CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-06:2021

Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces

This Part 6 of the spacecraft thermal control and design data handbooks, provides information on coatings on spacecrafts for the purposes of thermal and thermo-optical regulation.
Properties of pigmented and contact coatings, are described and are classified according to their thermal radiation characteristics.
Also included in this Part are the properties and characteristics of foils and tapes with particular emphasis on their adhesive characteristics; these are not classified according to their thermal radiation properties.
The Thermal design handbook is published in 16 Parts
TR 17603-31-01 Part 1
Thermal design handbook – Part 1: View factors
TR 17603-31-01 Part 2
Thermal design handbook – Part 2: Holes, Grooves and Cavities
TR 17603-31-01 Part 3
Thermal design handbook – Part 3: Spacecraft Surface Temperature
TR 17603-31-01 Part 4
Thermal design handbook – Part 4: Conductive Heat Transfer
TR 17603-31-01 Part 5
Thermal design handbook – Part 5: Structural Materials: Metallic and Composite
TR 17603-31-01 Part 6
Thermal design handbook – Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces
TR 17603-31-01 Part 7
Thermal design handbook – Part 7: Insulations
TR 17603-31-01 Part 8
Thermal design handbook – Part 8: Heat Pipes
TR 17603-31-01 Part 9
Thermal design handbook – Part 9: Radiators
TR 17603-31-01 Part 10
Thermal design handbook – Part 10: Phase – Change Capacitors
TR 17603-31-01 Part 11
Thermal design handbook – Part 11: Electrical Heating
TR 17603-31-01 Part 12
Thermal design handbook – Part 12: Louvers
TR 17603-31-01 Part 13
Thermal design handbook – Part 13: Fluid Loops
TR 17603-31-01 Part 14
Thermal design handbook – Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling
TR 17603-31-01 Part 15
Thermal design handbook – Part 15: Existing Satellites
TR 17603-31-01 Part 16
Thermal design handbook – Part 16: Thermal Protection System

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 6: Oberflächen zur Thermalkontrolle

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 6: Revêtements de Contrôle Thermique

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o toplotni zasnovi - 6. del: Toplotne nadzorne površine

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 03-Aug-2021
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: CEN/CLC/TC 5 - Space
• Drafting Committee: CEN/CLC/TC 5/WG 6 - Upstream standards
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 04-Aug-2021
• Due Date: 14-Jul-2022
• Completion Date: 04-Aug-2021
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-06:2021 - Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o toplotni zasnovi - 6. del: Toplotne nadzorne
površine
Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 6: Oberflächen zur
Thermalkontrolle
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 6: Revêtements de
Contrôle Thermique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-06:2021
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
August 2021
ICS 49.140
English version
Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 6:
Thermal Control Surfaces
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design -
Partie 6: Revêtements de Contrôle Thermique Teil 6: Oberflächen zur Thermalkontrolle

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 June 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-06:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
Table of contents
European Foreword . 14
1 Scope . 15
2 References . 16
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 17
3.1 Terms and definitions . 17
3.2 Abbreviated terms. 17
3.3 Symbols . 18
4 General introduction . 21
5 Coatings . 23
5.1 General . 23
5.2 Solar reflectors . 25
5.2.1 Titanium Dioxide-Polymethyl Vinyl Siloxane . 25
5.2.2 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate . 32
5.2.3 Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate . 52
5.2.4 Zinc Oxide-Methylsilicone . 136
5.2.5 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate . 163
5.2.6 Silver vacuum deposited on fused Silica . 196
5.2.7 Silver vacuum deposited on fused Silica with a conductive coating . 251
5.3 Total reflectors . 274
5.3.1 Leafing Aluminium-Silicone . 274
5.4 Total absorbers . 279
5.4.1 Carbon black-Acrylic resin . 279
6 Adhesive tapes . 283
6.1 General . 283
6.1.2 Adhesive properties . 283
6.1.3 Curing of adhesive tapes. 285
6.1.4 General purpose adhesive tapes. 286
6.2 Application and handling . 298
6.2.1 Application . 298
6.2.2 Cleaning . 298
6.2.3 Handling . 299
6.2.4 Repairing . 300
6.3 Degradation . 300
6.3.1 Introduction . 300
6.3.2 Terrestrial degradation . 300
6.3.3 Space degradation . 300
6.3.4 Blistering . 304
6.4 Relevant properties of thermal control tapes . 307
6.5 Past spatial use . 331
Bibliography . 333

Figures
Figure 4-1: Basic types of thermal control coatings. T [K] is the equilibrium
R
temperature of a coated isothermal sphere at 1 AU. From Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 21
Figure 4-2: Range of solar absorptance, α , and hemispherical total emittance, ε,
s
covered by available thermal control coatings. From Touloukian, DeWitt &
Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 22
Figure 5-1: UV radiation effects on solar absorptance, α , of Thermatrol 2A-100 vs.
s
exposure time, t. From Breuch (1967) [22]. . 28
Figure 5-2: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of Thermatrol 2A-100, under various
s
radiation conditions, vs. exposure time, t. From McCargo et al. (1971) [82]. . 28
Figure 5-3: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ ', of Thermatrol 2A-100,
λ
measured by two different methods, vs. wavelength, λ. From Cunnington,
Grammer & Smith (1969) [33]. . 29
Figure 5-4: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on spectral reflectance, ρ ', of Thermatrol
λ
2A-100 vs. wavelength, λ. Most of the data, concerning bidirectional
reflectance, are from Rittenhouse & Singletary (1969) [105], while dashed
line and dotted line, normal-hemispherical reflectance, are from
Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969) [33]. . 30
Figure 5-5: Variation of solar absorptance, α , with thickness, t . From Stevens (1971)
s c
[120]. . 36
Figure 5-6: Estimated changes in the solar absorptance, α , of Z-93 during the total
s
mission profile for a near-Earth orbit. From McCargo, Spradley, Greenberg
& McDonald (1971) [82]. . 45
Figure 5-7: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ ', of Z-93 vs. wavelength, λ.
λ
All data are from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126] except solid
and dashed lines which are from Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969)
[33]. . 47
Figure 5-8: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ ', of Z-93 vs. wavelength, λ. Data points are from Touloukian,
λ
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126], while smooth curves are from Cunnington,
Grammer & Smith (1969) [33]. . 49
Figure 5-9: Effect of Proton Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ ',
λ
of Z-93 vs. wavelength, λ. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 50
Figure 5-10: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate
Coatings vs. temperature, T. : SSR pigment,> phosphated. From Keyte
(1975) [70]. : MOX pigment,> YB-71. From Harada & Wilkes (1979) [58].
: YB-71.> AESC. From Ahern & Karperos (1983) [4]. . 60
Figure 5-11: Solar absorptance, α , of YB-71 vs. thickness, t . : From Harada &
s c
Wilkes (1979) [58]. : From measurements on 16 panels by AESC.
Scatter is due to t variation. From Ahern & Karperos (1983) [4]. . 60
c
Figure 5-12: Solar absorptance, α , of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate coating vs.
s
incidence angle, β. SSR pigment, phosphated. From Keyte (1975) [70]. . 63
Figure 5-13: Solar absorptance, α , of several YB-71 coatings vs. exposure time, t, as
s
deduced from data of various spacecraft in geosynchronous orbits.
Numbers corresponds to sample designations. . 74
Figure 5-14: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ'λ, of Zinc Orthotinanate-
Potassium Silicate coatings vs. wavelength, λ. . 76
Figure 5-15: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of Zinc Orthotitanate- Potassium Silicate coatings vs.
λ
wavelength, λ. . 78
Figure 5-16: Effect of Protons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate coatings vs. wavelength, λ.
λ
From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. . 79
Figure 5-17: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of S-13 G coating vs. temperature, T. 2 x
-4
10 m thick coating on molybdenum substrate. From Spisz & Jack (1971)
[119]. . 85
Figure 5-18: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of S-13 and S-13 G coatings vs.
exposure time, t, at 1-Sun level and 395 K. From Cunnington, Grammer &
Smith (1969) [33]. Equal symbols correspond to the same sample. :>
Sample 27; :> Sample 43; :> Sample 28; :> Sample 44. . 87
Figure 5-19: Variation of solar absorptance, α , of S-13 coating with coating thickness, t
s
. :> Nominal composition. Sprayed on primed surface. Air dryed. T =
c
298 K. (Designation in the ref.: 119 to 127). :> ZnO in silicone binder. T =
298 K. (Designation in the ref.: 29, 30). From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz
(1972) [126]. . 89
Figure 5-20: Solar absorptance, α , of S-13 G coating vs. incidence angle, β. From
s
Keyte (1975) [70]. . 90
Figure 5-21: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of S-13 and S-13 G coatings due to
s
Protons and Alpha Particles Radiation vs. integrated flux, n. . 94
Figure 5-22: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of S-13 G coating due to Electrons
s
Radiation vs. integrated flux, n. Data taken in situ. Compiled by Bourrieau,
Paillous & Romer (1976) [21]. . 96
Figure 5-23: Changes in solar absorptance of S-13 and S-13 G coatings. OSO III
experiment. From Millard (1969) [84]. . 98
Figure 5-24: Change in solar absorptance, ∆αs, of S-13 coatings vs. flight time in ESH
as measured in orbital flight. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 99
Figure 5-25: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of S-13 G coating vs. flight time in ESH
s
as measured in orbital flight. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 100
Figure 5-26: Position on the sample holder of the samples 1 and 2, for irradiation and
measurement. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 104
Figure 5-27: Solar absorptance, α , of S-13 G/LO coating vs. flight time, . 105
s
Figure 5-28: Variation of absorptance to emittance ratio, α/ε, of S-13 coating vs. flight
time. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972)
and Triolo (1973) [126] . 106
Figure 5-29: Variation of absorptance to emittance ratio, α/ε, of S-13 G coating vs. flight
time. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972)
[126]. . 107
Figure 5-30: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 coating vs.
λ
wavelength, l, for five different values of P-VC. G.E. LTV-602 binder. From
Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 108
Figure 5-31: Effect of Ultra-violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, λ. LTV-602 silicone binder.
λ
Two different pigment-binder ratios (PBR). From Touloukian, DeWitt &
Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 109
Figure 5-32: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Several binders and
λ
PBRs. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 110
Figure 5-33: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, λ. From Touloukian, DeWitt
λ
& Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 111
Figure 5-34: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, λ. From Zerlaut, Rogers &
λ
Noble (1969) [144]. Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 112
Figure 5-35: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Two different pigment
λ
treatment processes. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble (1969) [144]. Drawn
from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 113
Figure 5-36: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Sweated pigment.
λ
Two different solvent systems. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble (1969) [144].
Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 114
Figure 5-37: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Two different pigment
λ
treatment processes. Owens-Illinois 650 binder. From Zerlaut, Rogers &
Noble (1969) [144]. Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 115
Figure 5-38: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Pigment was sifted
λ
prior to wet grinding. Paint grind time 3 h. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble
(1969) [144]. Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 116
Figure 5-39: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Silicated pigment with
λ
five mechanical perturbations. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble (1969) [144].
Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 117
Figure 5-40: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Plasma annealed and
λ
potassium silicate treated pigment. From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. . 118
Figure 5-41: Protons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, λ. LTV-602 silicone binder. From
λ
Gillette, Brown, Seiler & Sheldon (1966) [54]. Drawn from Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 120
Figure 5-42: Protons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Plasma annealed and potassium
λ
silicate treated pigment. From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. . 121
Figure 5-43: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity 20 keV.
λ
Recovery after exposure. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43].
Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 122
Figure 5-44: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity 80 keV.
λ
Recovery after exposure. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43].
Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 124
Figure 5-45: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of GSFC, 101-7 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity 20 keV.
λ
Different integrated fluxes. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 125
Figure 5-46: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of GSFC, 101-7 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity 80 keV.
λ
Different integrated fluxes. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 126
Figure 5-47: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of GSFC, 101-7 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity 20 keV.
λ
Recovery after exposure. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 127
Figure 5-48: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of GSFC, 101-7 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity 80 keV.
λ
Recovery after exposure. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 128
Figure 5-49: Effect of Combined Exposure on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, λ. Plasma annealed and
λ
potassium silicate treated pigment. From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. . 130
Figure 5-50: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to three years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal- hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
S-13 G/LO coating vs. wavelength, λ. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 131
Figure 5-51: Effect of O bleaching, after Combined Exposure, on normal-hemispherical
spectral reflectance, ρ' , of S-13 G/LO coating vs. wavelength, λ. Curves of
λ
and are those shown in Figure 5-19. From Paillous (1976)
[96]. . 132
Figure 5-52: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to three years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal- hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
S-13 G/LO coating vs. wavelength, λ. Curves of and are
those shown in Figure 5-50. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 133
Figure 5-53: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ∆α' , of PSG 120
λ
coating, due to Ultra-Violet Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, λ =
−6
0,46x10 m. From Simon (1974) [118]. . 140
Figure 5-54: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ∆α' , of PSG 120
λ
coating, due to Ultra-Violet Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, λ =
−6
2,5x10 m. Shaded zone in a is enlarged in b. See Explanation in the
caption of Figure 5-53. From Simon (1974) [118]. . 141
Figure 5-55: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of PSG 120 coating, due to UV
s
radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Shaded zone in a is enlarged in b. From
Simon (1974) [118]. . 142
Figure 5-56: Estimated change in solar absorptance, α , of PSG 120 vs. time, t. From
s
Paillous (1976) [96]. : From Guillaumon & Guillin (1981) [52]. . 148
Figure 5-57: Bidirectional total radiation intensity of reflected flux, i'', vs. cone angle, β',
for several values of the cone angle of the incident flux, β. PSG 120
coating. Incident and reflected fluxes are coplanar. i'' is measured by the
response of a photocell attached to a photogoniometer. From ASTRAL
(1976)a [6]. . 148
Figure 5-58: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Thick line: Before
λ
−5
irradiation. p<1,3x10 Pa. T = 348 K. Thin line: After irradiation.
−5
p<1,3x10 Pa. T = 348 K. A Sun level. t = 212 ESH. From Simon (1973)
[117]. . 149
Figure 5-59: Effect of Protons radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity ≅ 45 keV.
λ
See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-61. From Paillous, Amat, Marco
& Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 150
Figure 5-60: Effect of Protons radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity ≅ 75 keV.
λ
See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-61. From Paillous, Amat, Marco
& Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 151
Figure 5-61: Effect of Protons radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity ≅ 150 keV.
λ
From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 151
Figure 5-62: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity ≅
λ
40 keV. See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-63. From Paillous,
Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 153
Figure 5-63: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity ≅
λ
80 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 153
Figure 5-64: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation intensity ≅
λ
210 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 154
Figure 5-65: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of PSG 120
λ
coating, due to particulate irradiation, vs. penetration range, X .
d
−6
Wavelength, λ = 2,05x10 m. From Bourrieau (1978) [19]. . 157
Figure 5-66: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to three years in
geosyncronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, λ. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 157
Figure 5-67: Effect of O bleaching, after Combined Exposure, on normal-
hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength,
λ
λ. Curves and are those shown in Figure 5-66. From
Paillous (1976) [96]. . 158
Figure 5-68: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ∆α' , of PSZ 184
λ
coating, due to UV Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, λ =
−6
0,46x10 m. See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-69. From Simon
(1974) [118]. . 166
Figure 5-69: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ∆α' , of PSZ 184
λ
coating, due to UV Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, λ =
−6
2,5x10 m. From Simon (1974) [118]. 167
Figure 5-70: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of PSZ 184 coating, due to UV
s
Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Shaded zone in a is enlarged in b. From
Simon (1974) [118]. . 168
Figure 5-71: Estimated change in solar absorptance, α , of PSZ 184 vs. time, t. From
s
Paillous (1976) [96]. . 173
Figure 5-72: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating vs. wavelength, λ. Thick line: Before
λ
−5 −5
irradiation. p<1,3x10 Pa. Thin line: After irradiation. p<1,3x10 Pa. 1 Sun
level. Neither sample temperature nor exposure time are given. From
Simon (1974) [118]. . 174
Figure 5-73: Effect of Protons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating vs. wavelength, λ. a Coating on P 131 primer. b
λ
Coating on silicated primer. Radiation intensity ≅ 45 keV. See Explanation
in the caption of Figure 5-74. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere
(1977) [97]. . 175
Figure 5-74: Effect of Protons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ'λ, of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation
intensity ≅ 75 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 176
Figure 5-75: Effect of Protons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, λ. Radiation
λ
intensity ≅ 150 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. . 177
Figure 5-76: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, λ.
λ
Radiation intensity ≅ 40 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere
(1977) [97]. . 178
Figure 5-77: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, λ.
λ
Radiation intensity ≅ 80 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere
(1977) [97]. . 179
Figure 5-78: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, λ.
λ
Radiation intensity ≅ 210 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere
(1977) [97]. . 180
Figure 5-79: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to three years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
PSZ 184 coating, vs. wavelength, λ. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 181
Figure 5-80: Effect of O bleaching, after Combined Exposure, on normal-
hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of PSZ 184 coating, vs. wavelength,
λ
λ. Curves and are those shown in Figure 5-79. From
Paillous (1976) [96]. . 182
Figure 5-81: Solar absorptance, α , of PCBZ coating vs. UV Radiation exposure time, t.
s
From Guillaumon (1982) [48]. . 189
Figure 5-82: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of PCBZ coating, sample
λ
A, vs. wavelength, λ. Effect of Ultra-Violet radiation. . 192
Figure 5-83: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of PCBZ coating, sample
λ
C, vs. wavelength, λ. Effect of Ultra-Violet radiation. . 193
Figure 5-84: Hemispherical total emittance, ε, of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control
Mirrors as a function of temperature, T . :> From Breuch (1967) [22]. :>
From Marshall & Breuch (1968) [80]. :> From Cunnington, Grammer &
Smith (1969) [33]. Uncertainty limits are from Marshall & Breuch (1968)
[80]. . 201
Figure 5-85: Solar absorptance, α , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs.
s
incidence angle, β. The full lines in a correspond to the analytical
geometries sketched in b. Circles are from solar reflectance
measurements, and the dotted line is based on flight temperatures of the
NEMS radiator. From Stultz (1976) [123]. . 203
Figure 5-86: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control
s
Mirror vs. incidence angle, β, as deduced from data of COMSTAR D-1, D-2
and D-3 satellites. The envelopes contain all the data points. :>
Integrated sphere spectroreflectometer measurements made on a single
mirror. From Hyman (1981) [62]. . 204
Figure 5-87: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control
s
Mirrors vs. exposure time, t. . 207
Figure 5-88: Solar absorptance, α , of OSR Fused Silica Mirrors vs. orbital time, t, as
s
deduced from data of NavStar 5. . 215
Figure 5-89: Solar absorptance, α , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs.
s
exposure time, t, as deduced from data of COMSTAR D-1, D-2 and D-3
satellites. : Derived from> temperature telemetry. :
Corrected to> normal solar incidence. . 220
Figure 5-90: Solar absorptance, α , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs.
s
exposure time, t, as deduced from data of SCATHA spacecraft. . 223
Figure 5-91: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control
s
Mirrors vs. exposure time, t, as deduced from data of HELIOS-A and B
spacecraft. . 227
Figure 5-92: Summery data on the change in solar absorptance, ∆αs, of OCLI Type SI-
100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs. exposure time, t. . 229
Figure 5-93: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of OCLI Type SI-100
λ
Thermal Control Mirrors vs. wavelength, λ. From Cunnington, Grammer &
Smith (1969) [33]. . 230
Figure 5-94: Effect of Ultra-Violet radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ρ' , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs.
λ
wavelength, λ. From Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969) [33]. 231
Figure 5-95: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to seven years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs. wavelength, λ. a Bonded
sample. b Sample fastened bare. From Paillous (1975) [95]. . 240
Figure 5-96: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to seven years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs. wavelength, λ. Sample
fastened bare. From Paillous (1975) [95]. . 241
Figure 5-97: Solar absorptance, α , of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. incidence angle, β.
s
Circles are calculated values. From Winkler & Stampfl (1975) [139]. . 255
Figure 5-98: Estimated change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs.
s
exposure time, t. The tests simulate geosynchronous orbit exposure of the
Orbital Test Satellite (OTS) equatorial faces. . 256
Figure 5-99: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. exposure
s
time, t. The insert shows the changes in α which suddenly results when
s
ultra-violet exposure, at 16 Suns, begins. . 258
Figure 5-100: Solar absorptance, α , of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. exposure time, t as
s
deduced from data of SCATHA spacecraft. . 260
Figure 5-101: Change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. exposure
s
time, t as deduced from data of HELIOS-A and B spacecraft. Line of circles:
First HELIOS-A orbit. Simplified model of data analysis. . 261
Figure 5-102: Summary on the change in solar absorptance, ∆α , of OCLI Type CC-
s
SSM vs. exposure time, t. The estimated values of the initial solar
absorptance, α , are shown near each curve. . 262
so
Figure 5-103: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to three years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of
λ
OCLI Type CC-SSMs vs. wavelength, λ. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 263
Figure 5-104: a. Electrical resistance, R, of six CC-SSM samples as a function of
temperature, T. b shows the two alternative configurations of the electrical
contacts set for performing the measurements. From Joslin & Kan (1975)
[67]. . 264
Figure 5-105: a. Sheet electrical resistance, R, of three OCLI Type CC-SSMs vs. time
in simulated geosynchronous orbit, t. b. Configuration of the electrical
contacts and position of the mirrors on the sample holder for irradiation and
measurements. From Paillous (1976) [96]. . 269
Figure 5-106: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of Fuller 172A1, vs.
λ
wavelength, λ. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 277
Figure 5-107: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ'λ, of Fuller 172A1, exposed
to gamma radiation, vs. wavelength, λ. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz
(1972) [126]. . 278
Figure 5-108: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of Kemacryl M49BC12,
λ
vs. wavelength, λ. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. . 281
Figure 5-109: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ρ' , of Kemacryl M49BC12,
λ
exposed to gamma radiation, vs. wavelength, λ. Points of white circles are
those represented in Figure 5-108. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz
(1972) [126]. . 282
Figure 6-1: Peel force, probe tack and rolling ball tack, F, as functions of resin
concentration, c, for a rubber adhesive on a polyethylene terephthalate
(polyester) film. 284
Figure 6-2: Peel adhesion, F/w, measured at 393 K as a function of curing temperature,
T. Rubber based adhesive. From Toyama & Ito (1974) [127]. . 285
−4
Figure 6-3: Space degradation of second surface mirrors based on 1,27x10 m thick
FEP Teflon. All data are from Triolo (1973) [128] except those
corresponding to IMP-I which are from Hoffman (1973) [61]. . 303
Figure 6-4: Sketch of a blistering tape. From Brown & Merschel (1970) [23]. . 304
Figure 6-5: Solar absorptance, α , vs. total hemispherical emittance, ε, of several
s
thermal control tapes. . 307

Tables
Table 5-1: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Spectral Absorptance of Thermatrol 2A-
100. . 27
Table 5-2: Solar Absorptance of Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate Paint . 34
Table 5-3: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Spectral Absorptance of Zinc Oxide-
Potasium Silicate Paint . 36
Table 5-4: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of Zinc Oxide-Potassium
Silicate Paint . 43
Table 5-5: Literature Search for Thermal radiation Properties of ZOT Coatin . 55
a
Table 5-6: Solar Absorptance of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate Coatings . 61
Table 5-7: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of Zinc Orthotitanate-
a
Potassium Silicate Coatings . 63
Table 5-8: Hemispherical Total Emittance of S-13 and S-13 G Coating . 85
Table 5-9: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Hemispherical Total Emittance of S-13 and
S-13 G Coating . 86
Table 5-10: Normal Total Emittance of S-13 G and S-13 G-LO Coatings . 88
Table 5-11: Ultra-violet radiation effects on spectral absorptance of S-13 coating
(samples 27 & 28) . 90
Table 5-12: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of S-13 and S-13 G
Coatings . 93
Table 5-13: Combined Exposure Effects on Solar Absorptance of S-13 G/LO Coating . 102
Table 5-14: Outgassing Characteristics of PSG 120 Coating. 138
Table 5-15: Protons Radiation Effects Solar Absorptance of PSG 120 Coating . 144
Table 5-16: Electrons Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSG 120 Coating . 145
Table 5-17: Combined Exposure Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSG120 Coating . 146
Table 5-18: Application of the Degradation Model to PSG 120 Coating . 156
Table 5-19: Test Conditions Simulating up to Three Years in Geosynchronous Orbit . 159
Table 5-20: Hemispherical Total Emittance, ε, and Solar Absorptance, α , of PSZ 184 . 165
s
Table 5-21: Protons Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSZ 184 Coating . 169
Table 5-22: Electrons Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSZ 184 Coating . 170
Table 5-23: Combined Exposure Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSZ 184 Coating . 171
Table 5-24: Outgassing Characteristics of PCB Z Coating . 187
Table 5-25: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PCBZ Coating . 189
Table 5-26: Charging Tests with PCBZ Coating . 194
Table 5-27: Candidate Adhesives for OSR Fused Silica Application. 198
Table 5-28: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Spectral Absorptance of OCLI Type SI-
100 Thermal Control Mirrors . 205
Table 5-29: Test Conditions Simulating up to Seven Years in Geosynchronous Orbit . 232
Table 5-30: Combined Exposure Effects of Reflectance of OCLI Type SI-100. Thermal
Control Mirrors. . 234
Table 5-31: Charging-Arcing Tests with OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors . 243
Table 5-32: Normal Total Emittance, ε', and Solar Absorptance, α , o
...