CEN/TS 15406:2010
(Main)Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material
This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung von Schüttgut
Diese Technische Spezifikation legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung von festen Sekundärbrennstoffen unter Verwendung einer Standard-Messeinrichtung fest. Das Verfahren gilt für alle festen Sekundärbrennstoffe mit Partikelmaßen von höchstens 100 mm.
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de détermination des propriétés de formation de voûte dans les matériaux en vrac
Trdna alternativna goriva - Določevanje premostitvenih lastnosti razsutega materiala
Ta tehnična specifikacija določa metodo določevanja premostitvenih lastnosti trdnih alternativnih goriv z uporabo standardne merilne opreme. Ta metoda velja za vsa trdna alternativna goriva z največjimi dimenzijami delca 100 mm.
General Information
Relations
Overview
CEN/TS 15406:2010 describes standardized test procedures for determining the bridging (arching) properties of solid recovered fuels (SRF). The specification covers two methods: a bridging-slot apparatus for non‑coalescing bulk SRF and a shear tester for coalescing (consolidating) materials. It applies to SRF with maximum particle dimension up to 100 mm and requires reporting of particle size and moisture content to interpret flowability results.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope: Method for evaluating tendency of SRF to form stable bridges/arches that obstruct flow in bins, hoppers and feeders.
- Non‑coalescing method (bridging apparatus):
- Container with effective area ≈ (1.1 × 2) m and height ≈ 0.75 m; bottom formed by two rubber mats and rolling steel coils that create an expanding slot.
- Minimum test portion (documented): 1,1 m (loose volume) for each test.
- Procedure: fill container to 0.5 m layer, open slot until arch collapses, measure coil separation; 10 repetitions, report arithmetic mean.
- Metric rule, shovel and standard handling required; automatic systems permitted if validated.
- Coalescing method (shear tester):
- Test chamber: circular section ~150 mm diameter by ~100 mm height; bottom hole 110 mm; cover plate 90 mm connected to force gauge.
- Prepare consolidated sample, apply consolidation pressure (example 5 000 Pa), remove bottom plug and increase shear/load until failure; calculate shear strength (N/m²).
- 5 determinations, report mean shear strength and extruded plug details.
- Precision: repeatability limit 15% (same lab/operator), reproducibility limit 25% (different laboratories).
- Reporting: include lab ID, date, sample ID, reference to CEN/TS 15406, test results (bridging value or shear strength), moisture content, particle size, deviations and observed anomalies.
Applications and practical value
- Use to assess and compare flowability, arching risk and handling behaviour of SRF during product development, quality control and plant commissioning.
- Helps avoid costly blockages in hoppers, silos, feeders, conveyors and during storage or transport of recovered fuels.
- Valuable for SRF producers, testing laboratories, waste‑to‑energy plants, fuel suppliers and equipment designers to select appropriate handling systems or to reject problematic batches.
Who should use this standard
- Testing laboratories performing SRF characterisation
- SRF producers and quality managers
- Engineers designing storage and feeding systems for recovered fuels
- Operators of waste‑to‑energy and biomass combustion facilities
Related standards
- prEN 15357 (SRF terminology), prEN 15442 (sampling), prEN 15443 (sample preparation)
- CEN/TS 15414‑1/2 (moisture determination), CEN/TS 15415 (particle size)
- ISO 5725‑1 / ISO 5725‑5 (precision terminology) and CEN Guide 13 (method validation)
Keywords: CEN/TS 15406:2010, solid recovered fuels, SRF, bridging properties, arching, shear tester, bridging apparatus, flowability, hoppers, particle size, moisture content.
Frequently Asked Questions
CEN/TS 15406:2010 is a technical specification published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material". This standard covers: This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.
This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.
CEN/TS 15406:2010 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels; 75.160.40 - Biofuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
CEN/TS 15406:2010 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to CEN/TS 15406:2006. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
CEN/TS 15406:2010 is associated with the following European legislation: Standardization Mandates: M/325. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15406:2007
7UGQDDOWHUQDWLYQDJRULYD'RORþHYDQMHSUHPRVWLWYHQLKODVWQRVWLUD]VXWHJD
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Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung von
Schüttgut
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de détermination des propriétés de
formation de voûte dans les matériaux en vrac
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15406:2010
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15406
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
September 2010
ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15406:2006
English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of
bulk material
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Neigung zur
détermination des propriétés de formation de voûte dans Brückenbildung von Schüttgut
les matériaux en vrac
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 12 June 2010 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15406:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Determination of bridging properties for non-coalescing materials .5
5 Determination of bridging properties for coalescing materials .9
6 Precision . 11
7 Test report . 12
Bibliography . 13
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 15406:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid
recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 15406:2006.
CEN/TS 15406:2006 is not be converted into a European Standard as the test method specified in this
document was not validated (see [1], [2]).
This document differs from CEN/TS 15406:2006 mainly as follows:
a) Figures 1 and 2 replaced by new examples of figures for a bridging apparatus;
b) dimensions of the shear tester changed;
c) automatic equipment allowed;
d) repeatability limit specified;
e) whole document editorially revised.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This Technical Specification describes the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels (SRF),
which is conveyable in a continuous material flow. Bridging or arching is a complex parameter describing the
situation when particles form a stable bridge over an opening that can be several times the length of the single
particles. Bridging is dependent on several influencing factors, e.g. the conveying or transport system, particle
size and shape, moisture content, bulk density, bed depth.
The behaviour of SRF in bins, hoppers, feeders, and other handling equipment depends on bridging
properties [3]. Knowing these properties, already in phase of product development, is essential for avoiding
flow problems.
Bridging properties are also important for quality control. By checking the relative bridging properties of a
given bulk solid before it is placed into a system, unsatisfactory batches can be rejected or recycled, thereby
preventing costly handling problems downstream.
Bridging is not an absolute value and therefore there is a need for standardising the conditions for the
determination of bridging tendency in order to gain comparative measuring results.
Bridging of solid recovered fuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as filling layer, particle
shape, and storage time in silos. Measured bridging values can therefore deviate from real conditions in silos
and conveyer systems.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered
fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with
maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 15357:2008, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
prEN 15442, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling
prEN 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample
CEN/TS 15414-1, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method
CEN/TS 15414-2, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 2: Determination of total moisture by a simplified method
CEN/TS 15415, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of particle size and particle size distribution by screen
method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15357:2008 apply.
4 Determination of bridging properties for non-coalescing materials
4.1 Principle
A sample is subjected to bridging by placing it over an expandable slot opening in an equipment of
standardised dimensions. By increasing the slot opening, the building of a bridge is facilitated which ultimately
will collapse; the size of the slot opening at this time represents the bridging value of the fuel tested.
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 Bridging apparatus, consisting of a container with an effective area of [(1,1 ± 0,01) × (2 ± 0,01)] m
and a minimum height of (0,75 ± 0,01) m, the sides of the container manufactured of oriented strand board
(OSB) plates. (See Figure 1 and Figure 2.)
Dimensions in millimetres
a) Front view b) Side view
Key
1 rubber mat
2 piston
3 spring
4 steel coil
Figure 1 — Example for an assembling of a bridging apparatus in front and side view
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...
CEN/TS 15406:2010は、固形回収燃料のブリッジング特性を評価するための方法を詳細に定めた技術仕様書です。この標準は、最大粒子サイズ100 mmの全ての固形回収燃料に適用可能であり、特にブリッジング特性の測定において重要な役割を果たします。固形回収燃料の使用が広がる中で、この標準は、正確な測定手法を提供し、業界における製品の品質管理を強化する点で大きな強みがあります。 また、CEN/TS 15406:2010が定める測定方法は、標準化された計測機器を用いて実施されるため、国際的に比較可能なデータを提供します。これにより、固形回収燃料の性能評価が統一され、異なる市場や地域間での信頼性の高いコミュニケーションが可能となります。標準が整備されることで、固形回収燃料の利用促進にも寄与し、持続可能なエネルギー源としての位置付けを強化しています。 この標準は、ブリッジング特性の測定を必要とする研究者や業界関係者にとって、非常に有用なガイドラインを提供しており、固形回収燃料の理解を深める上でも極めて重要な文書です。CEN/TS 15406:2010は、固形回収燃料の科学的及び産業的な発展に貢献する、信頼性の高い基準となるでしょう。
CEN/TS 15406:2010 문서인 SIST-TS CEN/TS 15406:2010는 고형 회수 연료의 브리징 특성을 측정하는 방법을 규정하고 있습니다. 이 기술 사양은 고형 회수 연료의 최대 입자 크기가 100mm인 경우에 적용 가능하여 다양한 유형의 고형 회수 연료에 적합합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 표준 측정 장비를 사용하여 신뢰할 수 있는 방식으로 브리징 특성을 평가할 수 있도록 한다는 점입니다. 이는 고형 회수 연료의 품질 관리와 관련된 중요한 정보를 제공하여 이들 연료를 활용하는 산업에서의 효율성을 높이는 데 기여할 수 있습니다. 또한, CEN/TS 15406:2010은 solid recovered fuels에 대한 일관된 평가 방법을 마련함으로써, 다양한 연구 및 산업 환경에서의 응용 가능성을 넓혀주며, 장기적으로 고형 회수 연료의 보급 및 활용을 촉진하는 역할을 합니다. 이러한 표준의 채택은 하드웨어와 소프트웨어간의 통합적 관리에도 기여하며, 관련 업체들이 보다 정교한 품질 관리를 수행할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 결론적으로, CEN/TS 15406:2010 은 고형 회수 연료의 브리징 특성을 체계적으로 분석할 수 있는 필수 문서로, 해당 분야에서의 신뢰성을 높이고, 지속 가능한 에너지 솔루션의 개발을 위한 기준을 마련합니다.
Die CEN/TS 15406:2010 ist eine technische Spezifikation, die sich mit der Bestimmung der Bridging-Eigenschaften von festen Sekundärbrennstoffen beschäftigt. Diese Norm ist besonders relevant für die Industrie, da sie eine standardisierte Methode zur Bewertung der Fließeigenschaften von Schüttgütern aus festen Sekundärbrennstoffen bereitstellt. Der Anwendungsbereich der Norm legt fest, dass sie für all diese Brennstoffe mit einer maximalen Partikelgröße von 100 mm gilt, was ihre Vielseitigkeit und Breite der Anwendbarkeit in verschiedenen industriellen Kontexten unterstreicht. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist die Verwendung standardisierter Messgeräte, die eine konsistente und reproduzierbare Bewertung der Bridging-Eigenschaften ermöglichen. Diese Konsistenz ist entscheidend für die Qualitätssicherung und das Risikomanagement im Umgang mit festen Sekundärbrennstoffen, da unvorhersehbares Verhalten bei der Lagerung und Handhabung zu betrieblichen Problemen führen kann. Die Stärken der CEN/TS 15406:2010 zeigen sich auch in ihrer Detailliertheit und Klarheit, was die Durchführung der Messung und die Interpretation der Ergebnisse angeht. Dies fördert ein besseres Verständnis der Materialeigenschaften und ermöglicht es den Unternehmen, fundierte Entscheidungen zu treffen, die sowohl Effizienzsteigerungen als auch Sicherheitsverbesserungen nach sich ziehen können. Insgesamt ist die CEN/TS 15406:2010 von großer Bedeutung für die Branche der festen Sekundärbrennstoffe, da sie eine verlässliche Grundlage für die Evaluierung von Bridging-Eigenschaften bietet. Ihre Relevanz erstreckt sich auf die Verbesserung der Handhabung und der Lagerung dieser Materialien, was nicht nur den Betrieb optimiert, sondern auch die Sicherheit in der Verarbeitung solcher Brennstoffe erhöht.
The CEN/TS 15406:2010 standard provides a comprehensive methodology for assessing the bridging properties of solid recovered fuels. This Technical Specification is pivotal in ensuring the quality and safety of solid recovered fuels, which play a crucial role in waste management and the circular economy. The scope of this standard is well-defined, catering specifically to all solid recovered fuels where particle dimensions do not exceed 100 mm. This inclusivity enhances its applicability across various materials within the industry, allowing for a consistent approach to measuring bridging properties. The standard is particularly useful for manufacturers, end-users, and researchers involved in the production and utilization of solid recovered fuels, as it establishes reliable testing protocols that can be uniformly applied. One of the significant strengths of CEN/TS 15406:2010 is its focus on standard measuring equipment for determining bridging properties. This emphasis ensures that the results obtained are reproducible and comparable across different testing environments, fostering confidence in the data produced. The specification not only supports quality control but also aids in optimizing the handling and processing of solid recovered fuels, mitigating issues related to bridging, which can lead to operational inefficiencies. Furthermore, the relevance of this standard cannot be overstated in the context of evolving environmental regulations and the increasing demand for sustainable fuel alternatives. By adhering to this Technical Specification, stakeholders can ensure compliance with industry standards, leading to enhanced operational safety and reliability. In essence, CEN/TS 15406:2010 represents a vital tool for advancing the use of solid recovered fuels, aligning with global goals for waste reduction and resource recovery.
La norme CEN/TS 15406:2010, intitulée « Combustibles solides récupérés - Détermination des propriétés de pontage des matériaux en vrac », offre un cadre technique précieux pour l'évaluation des caractéristiques spécifiques des combustibles solides récupérés. Cette spécification technique permet de déterminer les propriétés de pontage, essentiel pour optimiser le transport et le stockage de ces matériaux. L'étendue de la norme est particulièrement pertinente, car elle s'applique à tous les combustibles solides récupérés dont les dimensions maximales des particules ne dépassent pas 100 mm. Ce critère élargit l'applicabilité de la méthode, permettant une évaluation cohérente et uniforme des divers types de combustibles solides récupérés. Les points forts de la spécification résident dans sa rigueur méthodologique et l'utilisation d'équipements de mesure standardisés, garantissant des résultats fiables et reproductibles. Cela est crucial pour les industries traitant des combustibles solides récupérés, car cela leur permet d'assurer la qualité du produit et de répondre aux exigences normatives croissantes en matière de durabilité et d'efficacité énergétique. En outre, la norme CEN/TS 15406:2010 joue un rôle clé dans le domaine de l'économie circulaire, en favorisant l'utilisation de matériaux récupérés et en minimisant les déchets. La précision dans la détermination des propriétés de pontage contribue à une meilleure gestion logistique, optimisant ainsi la chaîne d'approvisionnement des combustibles solides récupérés. La pertinence de cette norme ne se limite pas seulement à la conformité réglementaire, mais s'étend à l'amélioration des pratiques industrielles, ce qui résonne avec l'évolution vers des solutions énergétiques durables. Ainsi, la norme CEN/TS 15406:2010 représente un atout majeur pour les acteurs du secteur, en offrant une base solide pour l'analyse et l'utilisation des combustibles solides récupérés.
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