IEC TR 60146-1-2:2011

Semiconductor converters - General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 1-2: Application guide

IEC 60146-1-2:2011(E) gives guidance on variations to the specifications given in IEC 60146-1-1:2009 to enable the specification to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. Background information is also given on technical points which should facilitate the use of IEC 60146-1-1:2009. This technical report primarily covers line commutated converters and is not in itself a specification, except as regards certain auxiliary components, in so far as existing standards may not provide the necessary data. This fourth edition includes the following main changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) re-edition of the whole document according to the current Directives;
b) correction of some errors.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Jan-2011
• ICS: 29.045 - Semiconducting materials
• ICS: 29.200 - Rectifiers. Convertors. Stabilized power supply
• Technical Committee: TC 22 - Power electronic systems and equipment
• Drafting Committee: MT 3 - TC 22/MT 3
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Start Date: 28-Sep-2018
• Completion Date: 22-Oct-2019

Relations

• Revised: IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 - Semiconductor converters - General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 1-2: Application guidelines
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC/TR 60146-1-2


®


Edition 4.0 2011-01



TECHNICAL



REPORT





Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide



IEC/TR 60146-1-2:2011(E)

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IEC/TR 60146-1-2


®

Edition 4.0 2011-01



TECHNICAL



REPORT




Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide




INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XC
ICS 29.045; 29.200 ISBN 978-2-88912-313-1
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

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– 2 – TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E)



CONTENTS

FOREWORD . 7


1 Scope . 9

2 Normative references . 9

3 Terms and definitions . 9


3.1 Definitions related to converter faults . 10

3.2 Definitions related to converter generated transients . 11

3.3 Definitions related to temperature . 11

4 Application of semiconductor power converters . 12
4.1 Application . 12
4.1.1 Conversion equipment and systems . 12
4.1.2 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power) . 13
4.2 Equipment specification data . 13
4.2.1 Main items on the specification . 13
4.2.2 Terminal markings . 13
4.2.3 Additional information . 13
4.2.4 Unusual service conditions . 14
4.3 Converter transformers and reactors . 15
4.4 Calculation factors. 15
4.4.1 General . 15
4.4.2 Voltage ratios . 19
4.4.3 Line side transformer current factor . 19
4.4.4 Valve-side transformer current factor . 19
4.4.5 Voltage regulation . 20
4.4.6 Magnetic circuit . 20
4.4.7 Power loss factor . 20
4.5 Parallel and series connections . 20
4.5.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices . 20
4.5.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units . 21
4.6 Power factor . 21
4.6.1 General . 21
4.6.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor . 22
4.6.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor
cosϕ and of the reactive power Q for rectifier and inverter

1N 1LN
operation . 23
4.6.4 Calculation of the displacement factor cosϕ . 24
1
4.6.5 Conversion factor . 26
4.7 Direct voltage regulation . 26
4.7.1 General . 26
4.7.2 Inherent direct voltage regulation . 26
4.7.3 Direct voltage regulation due to a.c. system impedance . 29
4.7.4 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about
direct voltage regulation of the converter . 31
4.8 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode . 32
4.9 A.C. voltage waveform . 32
5 Application information . 33
5.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters . 33
5.1.1 General . 33

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TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E) – 3 –


5.1.2 Assumptions . 34

5.1.3 Preliminary calculations . 34

5.1.4 Calculation of the operating conditions . 35

5.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads . 37

5.2.1 Fundamental voltage change . 37

5.2.2 Minimum R requirements for voltage change . 38
1SC

5.2.3 Converter transformer ratio . 38

5.2.4 Transformer rating . 39

5.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption . 40

5.3.1 Average reactive power consumption . 40

5.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power . 40
5.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation . 41
5.4 Supply voltage distortion . 41
5.4.1 Commutation notches . 41
5.4.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line . 44
5.5 Quantities on the line side . 45
5.5.1 R.M.S. value of the line current . 45
5.5.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse
converters . 45
5.5.3 Minimum R requirements for harmonic distortion . 48
1SC
5.5.4 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents . 49
5.5.5 Addition of harmonic currents . 49
5.5.6 Peak and average harmonic spectrum . 50
5.5.7 Transformer phase shift . 50
5.5.8 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters . 50
5.6 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion . 51
5.6.1 General . 51
5.6.2 Resonant frequency. 51
5.6.3 Directly connected capacitor bank . 51
5.6.4 Estimation of the resonant frequency . 51
5.6.5 Detuning reactor . 53
5.6.6 Ripple control frequencies (Carrier frequencies) . 54
5.7 Direct voltage harmonic content . 54
5.8 Other considerations . 55
5.8.1 Random control angle . 55

5.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability . 55
5.8.3 Harmonic filters . 56
5.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables . 56
5.9 Calculation of d.c. short-circuit current of converters . 56
5.10 Guide-lines for the selection of the immunity class . 56
5.10.1 General . 56
5.10.2 Converter Immunity class . 57
5.10.3 Selection of the immunity class . 57
6 Test requirements . 60
6.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test . 60
6.1.1 Single-phase connections . 60
6.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections . 61
6.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections . 61
6.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method . 61

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– 4 – TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E)


6.3 Test methods . 62

6.3.1 Method A1 . 62

6.3.2 Method B . 63

6.3.3 Method C . 63

6.3.4 Method D . 63

6.3.5 Method E . 65

6.3.6 Method A2 . 66

7 Performance requirements . 66

7.1 Presentation of rated peak load current values . 66

7.2 Letter symbols related to virtual junction temperature . 67
7.3 Determination of peak load capability through calculation of the virtual
junction temperature . 68
7.3.1 General . 68
7.3.2 Approximation of the shape of power pulses applied to the
semiconductor devices . 69
7.3.3 The superposition method for calculation of temperature . 70
7.3.4 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for continuous load . 71
7.3.5 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for cyclic loads . 72
7.3.6 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for a few typical
applications . 73
7.4 Circuit operating conditions affecting the voltage applied across converter
valve devices . 73
8 Converter operation . 74
8.1 Stabilization . 74
8.2 Static properties . 74
8.3 Dynamic properties of the control system . 75
8.4 Mode of operation of single and double converters . 75
8.4.1 Single converter connection. 75
8.4.2 Double converter connections and limits for rectifier and inverter
operation . 78
8.5 Transition current . 78
8.6 Suppression of direct current circulation in double converter connections. 79
8.6.1 General . 79
8.6.2 Limitation of delay angles . 79
8.6.3 Controlled circulating current . 80
8.6.4 Blocking of trigger pulses . 80

8.7 Principle of operation for reversible converters for control of d.c. motors . 80
8.7.1 General . 80
8.7.2 Motor field reversal . 80
8.7.3 Motor armature reversal by reversing switch . 80
8.7.4 Double converter connection to motor armature . 80
9 Converter faults . 81
9.1 General . 81
9.2 Fault finding . 82
9.3 Protection from fault currents . 82
Bibliography . 83

Figure 1 – Voltages at converter faults . 11
Figure 2 – Circle diagram for approximation of the displacement factor . 23

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TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E) – 5 –


Figure 3 – Displacement factor as a function of d for p = 6 . 25
xN

Figure 4 – Displacement factor as a function of d for p = 12 . 25

xN

Figure 5 – d as a function of d for p = 6 and p = 12 . 30
LN xN

Figure 6 – A.C. voltage waveform . 33

Figure 7 – Harmonic current spectrum on the a.c. side for p = 6 . 47


Figure 8 – Influence of capacitor rating and a.c. motor loads on the resonant frequency

and amplification factor . 52

Figure 9 – Direct voltage harmonic content for p = 6 . 55

Figure 10 – Example of power distribution . 58

Figure 11 – Test method A1 . 62
Figure 12 – Test method D . 64
Figure 13 – Single peak load . 67
Figure 14 – Repetitive peak loads . 67
Figure 15 – Approximation of the shape of power pulses . 70
Figure 16 – Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for continuous load . 71
Figure 17 – Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for cyclic loads . 72
Figure 18 – Circuit operating conditions affecting the voltage applied across converter
valve devices . 74
Figure 19 – Direct voltage waveform for various delay angles . 76
Figure 20 – Direct voltage for various loads and delay angles . 77
Figure 21 – Direct voltage limits in inverter operation . 78
Figure 22 – Direct voltage at values below the transition current . 79
Figure 23 – Operating sequences of converters serving a reversible d.c. motor . 81

Table 1 – Connections and calculation factors . 16
Table 2 – List of symbols used in the determination of displacement factor . 22
Table 3 – List of symbols used in the calculation formulae . 28
Table 4 – Example of operating conditions . 37
Table 5 – Exampe of operating points . 37
Table 6 – Example of operating conditions . 39
Table 7 – Result of the iteration . 39

Table 8 – Example of calculation results of active and reactive power consumption . 40
Table 9 – Example of notch depth . 43
Table 10 – Example of notch depth by one converter with a common transformer . 43
Table 11 – Example of notch depth by ten converters operating at the same time . 44
∗
Table 12 – The values of I (α,µ ) I . 45
L L
Table 13 – Minimum R requirement for low voltage systems. 49
1SC
Table 14 – Transformer phase shift and harmonic orders . 50
Table 15 – Approximate kvar/km of cables . 56
Table 16 – Short-circuit values of converter currents . 56
Table 17 – Calculated values for the example in Figure 10 . 60

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– 6 – TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E)


Table 18 – Letter symbols related to virtual junction temperature . 67

Table 19 – Virtual junction temperature . 73

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TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E) – 7 –


INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________



SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTERS –

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTERS –



Part 1-2: Application guide





FOREWORD

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The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
IEC/TR 60146-1-2, which is a technical report, has been prepared by IEC technical committee
22: Power electronic systems and equipment.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 1991. This fourth edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This fourth edition includes the following main changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) re-edition of the whole document according to the current Directives;
b) correction of some errors.

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– 8 – TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E)


The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:



Enquiry draft Report on voting

22/170/DTR 22/173/RVC




Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the

report on voting indicated in the above table.


This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

A list of all parts of the IEC 60146 series, under the general title: Semiconductor converters –
General requirements and line commutated converters, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
...