EN 61660-1:1997

Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations in power plants and substations - Part 1: Calculation of short-circuit currents

Describes method for calculating short-circuit currents in d.c. auxilliary systems in power plants and substations, which can be equipped with the following equipment, acting as short-circuit current sources: - rectifiers in three-phase a.c. bridge connection for 50 Hz; - stationary lead-acid batteries; - smoothing capacitors; - d.c. motors with independent excitation Provides a generally applicable method of calculation which produces results of sufficient accuracy on the conservative side.

Kurzschlußströme in Gleichstrom-Eigenbedarfsanlagen in Kraftwerken und Schaltanlagen - Teil 1: Berechnung der Kurzschlußströme

Courants de court-circuit dans les installations auxiliaires alimentées en courant continu dans les centrales et les postes - Partie 1: Calcul des courants de court-circuit

Décrit une méthode de calcul des courants de court-circuit des réseaux auxiliaires en courant continu dans des centrales et des postes, qui peuvent être équipés des éléments suivants, agissant comme sources de courants de court-circuit: - redresseurs dans les ponts triphasés en courant alternatif pour 50 Hz; - batteries stationnaires au plomb; - condensateurs de lissage; - moteurs à courant continu avec excitation indépendante. Fournit une méthode générale de calcul donnant des résultats suffisamment précis et par excès.

Kratkostični toki v pomožnih enosmernih napeljavah elektrarn in transformatorskih postaj - 1. del: Računanje kratkostičnih tokov (IEC 61660-1:1997)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 23-Jul-1997
• Withdrawal Date: 31-Mar-1998
• ICS: 29.240.01 - Power transmission and distribution networks in general
• Technical Committee: CLC/SR 73 - Short-circuit currents
• Drafting Committee: IEC/TC 73 - IEC_TC_73
• Parallel Committee: IEC/TC 73 - IEC_TC_73
• Current Stage: 6060 - Document made available - Publishing
• Start Date: 24-Jul-1997
• Completion Date: 24-Jul-1997
• Ref Project: SIST EN 61660-1:1998 - Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations in power plants and substations - Part 1: Calculation of short-circuit currents

Overview

EN 61660-1:1997 (CLC / IEC 61660-1) specifies a generally applicable method for calculating short‑circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations used in power plants and substations. The standard covers systems containing the main types of d.c. sources that act as short‑circuit contributors: three‑phase a.c. bridge rectifiers (50 Hz), stationary lead‑acid batteries, smoothing capacitors, and d.c. motors with independent excitation. Its objective is to provide conservative, repeatable results suitable for equipment rating, protection settings and design validation.

Key topics and requirements

• Scope and sources: Calculation method focused on rectifiers (three‑phase bridge at 50 Hz), lead‑acid batteries, capacitors and separately‑excited d.c. motors. (60 Hz rectifiers are noted as under consideration.)
• Characteristic quantities: Defines and requires determination of peak short‑circuit current, quasi steady‑state current (1 s value), initial symmetrical current, time to peak, and short‑circuit duration.
• Standard approximation function: Uses a standardized time‑domain approximation to model the time variation of short‑circuit currents for mechanical and thermal stress assessment.
• Component modelling: Provides calculation rules for conductor resistance and inductance, rectifier behaviour, battery characteristics, capacitor dynamics and motor transients.
• Superposition and correction: Describes superimposing partial short‑circuit currents from multiple sources, and applying correction factors for conservative results.
• Design outcomes: Delivers values for maximum short‑circuit current (equipment rating) and minimum short‑circuit current (basis for fuses and protection settings).
• Conservative approach: Emphasises methods that err on the safe side; special methods or measurements may be used if they achieve at least equal precision.

Applications and users

Who uses EN 61660-1:

• Electrical design engineers and system planners for power plants and substations
• Protection and relay engineers setting fuse ratings and protection coordination
• Test laboratories and commissioning teams validating short‑circuit performance
• Manufacturers of rectifiers, batteries, smoothing reactors and d.c. motors
• Asset managers assessing mechanical and thermal stresses of d.c. auxiliary systems

Practical uses:

• Sizing busbars, switches and circuit breakers for d.c. auxiliary networks
• Calculating protection settings and minimum interrupting ratings
• Assessing energy and mechanical stress during faults for equipment qualification
• Supporting acceptance tests and as‑built verification where measurements are unavailable

Related standards

• IEC/EN 61660‑2 - Calculation of effects (follow‑on to Part 1)
• IEC 60909 - Short‑circuit calculation in three‑phase a.c. systems
• IEC 60896‑1 - Stationary lead‑acid batteries (test and requirements)
• IEC 60038 - Standard voltages

EN 61660‑1 is essential reading for anyone responsible for safe design and protection of d.c. auxiliary installations, ensuring valid, conservative short‑circuit current calculations for power‑plant and substation auxiliary systems.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-1998
.UDWNRVWLþQLWRNLYSRPRåQLKHQRVPHUQLKQDSHOMDYDKHOHNWUDUQLQ
WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLKSRVWDMGHO5DþXQDQMHNUDWNRVWLþQLKWRNRY,(&

Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations in power plants and substations - Part
1: Calculation of short-circuit currents
Kurzschlußströme in Gleichstrom-Eigenbedarfsanlagen in Kraftwerken und
Schaltanlagen - Teil 1: Berechnung der Kurzschlußströme
Courants de court-circuit dans les installations auxiliaires alimentées en courant continu
dans les centrales et les postes - Partie 1: Calcul des courants de court-circuit
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61660-1:1997
ICS:
17.220.01 Elektrika. Magnetizem. Electricity. Magnetism.
Splošni vidiki General aspects
29.240.01 2PUHåMD]DSUHQRVLQ Power transmission and
GLVWULEXFLMRHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMH distribution networks in
QDVSORãQR general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
61660-1
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
1997-06
Courants de court-circuit dans les installations
auxiliaires alimentées en courant continu
dans les centrales et les postes –
Partie 1:
Calcul des courants de court-circuit
Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations
in power plants and substations –
Part 1:
Calculation of short-circuit currents
 IEC 1997 Droits de reproduction réservés  Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo- including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in
copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, Switzerland
Telefax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail] IEC web site http: //www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
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Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . 5
Clause
1 General. 7
1.1 Scope and object . 7
1.2 Normative references. 7
1.3 Definitions. 9
1.4 Symbols and subscripts . 11
2 Calculation of short-circuit currents. 15
2.1 General. 15
2.2 Calculating methods. 21
2.3 Resistance and inductance of conductor . 25
2.4 Rectifier. 27
2.5 Battery. 37
2.6 Capacitor. 41
2.7 DC motor with independent excitation . 49
3 Calculation of the total short-circuit current . 59
3.1 Correction factor. 59
3.2 Superimposing the partial short-circuit currents at the short-circuit location . 61
3.3 Standard approximation function. 63
Annex A – Equations for the calculation of λ , κ , κ and t
D D C pC . 67

61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN DC AUXILIARY INSTALLATIONS
IN POWER PLANTS AND SUBSTATIONS –
Part 1: Calculation of short-circuit currents
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization
comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to
promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt
with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations
liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the
form of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that
sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard 61660-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 73: Short-circuit
currents.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
73/84/FDIS 73/97/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
Annex A is for information only.
IEC 61660 consists of the following parts, under the general title: Short-circuit currents in d.c.
auxiliary installations in power plants and substations:
– Part 1: 1997, Calculation of short-circuit currents
– Part 2: 1997, Calculation of effects
– Part 3: 199X, Examples of calculations (in preparation).
The contents of the corrigenda of February 1999 and March 2000 have been included in this
copy.
61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 7 –
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN DC AUXILIARY INSTALLATIONS
IN POWER PLANTS AND SUBSTATIONS –
Part 1: Calculation of short-circuit currents
1 General
1.1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 61660 describes a method for calculating short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary
systems in power plants and substations. Such systems can be equipped with the following
equipment, acting as short-circuit current sources:
– rectifiers in three-phase a.c. bridge connection for 50 Hz;
– stationary lead-acid batteries;
– smoothing capacitors;
– d.c. motors with independent excitation.
NOTE – Rectifiers in three-phase a.c. bridge connection for 60 Hz are under consideration. The data of other
equipment may be given by the manufacturer.
This standard is only concerned with rectifiers in three-phase a.c. bridge connection. It is not
concerned with other types of rectifiers.
The purpose of the standard is to provide a generally applicable method of calculation which
produces results of sufficient accuracy on the conservative side. Special methods, adjusted to
particular circumstances, may be used if they give at least the same precision. Short-circuit
currents, resistances and inductances may also be ascertained from system tests or
measurements on model systems. In existing d.c. systems the necessary values can be
ascertained from measurements taken at the assumed short-circuit location. The load current
is not taken into consideration when calculating the short-circuit current. It is necessary to
distinguish between two different values of short-circuit current:
– the maximum short-circuit current which determines the rating of the electrical
equipment;
– the minimum short-circuit current which can be taken as the basis for fuse and protection
ratings and settings.
1.2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 61660. At the time of publication, the edition indicated
was valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of IEC 61660 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60038: 1983, IEC standard voltages

61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 9 –
IEC 60050(151): 1978, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 151:
Electrical and magnetic devices
IEC 60050(441): 1984, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 441:
Switchgear, controlgear and fuses
IEC 60896-1: 1987, Stationary lead-acid batteries – General requirements and methods of test
– Part 1: Vented types
Amendment 1 (1988)
Amendment 2 (1990)
IEC 60909: 1988, Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a.c. systems
IEC 61660-2: 1997, Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations in power plants and
substations – Part 2: Calculation of effects
1.3 Définitions
For the purpose of this part of IEC 61660, the following definitions apply.
1.3.1 short circuit: The accidental or intentional connection, by a relatively low resistance
or impedance, of two or more points in a circuit which are normally at different voltages.
[IEV 151-03-41]
NOTE – In this standard the connection is assumed to have zero impedance.
1.3.2 short-circuit current: An over-current resulting from a short circuit due to a fault or an
incorrect connection in an electric circuit. [IEV 441-11-07]
NOTE – It is necessary to distinguish between the short-circuit current at the short-circuit location and in the
network branches.
1.3.3 partial short-circuit current: The short-circuit current at the short-circuit location
being fed from one source with all other sources disconnected.
1.3.4 common branch: A network branch with several partial short-circuit currents from
different sources.
1.3.5 initial symmetrical short-circuit current I ′′ : The r.m.s. value of the a.c. symmetrical
k
component of a prospective short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short circuit if the
impedance remains at zero time value.
1.3.6 peak short-circuit current i : The maximum possible instantaneous value of the
p
prospective short-circuit current at the d.c. side (figures 1 and 2).
1.3.7 quasi steady-state short-circuit current I : The value of the short-circuit current at
k
the d.c. side 1 s after the beginning of the short circuit.
1.3.8 time to peak t : The interval between the initiation of the short circuit and the peak
p
value of the short-circuit current (figures 1 and 2).
1.3.9 short-circuit duration T : The time interval between the initiation of the short circuit
k
and the breaking of the d.c. short-circuit current.
1.3.10 nominal system voltage U : Voltage (line-to-line) by which a three-phase a.c.
n
system is designated and to which certain operating characteristics are referred. Values are
given in IEC 60038.
61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 11 –
1.3.11 nominal voltage U of a lead-acid battery: The nominal voltage of a lead-acid
nB
battery is given by the manufacturer. If the value is unknown, then the nominal voltage of one
cell 2,0 V multiplied by the number of cells in series may be used.
1.3.12 stationary battery: A battery designed for service in a fixed location and which is
permanently connected to the load and to the associated battery charging circuit (see
IEC 60896-1).
1.3.13 final voltage of a battery (end-of-discharge voltage): The minimum permissible
voltage after a specified discharge time.
1.4 Symbols and subscripts
All equations are written without specifying units. The symbols represent quantities possessing
both numerical values and dimensions that are independent of units, provided a coherent unit
system is chosen, for example the International System of Units (SI).
1.4.1 Symbols
A Conductor cross-section
a Centre-line distance between conductors
d Thickness of rectangular conductor
C Capacitance
c Voltage factor according to IEC 60909
cU / 3 Equivalent voltage source according to IEC 60909
n
E Open-circuit voltage of a battery
B
f System frequency
b Height of rectangular conductor
′′
I Three-phase initial symmetrical short-circuit current
k
I Quasi steady-state short-circuit current
k
I Rated current
r
i Instantaneous value of current
i ,i Sections of the standard approximation function
1 2
i Short-circuit current in a branch
Br
i Peak short-circuit current
p
i Corrected current
cor
J Moment of inertia of the whole rotating part
k ,k Factors for calculating the rise-time and decay-time constant of the capacitor
1C 2C
current
k Factor for calculating the time to peak of the motor current
1M
k ,k Factors for calculating the rise-time constant of the motor current
2M 3M
k Factor for calculating the decay-time constant of the motor current
4M
L,L′ Inductance, inductance per unit length
L Equivalent saturated inductance of the field circuit at short circuit
F
61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 13 –
L Equivalent unsaturated inductance of the field circuit at no-load
OF
l Length
M Rated torque of the motor
r
n,n ,n Motor speed, no-load motor speed, nominal motor speed
o n
p Ratio I /i
k p
R,R ′ Resistance, resistance per unit length
R Joint resistance
joint
r Radius of the conductor
T Short-circuit duration
k
t Time
t Time to peak
p
U Voltage at the short-circuit location before short circuit
U Nominal system voltage of the three-phase a.c. system, line-to-line (r.m.s.)
n
U Nominal voltage of a battery
nB
X Reactance
Z Impedance of the three-phase a.c. network
N
δ Decay coefficient
κ Factor for calculating the peak short-circuit current
λ Factor for calculating the quasi steady-state short-circuit current of the rectifier
D
–7
μ Absolute permeability of vacuum, μ = 4 π ⋅ 10 H/m
o o
ρ Resistivity
σ Correction factor for the partial short-circuit current
τ Armature time constant of the motor
M
τ Field circuit time constant of the motor
F
τ Mechanical time constant of the motor
mec
τ , τ Rise-time, decay-time constants of the standard approximation function
1 2
ω ,ω Undamped, damped natural angular frequency
o d
1.4.2 Subscripts
a.c. Alternating current
B Battery
Br Branch on the d.c. side
C Capacitor
cor Corrected
D Rectifier
d.c. Direct current
F Short-circuit location
F Field circuit of the motor
61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 15 –
HV, LV High voltage, low voltage
i Internal
j,m Numeral/number of the voltage source
k Short circuit
LLine
M Motor
max, min Maximum, minimum
mec Mechanical
N Three-phase a.c. network
n Nominal
p Peak
P Power cable
Q Feeder connection point according to IEC 60909
R Commutation reactor
r Rated
res Residual
S Smoothing reactor
T Transformer
Y Common branch
O No load/undamped
2 Calculation of short-circuit currents
2.1 General
A complete calculation of the short-circuit currents provides details of the time variation of the
currents at the short-circuit location, from the initiation of the short circuit to its end. Due to
many variations of current and the non-linearity of equipment, such calculations can only be
performed by numerical means. The expense is very high, especially since there are no
universal methods of calculation. For this reason only calculation of characteristic quantities is
dealt with.
Figure 1 shows the typical short-circuit currents of various sources. The total short-circuit
current at the short-circuit location may be produced by the action of several different sources.
Figure 2 shows the standard approximation function which covers the different current
variations. The function is described by equations (1) to (3).
−tτ
1e−
()
it =i 0 ≤ t ≤ t (1)
1p p
−t τ
p1
1e−
 
−−tt τ
()
p2
()
it=−i()1ep +p t ≤ t (2)
2p p
 
61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 17 –
I
k
p = (3)
i
p
where
i is the peak short-circuit current;
p
I is the quasi steady-state short-circuit current;
k
t is the time to peak;
p
τ is the rise-time constant;
τ is the decay-time constant.
If there is no defined maximum current present, then i = I and t = T ; equation (1) then
p k p k
describes the whole time variation of the short-circuit current.
By calculation of the characteristic quantities for the time variation of the short-circuit current
according to figure 2, the mechanical and thermal short-circuit stresses can be ascertained. If
only the quasi steady-state short-circuit currents are required, the equations (13), (22), (36)
and (37) should be used.
The assumptions that the impedance is zero between points of different potential at the
short-circuit location and that the load resistances (shunt resistors) can be ignored, are valid
for calculation of both the maximum and minimum short-circuit currents.
When calculating the maximum short-circuit currents the following switching and operating
conditions shall be taken into account so that the maximum short-circuit current is flowing:
– the conductor resistances are referred to a temperature of 20 °C;
– the joint resistances of the busbars are neglected;
– the control for limiting the rectifier current is not effective;
– any diodes for decoupling parts of the system are neglected;
– the battery is charged to full capacity;
– the current-limiting effect of fuses or other protective devices shall be taken into account.
When calculating the minimum short-circuit currents the following switching and operating
conditions shall be taken into account so that the minimum short-circuit current is flowing:
– the conductor resistances are referred to the maximum operating temperature;
– the joint resistances shall be taken into account (see 2.3.1);
– the contribution of the rectifier is the rated short-circuit current;
– the battery is at the final voltage as specified by the manufacturer;
– any diodes for decoupling parts of the system are taken into account;
– the current-limiting effect of fuses or other protective devices shall be taken into account.

61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 19 –
i
D i
B
i i
pD pB
I I
kD kB
I
kD
t t
t t
pB
pD
IEC  679/97
IEC  680/97
Figure 1a – Rectifier without and with
Figure 1b – Battery
smoothing reactor
i i
C M
i
pC
i
pM
I
kM
I
kM
t
t t
t
pC
pM
IEC  681/97 IEC  682/97
Figure 1c – Capacitor Figure 1d
___
Motor without additional inertia mass
..... Motor with additional inertia mass
Figure 1 – Diagrams of typical short-circuit currents
i
τ
i
p
(t)
i
(t)
i
I
k
I Quasi steady-state short-circuit
k
current
τ
i Peak short-circuit current
p
T Short-circuit duration
k
t Time to peak
p
τ Rise-time constant
τ Decay-time constant
t T t
p k
IEC  683/97
Figure 2 – Standard approximation function

61660-1 © IEC:1997 – 21 –
2.2 Calculating methods
Figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of a system containing four sources: a rectifier in
three-phase a.c. bridge connection, a battery, a capacitor, and a motor. For the characteristic
quantities of the equivalent circuit diagrams of these sources, see 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7.
If the equivalent circuit diagram of the system contains only one source, the short-circuit
current at the short-circuit location is calculated allowing for the series resistances and
inductances only.
If the equivalent circuit diagram contains several sources, the short-circuit current, in case of a
short-circuit location F1, is found by adding the short-circuit currents of the different sources.
If the equivalent circuit diagram contains several sources and a common branch, the short-
circuit current, in case of a short-circuit location F2, is found in the following way:
– calculate the short-circuit currents for the diffferent sources as in the case of short-circuit
location F1 but add R and L of the common branch;
Y Y
– correct the short-circuit currents calculated in this way with the correction factor
according to 3.1;
– insert the calculated values for the different sources to equations (1) to (3);
– add the different time functions to the time function of the total short-circuit current in F2.
If the short-circuit forces have to be calculated according to IEC 61660-2, then it is necessary
to find the standard approximation function of figure 2 according to 3.3.

SI
...