CEN/TC 343/WG 4 - Physical/Mechanical tests

This document specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This document specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This document specifies methods for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This document specifies a method for the determination of moisture in a general analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with CEN/TS 15414‑1[3][1]. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If solid recovered fuels contain large amounts of oil-fractions the Karl-Fischer-Method (for example ISO 760) is advisable. Otherwise, a lower temperature is recommended (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved.
NOTE  The term moisture content, when used with recovered materials, can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e. g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
[1]   The adoption of the standard series EN 15414 as standard series ISO 21660 is planned. ISO 21660‑3 is published in parallel at CEN level as EN 21660-3.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels. It establishes a manual method for the determination of the maximum projected length for large dimension particles. It applies to both agglomerated and non agglomerated solid recovered fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods.
This document does not apply to filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels using an image analysis method. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomerated solid, recovered, fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. It provides the determination of the maximum projected length as well as parameters such as equivalent diameter. It also gives a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels by a
machine or manual sieving method. It applies to particulate agglomerated and non-agglomerated fuels, such
as fluff, pellets, briquettes, pulverised solid recovered fuels.
This sieving method is not applicable to large pieces with irregular shape such as the pieces of shredded tyres
or of demolition wood. In the case, of large pieces of irregular shape, prEN 15415-2 and prEN 15415-3 are
applicable.
NOTE 1 For fine particles < 1 mm (e.g. sludges), the use of other methods could give more representative results as
e.g. an analysis with the laser diffraction method in accordance with ISO 13320.
NOTE 2 This European Standard is based on EN 15149-1 applicable to particle sizes less than 3,15 mm.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended to be applied by persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and that are involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets.
The method specified is not applicable to soft pellets.

This Technical Report describes exemplarily methods for the determination of shrinking, deformation, hemisphere and flow temperature for characterising the ash melting behaviour of all solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of particle density of irregularly shaped pieces of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. It is not applicable to soft or semi-soft pellets.
NOTE 1   The term soft pellet is defined in CEN/TS 15639.
NOTE 2   Particle density is subject to variation due to the susceptibility of organic material to environmental or technical impacts such as air humidity, vibration, abrasion or biodegradation. Therefore, particle density can vary during time thus the measured values should be regarded as a momentary fuel property.
NOTE 3   At the time of preparing this document, the production of briquettes of solid recovered fuels could not be identified in the European market.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying.
NOTE 3   This Technical Specification is based on EN 14774 2 [1].

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The total moisture content of solid recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying.
NOTE 3   This Technical Specification is based on EN 14774 1 [1].

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bulk density of solid recovered fuels using a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with a nominal top size of maximal 100 mm.
NOTE 1   The reason for the limitation to maximal 100 mm is the practical maximum volume of a measurement container and thus dimensions of the aperture of the container. Particle dimension should not exceed 1/3 of this value.
NOTE 2   Bulk density of solid recovered fuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from practice conditions during transportation, storage or transhipment.

This Technical Report gives a review on determination methods for exploring how different SRFs behave in different combustion systems, e.g. with respect to time for ignition, time for gas phase burning and time for char burn out, including information on technical aspects like slagging and fouling, corrosion as well as required flue gas cleaning for meeting the emission limit values induced by the Waste Incineration Directive (WID).

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This European Standard specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of moisture in an analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with CEN/TS 15414-1. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials e.g. biomass frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
NOTE 2   This European Standard is based on EN 14774-3.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Specification specifies the determination of particle size and particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels by a machine or manual sieving method. It applies to particulate agglomerated and non-agglomerated fuels, such as fluff, pellets, briquettes, pulverised solid recovered fuels.
NOTE   For fine particles   1 mm (e.g. sludges), the use of other methods could give more representative results as e.g. an analyse with the laser diffraction method in accordance with ISO 13320-1  4 .

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of moisture in an analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with prCEN/TS 15414-1. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials e.g. biomass frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.

This Technical Specification specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This document specifies test methods for the determination of the mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended to be applied by persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and that are involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets.
The method is not applicable to soft pellets.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of ash melting behaviour of all solid recovered fuels. It is primarily intended for use by laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels but is also applicable by authorities and inspection organisations.
NOTE   This Technical Specification is based on ISO 540:1995 and DIN 51730:1998.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using a standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all particulate recovered fuels that either have been reduced in size (such as cut tyres, plastics, cardboards) or physically in a particulate form (such as pellets, granules or fluff obtained from waste materials or dry sewage sludge).

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of particle density of irregularly shaped pieces of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes.
NOTE   Particle density is subject to variation due to the susceptibility of organic material to environmental or technical impacts such as air humidity, vibration, abrasion or biodegradation. Therefore, particle density can vary during time thus the measured values should be regarded as a momentary fuel property.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bulk density of solid recovered fuels using a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with a nominal top size of maximal 100 mm.
NOTE 1   The reason for the limitation to maximal 100 mm is the practical maximum volume of a measurement container and thus dimensions of the aperture of the container. Particle dimension should not exceed 1/3 of this value.
NOTE 2   Bulk density of solid recovered fuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from practice conditions during transportation, storage or transhipment.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials e.g. biomass frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The total moisture content of solid recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying.