreppen

Matériel au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences particulières - Partie 1 : Escaliers passagers

Podporna oprema na tleh za letalski promet - Posebne zahteve - 1. del: Stopnice za potnike

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 25-Oct-2023
• ICS: 49.100 - Ground service and maintenance equipment
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 274 - Aircraft ground support equipment
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 274/WG 1 - Working Group Revision
• Current Stage: 4599 - Dispatch of FV draft to CMC - Finalization for Vote
• Start Date: 17-May-2023
• Due Date: 23-Jun-2022
• Completion Date: 17-May-2023
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN 12312-1:2021 - Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 1: Passenger stairs

Relations

• Revises: EN 12312-1:2013 - Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 1: Passenger stairs
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 12312-1:2021
01-marec-2021

Podporna oprema na tleh za letalski promet - Posebne zahteve - 1. del: Stopnice za

potnike

Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements - Part 1: Passenger stairs

Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Besondere Anforderungen - Teil 1: Fluggasttreppen

Matériel au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences particulières - Partie 1 : Escaliers passagers

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 12312-1
ICS:
49.100 Oprema za servis in Ground service and
vzdrževanje na tleh maintenance equipment
oSIST prEN 12312-1:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 12312-1:2021
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oSIST prEN 12312-1:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 12312-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2021
ICS 49.100 Will supersede EN 12312-1:2013
English Version
Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific
requirements - Part 1: Passenger stairs

Matériel au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences particulières Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Besondere Anforderungen -

- Partie 1 : Escaliers passagers Teil 1: Fluggasttreppen

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 274.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 12312-1:2021 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN 12312-1:2021 (E)
Contents

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 7

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 8

4 List of hazards .................................................................................................................................................. 9

5 Safety requirements and/or measures ................................................................................................... 9

5.1 General requirements ................................................................................................................................... 9

5.2 Safeguards against falling ......................................................................................................................... 10

5.3 Stair flight ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

5.4 Platforms ......................................................................................................................................................... 12

5.5 Guard rails ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

5.6 Raising devices and stability .................................................................................................................... 14

5.7 Controls, monitoring devices and displays for Category A and Category B passenger

stairs ................................................................................................................................................................. 14

5.8 Auxiliary means for powered passenger stairs ................................................................................. 15

5.9 Canopy .............................................................................................................................................................. 15

5.10 Automatic levelling system ....................................................................................................................... 16

6 Verification of requirements ................................................................................................................... 16

6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 16

6.2 Guard rails ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

6.3 Barrier .............................................................................................................................................................. 17

6.4 Platforms and steps ..................................................................................................................................... 17

6.5 Manual movement of Category C towable stairs ............................................................................... 17

7 Information for use ..................................................................................................................................... 17

7.1 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................ 17

7.2 Warnings ......................................................................................................................................................... 17

7.3 Instructions .................................................................................................................................................... 18

Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards ......................................................................................... 19

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered ..................................................... 22

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 27

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European foreword

This document (prEN 12312-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 274 “Aircraft

ground support equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 12312-1:2013.

EN 12312 “Aircraft ground support equipment – Specific requirements” consists of the following parts:

— Part 1: Passenger stairs (the present document);
— Part 2: Catering vehicles;
— Part 3: Conveyor belt vehicles;
— Part 4: Passenger boarding bridges;
— Part 5: Aircraft fuelling equipment;
— Part 6: Deicers and deicing/anti-icing equipment;
— Part 7: Air-craft movement equipment;
— Part 8: Maintenance or service stairs and platforms;
— Part 9: Container/Pallet loaders;
— Part 10: Container/Pallet transfer transporters;
— Part 11: Container/Pallet dollies and loose load trailers;
— Part 12: Potable water service equipment;
— Part 13: Lavatory service equipment;
— Part 14: Disabled/incapacitated passenger boarding vehicles;
— Part 15: Baggage and equipment tractors;
— Part 16: Air start equipment;
— Part 17: Air conditioning equipment;
— Part 18: Nitrogen or Oxygen units;
— Part 19: Aircraft jacks, axle jacks and hydraulic tail stanchions;
— Part 20: Electrical ground power units.
The main technical changes compared to the previous version are the following:
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a) the Scope was updated;
b) Clause 2, Normative references, was updated;

c) Clause 5, Safety requirements and/or measures, has been completely revised including the

following:

d) subclause 5.1, General requirements, has been revised with the deletion of the former parts 5.1.3,

5.1.12 and 5.1.12 as well as the addition of the new parts 5.1.9, 5.1.13, 5.1.14 and 5.1.15 concerning

new requirements for standing drivers positions, the design of towable stairs for the pushing or

pulling effort, the marking and the placement of handles on all other manually moved passenger

stairs;

e) subclause 5.4, Platforms, has been updated with the addition of part 5.4.8 concerning safety

clearances for all doors/aircrafts of GSE;

f) Clause 7, Information for use, was updated with the addition of a new requirement for markings on

passenger stairs;
g) Annex A, List of significant hazards, has been updated;
h) the Bibliography was updated.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the

European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC on

machinery.

For relationship with EU Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery, see informative Annex ZA which is an

integral part of this document.
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Introduction

This document defines health and safety requirements, for stairs including a built-in source of power

(see Clause 1, Scope) intended for passengers embarking/disembarking aircraft.

The minimum essential criteria are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe,

serviceable, economical, and practical passenger stairs. Deviations should occur only after careful

consideration, extensive testing, risk assessment and service evaluation have shown alternative

methods or conditions to be satisfactory. Such deviations are outside the scope of this document and a

manufacturer should be able to demonstrate an equivalent level of protection.
This document is a Type C standard as defined in EN ISO 12100:2010.

The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events

are covered are indicated in the scope of this document.

When provisions of this Type C standard are different from those which are stated in Type A or B

standards, the provisions of this Type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other

standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this Type C

standard. Deviations from requirements do not fall within the presumption of conformity given by the

standard.
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1 Scope

This document specifies the technical requirements to minimize the hazards listed in Clause 4 which

can arise during the commissioning, the operation and the maintenance of passenger stairs when used

as intended, including misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, when carried out in

accordance with the specifications given by the manufacturer or his authorized representative. It also

takes into account some requirements recognized as essential by authorities, aircraft and ground

support equipment (GSE) manufacturers as well as airlines and handling agencies.
This document applies to:

a) self-propelled passenger stairs with seated or standing driver with top speed above 6 km/h

(Category A);

b) towable passenger stairs, with self-propelled function at docking with top speed up to 6 km/h with

drive controls from ground, remote control or standing driver position (Category B);

c) towable stairs, with manual positioning, equipped with powered means, e.g. for height adjustment,

stabilizers (Category C);

d) automatic levelling systems of stairs for embarking/disembarking of passengers.

This document does not apply to stairs to be moved on public roadways.

“Powered” is also to be understood as manual effort stored in springs or hydraulic accumulators, etc.,

the dangerous action of which can be produced or can continue after the manual effort has ceased or

directly applied manual effort for lifting or lowering loads.

Those clauses of this document that can apply may also be used as a guideline for the design of towable

stairs without powered means.
This document does not establish additional requirements for the following:
e) persons falling out of an aircraft with the passenger stairs not in position;
f) hazards resulting from a moving stairway (escalator);
g) upper deck door access.
No extra requirements on noise and vibration are provided other than those in
EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009.

NOTE EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009 provide the general GSE vibration and noise

requirements.

This part of EN 12312 is not applicable to passenger stairs which are manufactured before the date of

publication of this standard by CEN.

This part of EN 12312 when used in conjunction with EN 1915-1:2013, EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009,

EN 1915-3 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009 provides the requirements for passenger stairs.

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2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 1175:2020, Safety of industrial trucks — Electrical/electronic requirements
EN 1837:2020, Safety of machinery — Integral lighting of machines

EN 1915-1:2013, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety

requirements

EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 2: Stability

and strength requirements, calculations and test methods

EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 3: Vibration

measurement methods and reduction

EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009, Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 4: Noise

measurement methods and reduction

EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk

reduction (ISO 12100:2010)

EN ISO 13849-1:2015, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General

principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2015)

EN ISO 13850:2015, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop function - Principles for design (ISO

13850:2015)

EN ISO 14122-3:2016, Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 3: Stairs,

stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3:2016)

ISO 7718-1:2016, Aircraft — Passenger doors interface requirements for connection of passenger

boarding bridge or passenger transfer vehicle — Part 1: Main deck doors

ISO 16004:2017, Aircraft ground equipment — Passenger boarding bridge or transfer vehicle — Interface

requirements with aircraft doors

DIN 51130:2014, Testing of floor coverings — Determination of the anti-slip property — Workrooms and

fields of activities with slip danger, walking method — Ramp test
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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1915-1:2013,

EN ISO 12100:2010 and ISO 7718-1:2016 and the following apply.
3.1
passenger stair

stair designed for the embarking and disembarking of passengers between the aircraft and the ground

3.2
stair flight
series of steps between ground level and platform or between two platforms
3.3
riser height

distance between the surface of the tread of one step and the surface of a step above or below when

measured perpendicularly between the tread surfaces
3.4
tread depth

distance from one step nosing to the adjacent step nosing when measured parallel to the tread surface

3.5
step width
maximum usable width measured along the nose of the step
3.6
handrail height

distance to the top surface of the handrail as measured at the nose of the step or platform and

perpendicular to the tread surface
3.7
upper (main) platform
platform at the upper end of a stair flight with access to the aircraft
3.8
intermediate platform
platform between two stair flights
3.9
incline

angle of stair flight to a horizontal plane, measured across the noses of the steps

3.10
inclination

angle of the platforms and steps surfaces to a horizontal plane, measured at a right angle to the noses of

the steps
3.11
bottom hinged step

foldable step at the bottom end of the stair to provide sufficient ground clearance during movement

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3.12
leading edge
front end of the upper (main) platform at the aircraft door interface
3.13
auxiliary system

independent system for the operation of the passenger stair in case of power loss

3.14
barrier
movable element to prevent access into the area
4 List of hazards

The list of risks and hazards (given in Annex A) is based on EN ISO 12100:2010 and contains the

hazards and hazardous situations, as far as they are dealt with in this document, identified by risk

assessment as significant for passenger stairs and which require action to eliminate or reduce risks. Not

covered are hazards due to a standard automotive chassis, the traffic and repair.

5 Safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General requirements

5.1.1 Passenger stairs shall conform to the relevant requirements of EN 1915-1:2013,

EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009, EN 1915-3:2004+A1:2009 and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009 unless otherwise

specified in this document. The specific requirements of this document take precedence over those of

the EN 1915 series.

5.1.2 Stability and strength calculations shall be carried out in accordance with

EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009.

5.1.3 Passenger stairs shall have an upper (main) platform and, where the number of risers exceeds

18, an intermediate platform shall be provided at least after every 18 risers. The number of risers

should not exceed 40.

5.1.4 Step and platform inclination in all intended operating positions shall not exceed ± 3° (5 %)

when the passenger stair rests on a horizontal plane.

5.1.5 The step and platform cover material shall provide the possibility of easy elimination of water

and snow, and be selected to minimize wear. As a deviation to EN 1915-1:2013, 5.13.1, the flooring

materials shall provide a durable slip-resistant surface with a minimum R11 slip-resistance

classification in the walking direction.

Slip resistance classification shall be measured in accordance with DIN 51130:2014, Table 3.

5.1.6 With the passenger stair fully stowed for movement, the lowest point in the front and in the

back of the GSE shall not be less than 150 mm above a horizontal ground surface. In addition, the

clearance shall allow without interference the traversing of two surfaces intersecting at an angle of 3°

(5 %) either in bridging or in cresting.

5.1.7 The passenger stair shall be constructed so that the driver/operator is able to see the leading

edge throughout its operating range.
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5.1.8 Where an operator's workplace is provided on the upper (main) platform, Category A and

Category B passenger stairs, the following requirements shall apply:

a) the workplace shall be entirely protected against the risk of falling in accordance with 5.2;

b) the operator's position shall provide an unobstructed view of the platform's leading edge and the

full flight of stairs.
5.1.9 The following requirements apply for a standing driver position:
a) the passenger stair shall be limited to a travelling speed of 15 km/h;
b) the minimum free space shall be 600 mm wide by 500 mm deep;

c) a rest pad, a handhold and where needed a lateral mechanical restraint means shall be provided for

a standing driver;
d) an activation means shall ensure human control while operating.

5.1.10 Stair flights and platforms shall have illumination of a non-glare quality for floor and step

treads. A minimum illumination of 50 lx shall be provided, as measured at the centre line of the stair

flight and platforms, parallel to and on the tread surface.

5.1.11 The electrical system of battery powered passenger stairs shall conform to EN 1175:2020.

5.1.12 The minimum field of view from the driver's position shall include the ground area immediately

aft of the unit up to the first steps. This can be achieved either by using see-through risers on the stair

flight, or indirect means such as e.g. mirrors or closed circuit TV. It is further recommended to consider

providing indirect means for seeing the stairs upper platform from the driver's position.

5.1.13 Towable stairs shall be designed so that the pushing or pulling effort for their movements

requires less than 230 N per operator. See 7.5 for verification for non-self-propelled stairs.

NOTE The 230 N value results from ISO 11228-2:2007 for a male population of operators.

5.1.14 Manufacturer shall define and explicitly mark the operators’ positions so as to achieve a proper

monitoring of the movements of the stairs, in good ergonomic postures.

5.1.15 Handles shall be placed for each position required to move the stairs manually. Handles shall be

designed to be operated by gloved hands.
5.2 Safeguards against falling

5.2.1 Provisions shall be made for eliminating or reducing the risk of falling of persons from the front

edge of the stairs' upper platform when the stair is not completely connected to the aircraft or is being

removed.
Such provisions shall consist of:

a) for passenger stairs with a maximum height of the upper (main) platform from 1 000 mm up to

2 000 mm: one barrier at the upper (main) platform of the passenger stairs;

b) for passenger stairs with a maximum height of the upper (main) platform in excess of 2 000 mm:

two barriers, one at the bottom end of the passenger stairs, one at the upper (main) platform.

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5.2.2 Upper (main) platform barriers shall:

a) consist of an upper element with a height of at least 1 100 mm and at least one intermediate

element 500 mm below the upper element;

b) use additional elements as necessary to prevent the free vertical height between adjacent elements

exceeding 500 mm;

c) be designed so that when in the position giving protection they have a maximum deflection not

exceeding at any point 5 % of the unsupported span when subjected to an horizontal load F of

1 000 N at the most unfavourable location, without causing any permanent deformation. See 6.3 for

verification;
d) be clearly visible from either side, including at night and in fog;

e) be padded to avoid any damage where it may interfere with open aircraft doors or doors being

opened;

NOTE Recommended practices for aircraft protective padding are contained in SAE AIR 1558; see

Bibliography.

f) be sufficiently movable for safe person transfer when the platform is in position against the aircraft.

Movable sections shall be easy to handle by one person with a force not exceeding 62 N, and able to

be stowed safely, i.e. retained in the stowed position by a positive fit device requiring deliberate

action for release.

5.2.3 Bottom end barriers shall at least consist of a strap, e.g. a strap with an inertia reel, and a device

for securing the strap in the “stair-closed” position.

5.2.4 On Category A and Category B passenger stairs, stabilizers retraction and movement of the

stairs shall be prevented unless the barriers are in their protective position. The related interlocking

systems shall achieve performance level “c” according to EN ISO 13849-1:2015.

5.2.5 To warn of impending stairs removal, the Category A and Category B passenger stair shall be

equipped with both an audible warning (intermittent single-frequency tone in accordance with

EN 1915-1:2013, 5.12 and a flashing red light highly unmistakable from the aircraft doorway under all

circumstances. These signals shall be activated automatically at least 5 s before the stair can be

removed, or by the start of the stabilizers retraction, and shall remain active during the complete

undocking.

Where possible, the design of the stair may prevent its removal before the aircraft door is closed.

5.3 Stair flight

5.3.1 All steps of a stair flight shall be designed with the same riser height and the same tread depth.

5.3.2 Riser height and tread depth dimensions shall meet the following geometry criteria:

Riser height (R) + Tread depth (T) = 460 mm ± 10 mm

The riser height (R) shall be between 140 mm and 210 mm, the tread depth (T) shall be between

250 mm and 320 mm.

5.3.3 The incline for the stair flight when set for embarking/disembarking shall be between 24° and

40°.
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NOTE The optimum angle for the stair flight incline is between 30° and 38°.

5.3.4 The minimum usable clear width of a stair flight shall be 1 000 mm; see 5.9.2 for minimum

headroom required where a canopy is installed.

5.3.5 Any hinged step that may be fitted at the bottom of the stair shall meet the criteria in 5.1.6 and

5.3.1. This step shall be easy to handle and be able to be stowed safely.

5.3.6 The distance from the ground to the tread surface of the bottom step shall not exceed 260 mm,

when the stair is positioned on a horizontal supporting surface and set for embarking/disembarking.

5.3.7 Each step shall withstand the following unfactored loads:

a) if the steps width is less than 1 200 mm, then 1 500 N shall be distributed over a 100 mm × 100 mm

area at the leading edge of the step and in the middle of the stair's width,

b) if the steps width is equal to or greater than 1 200 mm, then 1 500 N shall be distributed over each

of two 100 mm × 100 mm areas at the leading edge of the step, applied at the most unfavourable

points and spaced 800 mm.

In either case, the total measured elastic deflection shall not exceed 1/200 of the step's span. There

shall be no permanent deformation.
5.4 Platforms

5.4.1 The upper (main) platform shall have a minimum usable depth of 1 200 mm. Where allowed by

the local airport regulations regarding vehicles overall width (see EN 1915-1:2013, Introduction, f) -

negotiation), the minimum clear width dimension between the inner faces of guard rails/side panels

should be equal to the cumulative widths of the aircraft door in the open and closed positions plus a

200 mm minimum clearance, in order to allow full door opening and closing while remaining within the

boundaries of guard rails/side panels.

NOTE See 7.3, Instructions for use, for listing by the manufacturer of the aircraft types and doors the stairs

are intended to serve.

5.4.2 The leading edge of the upper (main) platform shall be designed in a manner that provides a

good fit to the aircraft fuselage, i.e. a maximum gap of 100 mm along the length of the interface.

Bumpers made of flexible material shall allow direct contact between leading edge and aircraft fuselage.

The leading edge of the platform shall be fitted along its whole length with a full width bumper designed

to protect the aircraft that:
a) is of a non-marking semi-soft material;
b) ensures a minimum 60 mm crushing capability;
c) is designed to minimize any force exerted onto the aircraft doorframe.

It is recommended the static force equivalent does not exceed 1 500 N distributed over the length, or

1 500 N on any 100 mm x 100 mm contact area.

The aircraft interface device may include a contact detection feature able to provide an electri

...