IEC TR 60146-1-2:2011

Semiconductor converters - General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 1-2: Application guide

IEC 60146-1-2:2011(E) gives guidance on variations to the specifications given in IEC 60146-1-1:2009 to enable the specification to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. Background information is also given on technical points which should facilitate the use of IEC 60146-1-1:2009. This technical report primarily covers line commutated converters and is not in itself a specification, except as regards certain auxiliary components, in so far as existing standards may not provide the necessary data. This fourth edition includes the following main changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) re-edition of the whole document according to the current Directives;
b) correction of some errors.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Jan-2011
• ICS: 29.045 - Semiconducting materials
• ICS: 29.200 - Rectifiers. Convertors. Stabilized power supply
• Technical Committee: TC 22 - Power electronic systems and equipment
• Drafting Committee: MT 3 - TC 22/MT 3
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Start Date: 28-Sep-2018
• Completion Date: 22-Oct-2019

Relations

• Revised: IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 - Semiconductor converters - General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 1-2: Application guidelines
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC/TR 60146-1-2 ®
Edition 4.0 2011-01
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
IEC/TR 60146-1-2:2011(E)
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IEC/TR 60146-1-2 ®
Edition 4.0 2011-01
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XC
ICS 29.045; 29.200 ISBN 978-2-88912-313-1
– 2 – TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E)

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7

1 Scope . 9

2 Normative references . 9

3 Terms and definitions . 9

3.1 Definitions related to converter faults . 10

3.2 Definitions related to converter generated transients . 11

3.3 Definitions related to temperature . 11

4 Application of semiconductor power converters . 12
4.1 Application . 12
4.1.1 Conversion equipment and systems . 12
4.1.2 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power) . 13
4.2 Equipment specification data . 13
4.2.1 Main items on the specification . 13
4.2.2 Terminal markings . 13
4.2.3 Additional information . 13
4.2.4 Unusual service conditions . 14
4.3 Converter transformers and reactors . 15
4.4 Calculation factors. 15
4.4.1 General . 15
4.4.2 Voltage ratios . 19
4.4.3 Line side transformer current factor . 19
4.4.4 Valve-side transformer current factor . 19
4.4.5 Voltage regulation . 20
4.4.6 Magnetic circuit . 20
4.4.7 Power loss factor . 20
4.5 Parallel and series connections . 20
4.5.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices . 20
4.5.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units . 21
4.6 Power factor . 21
4.6.1 General . 21
4.6.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor . 22
4.6.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor
cosϕ and of the reactive power Q for rectifier and inverter

1N 1LN
operation . 23
4.6.4 Calculation of the displacement factor cosϕ . 24
4.6.5 Conversion factor . 26
4.7 Direct voltage regulation . 26
4.7.1 General . 26
4.7.2 Inherent direct voltage regulation . 26
4.7.3 Direct voltage regulation due to a.c. system impedance . 29
4.7.4 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about
direct voltage regulation of the converter . 31
4.8 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode . 32
4.9 A.C. voltage waveform . 32
5 Application information . 33
5.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters . 33
5.1.1 General . 33

TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E) – 3 –

5.1.2 Assumptions . 34

5.1.3 Preliminary calculations . 34

5.1.4 Calculation of the operating conditions . 35

5.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads . 37

5.2.1 Fundamental voltage change . 37

5.2.2 Minimum R requirements for voltage change . 38
1SC
5.2.3 Converter transformer ratio . 38

5.2.4 Transformer rating . 39

5.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption . 40

5.3.1 Average reactive power consumption . 40

5.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power . 40
5.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation . 41
5.4 Supply voltage distortion . 41
5.4.1 Commutation notches . 41
5.4.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line . 44
5.5 Quantities on the line side . 45
5.5.1 R.M.S. value of the line current . 45
5.5.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse
converters . 45
5.5.3 Minimum R requirements for harmonic distortion . 48
1SC
5.5.4 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents . 49
5.5.5 Addition of harmonic currents . 49
5.5.6 Peak and average harmonic spectrum . 50
5.5.7 Transformer phase shift . 50
5.5.8 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters . 50
5.6 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion . 51
5.6.1 General . 51
5.6.2 Resonant frequency. 51
5.6.3 Directly connected capacitor bank . 51
5.6.4 Estimation of the resonant frequency . 51
5.6.5 Detuning reactor . 53
5.6.6 Ripple control frequencies (Carrier frequencies) . 54
5.7 Direct voltage harmonic content . 54
5.8 Other considerations . 55
5.8.1 Random control angle . 55

5.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability . 55
5.8.3 Harmonic filters . 56
5.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables . 56
5.9 Calculation of d.c. short-circuit current of converters . 56
5.10 Guide-lines for the selection of the immunity class . 56
5.10.1 General . 56
5.10.2 Converter Immunity class . 57
5.10.3 Selection of the immunity class . 57
6 Test requirements . 60
6.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test . 60
6.1.1 Single-phase connections . 60
6.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections . 61
6.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections . 61
6.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method . 61

– 4 – TR 60146-1-2  IEC:2011(E)

6.3 Test methods . 62

6.3.1 Method A1 . 62

6.3.2 Method B . 63

6.3.3 Method C . 63

6.3.4 Method D . 63

6.3.5 Method E . 65

6.3.6 Method A2 .
...