prEN 12354-5
(Main)Building acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of building from the performance of elements - Part 5: Sounds levels due to the service equipment
Building acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of building from the performance of elements - Part 5: Sounds levels due to the service equipment
This document describes calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to service equipment. As for the field measurement documents (EN ISO 16032 for the engineering method and EN ISO 10052 for the survey method), it covers sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling, service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, boilers, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors, but can also be applied to others equipment attached to or installed in buildings. The estimation is generally based on measured data that characterizes both the equipment (source) and the sound transmission through the building. The same equipment can be composed of different airborne and/or structure borne sources at different locations in the building; the standard gives some information on these sources and how they can be characterized; however, models of the equipment itself are out of the scope of this standard.
This document describes the principles of the calculation models, lists the relevant input and output quantities and defines its applications and restrictions. The models given are applicable to calculations in frequency bands. It is intended for acoustical experts and provides the framework for the development of application documents and tools for other users in the field of building construction, considering local circumstances.
The calculation models described use the most general approach for engineering purposes, with a link to measurable input quantities that specify the performance of building elements and equipment. However, it is important for users to be aware that other calculation models also exist, each with their own applicability and restrictions.
The models are based on experience with predictions for dwellings and offices; they could also be used for other types of buildings provided the dimensions of constructions are not too different from those in dwellings.
Bauakustik - Berechnung der akustischen Eigenschaften von Gebäuden aus den Bauteileigenschaften - Teil 5: Installationsgeräusche
Dieses Dokument beschreibt Berechnungsmodelle für die durch haustechnische Anlagen in Gebäuden erzeugten Schalldruckpegel. Wie in den Dokumenten zur Vor-Ort-Messung der Schallpegel (EN ISO 16032 für das Standardverfahren und EN ISO 10052 für das Kurzverfahren) werden Sanitärinstallationen, mechanische Lüftungssysteme, Heizung und Kühlung, haustechnische Anlagen, Aufzüge, Müllrutschen, Heizkessel, Gebläse, Pumpen und anderes Zubehör zu haustechnischen Anlagen sowie Garagentüren mit Motorantrieb erfasst, das Dokument kann aber auch auf andere Ausrüstungsgegenstände angewendet werden, die in Gebäuden angebracht oder installiert sind. Die Berechnung basiert grundsätzlich auf Messdaten, die sowohl die Ausrüstung (Schallquelle) als auch die Schallübertragung durch das Gebäude charakterisieren. Dieselbe Ausrüstung kann aus verschiedenen Luft- und/oder Körperschallquellen an verschiedenen Stellen im Gebäude bestehen; die Norm stellt einige Informationen über diese Quellen bereit und wie sie charakterisiert werden können; Modelle der Ausrüstung selbst fallen jedoch nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieser Norm.
Das vorliegende Dokument beschreibt die Grundlagen der Berechnungsmodelle, führt die entsprechenden Eingabe- und Ausgabegrößen auf und legt ihre Anwendung sowie geltende Einschränkungen fest. Die angegebenen Modelle sind für Berechnungen in Frequenzbändern anwendbar. Das Dokument bietet Akustik-Fachleuten einen Rahmen zur Erstellung von Anwendungsdokumenten und Hilfsmitteln, die von anderen Anwendern im Bereich Bauausführung unter Berücksichtigung der örtlichen Gegebenheiten genutzt werden.
Die Berechnungsmodelle beschreiben die Anwendung der für technische Zwecke gebräuchlichsten Methode unter Verweis auf messbare Eingabegrößen, die der Festlegung der Eigenschaften von Bauteilen und Ausrüstungsgegenständen dienen. Die Anwender sollten jedoch bedenken, dass es auch andere Berechnungsmodelle gibt, von denen jedes für bestimmte Bereiche gut und für andere Bereiche nur eingeschränkt anwendbar ist.
Die Modelle berufen sich auf die Erfahrungen, die bei Voraussagen für Wohnungen und Büroräume gewonnen wurden; sie könnten auf andere Gebäudearten unter der Voraussetzung übertragen werden, dass die Baumaße sich von denen von Wohnungen nicht zu stark unterscheiden.
Acoustique du bâtiment - Calcul de la performance acoustique des bâtiments à partir de la performance des éléments - Partie 5 : Niveaux de bruits dus aux équipements techniques
Le présent document décrit des modèles de calcul pour estimer le niveau de pression acoustique dans les bâtiments dû aux équipements techniques. Tout comme les documents de mesurage sur site (EN ISO 16032 pour la méthode d’expertise et EN ISO 10052 pour la méthode de contrôle), il couvre les installations sanitaires, la ventilation mécanique, le chauffage et le refroidissement, les équipements techniques, les ascenseurs, les vide-ordures, les chaudières, les appareils aérauliques, les pompes et autres équipements techniques auxiliaires et les portes de garage motorisées. Il peut également s’appliquer à d’autres équipements fixés ou installés dans les bâtiments. L’estimation repose généralement sur des données mesurées qui caractérisent à la fois l’équipement (source) et la transmission acoustique à travers le bâtiment. Un même équipement peut être composé de différentes sources de bruit aérien et/ou structural à différents endroits du bâtiment ; la présente norme fournit des informations sur ces sources ainsi que sur la façon dont elles peuvent être caractérisées. En revanche, les modèles de l’équipement lui-même n’entrent pas dans le domaine d’application de la présente norme.
Le présent document décrit les principes des modèles de calcul, énumère les grandeurs d’entrée et de sortie pertinentes et définit les applications et limites de ces modèles. Les modèles présentés sont applicables à un calcul par bandes de fréquences. Le présent document est destiné aux experts en acoustique et fournit un cadre pour le développement de documents applicatifs et d’outils destinés à d’autres utilisateurs dans le domaine de la construction des bâtiments, en tenant compte des conditions locales.
Les modèles de calcul décrits utilisent l’approche la plus générale pour les besoins de l’ingénierie, en lien avec des grandeurs d’entrée mesurables spécifiant les performances des éléments et équipements du bâtiment. Il convient toutefois que les utilisateurs sachent qu’il existe également d’autres modèles de calcul, chacun ayant sa propre applicabilité et ses propres restrictions.
Ces modèles s’appuient sur l’expérience en matière de prévision pour les bâtiments à usage d’habitation et de bureau. Ils peuvent également être utilisés pour d’autres types de bâtiments, dans la mesure où les dimensions des constructions ne sont pas trop différentes de celles des habitations.
Akustika v stavbah - Ocenjevanje akustičnih lastnosti stavb iz lastnosti sestavnih delov - 5. del: Zvočne ravni obratovalne opreme
General Information
RELATIONS
Standards Content (sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 12354-5:2022
01-april-2022
Akustika v stavbah - Ocenjevanje akustičnih lastnosti stavb iz lastnosti sestavnih
delov - 5. del: Zvočne ravni obratovalne opremeBuilding acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of building from the performance
of elements - Part 5: Sounds levels due to the service equipmentBauakustik - Berechnung der akustischen Eigenschaften von Gebäuden aus den
Bauteileigenschaften - Teil 5: Installationsgeräusche
Acoustique du bâtiment - Calcul de la performance acoustique des bâtiments à partir de
la performance des éléments - Partie 5 : Niveaux de bruits dus aux équipementstechniques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 12354-5
ICS:
91.120.20 Akustika v stavbah. Zvočna Acoustics in building. Sound
izolacija insulation
oSIST prEN 12354-5:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 12354-5:2022
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 12354-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2022
ICS 91.120.20 Will supersede EN 12354-5:2009
English Version
Building acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of
building from the performance of elements - Part 5:
Sounds levels due to the service equipment
Acoustique du bâtiment - Calcul de la performance Bauakustik - Berechnung der akustischen
acoustique des bâtiments à partir de la performance Eigenschaften von Gebäuden aus den
des éléments - Partie 5 : Niveaux de bruits dus aux Bauteileigenschaften - Teil 5: Installationsgeräusche
équipements techniquesThis draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 126.If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 12354-5:2022 E
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Contents Page
European foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Relevant quantities ........................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Quantities to express building performances (output quantities) ............................................... 7
4.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.2.2 Relation between quantities ....................................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Quantities to express product performances (input quantities) .................................................. 8
4.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.3.2 Sources of sound ............................................................................................................................................. 8
4.3.3 Transmission of sound .................................................................................................................................. 9
5 Calculation models ......................................................................................................................................... 9
5.1 General principles .......................................................................................................................................... 9
5.2 Airborne sound transmission through building constructions ................................................... 10
5.2.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 10
5.2.2 Source in receiving room ........................................................................................................................... 11
5.2.3 Source in another room .............................................................................................................................. 11
5.3 Structure-borne sound transmission through building constructions ..................................... 12
5.3.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.2 General case .................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.3 Case with receiver mobility much lower than the source mobility ............................................ 15
5.4 Accuracy ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
6 Application of models .................................................................................................................................. 18
6.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
6.2 Equipment involving internal airborne transmission .................................................................... 18
6.2.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
6.2.2 Source airborne sound power .................................................................................................................. 19
6.2.3 Indirect airborne sound transmission through duct system ........................................................ 20
6.3 Equipment involving internal fluid-borne and structure-borne transmissions ................... 20
6.3.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
6.3.2 Water supply installations ........................................................................................................................ 20
6.3.3 Water-heating systems ............................................................................................................................... 26
6.3.4 Waste water installations .......................................................................................................................... 26
6.4 Equipment involving internal structure-borne transmission only ............................................ 27
6.4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 27
6.4.2 Prediction procedure .................................................................................................................................. 28
Annex A (normative) List of symbols (main text and normative annexes) .......................................... 29
Annex B (normative) Sound levels at low frequencies ................................................................................. 32
Annex C (normative) Additional path by path prediction methods ........................................................ 34
C.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 34
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C.2 Method considering each transmission path ij globally ................................................................. 34
C.3 Method considering each transmission path ij characterized by the flanking sound
reduction index ............................................................................................................................................. 34
Annex D (informative) Non-stationary sources .............................................................................................. 36
D.1 Descriptors used in field measurements ............................................................................................. 36
D.2 Prediction of “Slow” and “Fast” time weighted descriptors for quasi-stationary and
non-stationary sources ............................................................................................................................... 37
Annex E (informative) Input quantities for estimating source sound powers along duct
systems and sound transmission between rooms through duct systems ................................ 38
E.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 38
E.2 Input quantities ............................................................................................................................................. 38
E.2.1 Sound power sources in the duct system ............................................................................................. 38
E.2.2 Sound power reduction in the duct system ......................................................................................... 38
E.2.3 Sound radiation from air terminal devices and openings ............................................................. 39
E.2.4 Sound radiation by duct wall .................................................................................................................... 40
E.2.5 Breaking-in sound power .......................................................................................................................... 40
E.3 List of symbols ............................................................................................................................................... 41
Annex F (informative) Estimation of receiver and source mobilities, and isolator on-site
performance ................................................................................................................................................... 43
F.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
F.2 Receiver mobility .......................................................................................................................................... 43
F.2.1 Heavyweight building elements .............................................................................................................. 43
F.2.2 Lightweight building elements ................................................................................................................ 45
F.3 Source mobility ............................................................................................................................................. 46
F.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
F.3.2 Compact sources ........................................................................................................................................... 46
F.3.3 Plate-like machine bases ........................................................................................................................... 47
F.3.4 Flange-cantilever machine bases ............................................................................................................ 48
F.3.5 Frame bases .................................................................................................................................................... 49
F.4 Isolator performance .................................................................................................................................. 50
Annex G (informative) Calculation examples .................................................................................................. 52
G.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
G.2 Cases with receiver mobility much lower than the source mobility (heavystructures)....................................................................................................................................................... 52
G.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
G.2.2 Situation ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
G.2.3 Results for R’ and L‘ ................................................................................................................................... 54
n,iG.2.4 Source data: L and L .......................................................................................................................... 55
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G.2.5 Results for L’ , L’ and L’ .................................................................................................................. 56
ne,a ne,s,i neG.3 General Case (lightweight structures) .................................................................................................. 57
G.3.1 Using the apparent unit power sound pressure level of the receiver ....................................... 57
G.3.2 Using the unit power sound pressure level of the receiver and EN ISO 12354-2 .................. 62
G.4 Calculation examples of Single Number Quantities (SNQ) applicable to products
characterized using EN 14366-1 ............................................................................................................. 69
G.4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................. 69
G.4.2 Example for heavy structures................................................................................................................... 69
G.4.3 Example for lightweight structures ........................................................................................................ 71
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 74
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European foreword
This document (prEN 12354-5:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 126
“Acoustic properties of building elements and of buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.This document will supersede EN 12354-5:2009.
EN 12354-5:2009 has been revised in order to extend its application to any type of constructions
(heavy or lightweight) and to better predict low frequencies down to 50 Hz. The document has
therefore been deeply restructured. The application clause, which considers all the different equipment
types and their particularities has been kept and restructured.---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
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1 Scope
This document describes calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to
service equipment. As for the field measurement documents (EN ISO 16032 for the engineering method
and EN ISO 10052 for the survey method), it covers sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation,
heating and cooling, service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, boilers, blowers, pumps and other
auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors, but can also be applied to others
equipment attached to or installed in buildings. The estimation is generally based on measured data
that characterizes both the equipment (source) and the sound transmission through the building. The
same equipment can be composed of different airborne and/or structure borne sources at different
locations in the building; the standard gives some information on these sources and how they can be
characterized; however, models of the equipment itself are out of the scope of this standard.
This document describes the principles of the calculation models, lists the relevant input and output
quantities and defines its applications and restrictions. The models given are applicable to calculations
in frequency bands. It is intended for acoustical experts and provides the framework for the
development of application documents and tools for other users in the field of building construction,
considering local circumstances.The calculation models described use the most general approach for engineering purposes, with a link
to measurable input quantities that specify the performance of building elements and equipment.
However, it is important for users to be aware that other calculation models also exist, each with their
own applicability and restrictions.The models are based on experience with predictions for dwellings and offices; they could also be used
for other types of buildings provided the dimensions of constructions are not too different from those in
dwellings.2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 16032, Acoustics - Measurement of sound pressure level from service equipment in buildings -
Engineering method (ISO 16032)EN ISO 10052, Acoustics - Field measurements of airborne and impact sound insulation and of service
equipment sound - Survey method (ISO 10052)EN ISO 12354-1, Building acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the
performance of elements - Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms (ISO 12354-1)
EN ISO 12354-2:2017, Building acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the
performance of elements - Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms (ISO 12354-2:2017)
EN 15657:2017, Acoustic properties of building elements and of buildings - Laboratory measurement of
structure-borne sound from building service equipment for all installation conditions
EN ISO 10848-1, Acoustics - Laboratory and field measurement of flanking transmission for airborne,
impact and building service equipment sound between adjoining rooms - Part 1: Frame document (ISO
10848-1)EN ISO 3740:2019, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Guidelines for the
use of basic standards (ISO 3740:2019)---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
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3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
4 Relevant quantities
4.1 General
This document describes calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to
service equipment. The output data of the models correspond to quantities expressing the building
performance (sound pressure levels in rooms generated by the equipment installed in the building), as
the input data correspond to quantities expressing the product performances for both the source(s) of
sound (the equipment itself) and the building elements involved in the transmission of sound.
In this standard, the output quantities are determined, like in EN ISO 12354-1 and EN ISO 12354-2, in
1/3 octave bands at least in the frequency range 100-3150 Hz, possibly extended down to
1/3 octave 50 Hz if building element data and junction data involved in the transmission of sound are
available, and up to 5 kHz, particularly for airborne sound quantities. Service equipment performance
data are based on measurements according to EN 15657 where measurements are performed in
1/3 octave bands in the frequency range 50–3150 Hz. However, for some service equipment, the
frequency range of interest won’t cover this complete range.NOTE For measuring airborne sound power of equipment in reverberant conditions, EN 15657:2017 refers
to EN ISO 3740 to EN ISO 3747, in which only limited information can be found for measurements performed in
small reverberant rooms, down to 50 Hz, in 1/3 octave band and applied to non-stationary sources, as well as for
their accuracy. Nevertheless, the measurement procedure is fully given in the standardized application documents
focused on laboratory measurements for each type of service equipment (for example, in EN 14366-1 for waste
water pipes).4.2 Quantities to express building performances (output quantities)
4.2.1 General
This standard aims at predicting sound pressure levels in buildings and comparing results to values
measured in situ. Field measurements of sound from equipment and machinery are performed
according to EN ISO 16032 (engineering method) or EN ISO 10052 (survey method) with results
expressed in terms of sound pressure level in various ways: maximum A-weighted and optionally C-
weighted sound-pressure levels using time weighting “ S” or time weighting “ F” for non-stationary
sources, as well as equivalent continuous sound-pressure levels determined with a specified integration
time for stationary sources. A-weighted and C-weighted values are obtained from octave-band
measurements in the frequency range from 63 Hz to 8 kHz. The corresponding single number values
are detailed in Annex D.NOTE 1 Time weighting “F” is likely to lead to measurement results less reproducible than time weighting “S”.
NOTE 2 Octave band levels are also used to determine the so-called NC, NR or RC ratings, as described in many
standards. This is especially the case for buildings such as offices, commercial buildings, schools and performance
spaces.In all cases, normalization to a reference equivalent absorption area or standardization to a reference
reverberation time can be applied.4.2.2 Relation between quantities
The above sound pressure levels depend on the applied time weighting, i.e. “ S ”, “ F ” or integration over
a cycle (equivalent). The levels with these various time weightings depend on the type of sound and
cannot be deduced from each other in general.---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
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In all cases there is a direct relation between the sound pressure level (L ), the normalized sound
pressure level (L ) and the standardized sound pressure level (L ) in frequency bands. These relations
n nTare given by:
ref
(1a)
LL− 10lg
T AT
ref ref ref
LL=+=10lg L+ 10lg
(1b)
npT n
TV0,16
where
A is the equivalent absorption area in the room, in square metres;
A is the reference equivalent absorption area (A = 10 m ), in square metre;
ref ref
T is the reverberation time in the room, in seconds;
T is the reference reverberation time (T = 0,5 s for dwellings), in seconds;
ref ref
V is the volume of the room, in cubic metres.
In this document the normalized sound pressure level L is chosen as the prime quantity to predict and
noted L (“e” for equipment) instead of L usually used for impact sound level. The other quantities can
ne nbe obtained from this directly, particularly the sound pressure level L (to be compared to measured
values) obtained using Formula (1a), knowing the equivalent absorption area of the room, where the
measurements have been performed.4.3 Quantities to express product performances (input quantities)
4.3.1 General
The quantities to express the performance of products relate on the one hand to the sources of sound
and on the other hand to the transmission of sound. In general, this concerns both airborne and
structure-borne sound.4.3.2 Sources of sound
In the case of airborne sound sources, the basic quantity to express the source strength is the airborne
sound power level, measured according to the standards specified in 4.1.In the case of structure-borne sound sources, the basic quantity to express the source strength is the
installed power level (and sometimes the blocked force level); these quantities are defined and their
measurement is specified in EN 15657, which so far, is restricted to steady-state vibrating sources.
Quasi-stationary sources, i.e. stationary within the time window chosen for its duration, and more
generally non-stationary sources must be predicted with care, following the information given
in Annex D.If different operating stages are identified in the time response of a given equipment, each stage shall be
studied separately, each considered as an independent source.The relevant sound sources differ for the various equipment and installations considered. Therefore,
the relevant quantities to express the performance of sound sources will be dealt within the
appropriate sections. However, the quantities for the source shall in all cases relate to the same time
weighting as the quantity to be estimated for the building performances.---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
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4.3.3 Transmission of sound
The basic quantities to express the transmission of airborne, impact and service equipment sound are
defined in EN ISO 12354-1 and EN ISO 12354-2, as well as in EN ISO 10848-1, which also specifies the
measurement methods for flanking transmission. These quantities as well as the prediction methods
themselves used in this standard, are defined from and based on the SEA approach, which theoretically
only allows predicting sound in stationary or quasi-stationary situations; for the other cases, follow
Annex D.5 Calculation models
5.1 General principles
In general, a mixture of airborne and structure-borne sound transmission causes the sound level in a
room due to service equipment. Which of those is dominant, depends on the type of equipment and
installation as well as on the type of building construction. Furthermore, service equipment and
installations often consist of several sound sources and several connection points between the
installation and the building structure. This makes a general prediction method rather complicated.
It is assumed that a complete installation can be divided in several airborne and/or structure-borne
sound elementary sources that can be considered independent from each other. The model approach is
to consider one such an elementary source at the time and one operating stage at the time if several
stages are identified (see 4.3.2). The resulting sound pressure level in a room follows from the sum of
the contribution of each of such elementary sources.In general, two principally different transmission situations are considered:
— airborne sound transmission through a building construction;
— struc
...
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