IEC TS 62578:2009

Power electronics systems and equipment - Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter applications

IEC/TS 62578:2009(E) describes the operation conditions and typical characteristics of Active Infeed Converters (AIC) of all technologies and topologies which can be connected between the electrical power supply system (lines) and a current or voltage stiff d.c.-side and which can convert electrical power (active and reactive) in both directions (generative or regenerative). The following is excluded from the scope:
- requirements for the design, development or further functionality of active infeed applications;
- probability of interactions or influences of the AIC with other equipment caused by parasitic elements in an installation as well as their mitigation.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 24-Nov-2009
• ICS: 29.200 - Rectifiers. Convertors. Stabilized power supply
• Technical Committee: TC 22 - Power electronic systems and equipment
• Drafting Committee: MT 8 - TC 22/MT 8
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Completion Date: 15-Apr-2015

Relations

• Revised: IEC TS 62578:2015 - Power electronics systems and equipment - Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including design recommendations for their emission values below 150 kHz
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC/TS 62578
®
Edition 1.0 2009-11
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION

colour
inside
Power electronics systems and equipment – Operation conditions and
characteristics of active infeed converter applications


IEC/TS 62578:2009(E)

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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IEC/TS 62578
®
Edition 1.0 2009-11
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION

colour
inside
Power electronics systems and equipment – Operation conditions and
characteristics of active infeed converter applications


INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XB
ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-88910-768-1
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

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– 2 – TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.6
INTRODUCTION.8
1 Scope.9
2 Normative references .9
3 Terms and definitions .10
4 General system characteristics of PWM AIC Connected to the power supply
system.13
4.1 Basic topologies and operating principles.13
4.2 AIC rating (details to be found in special sections) .19
4.3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) aspects .19
4.4 Different converter topologies and their influences on the power supply
system .21
4.5 Active power / reactive power.23
4.6 Audible noise effects .28
4.7 Leakage currents.28
4.8 Aspects of system integration and dedicated tests .28
5 Characteristics of a PWM AIC of voltage source type and two level topology.29
5.1 General function, basic circuit topologies .29
5.2 Power control .31
5.3 Dynamic performance.32
5.4 Mains interference, desired .33
5.5 Mains interference, undesirable.33
5.6 Availability and system aspects .34
5.7 Operation in active filter mode.34
6 Characteristics of a PWM AIC of voltage source type and three level topology .34
6.1 General function, basic circuit topologies .34
6.2 Power control .35
6.3 Dynamic performance.36
6.4 Mains interference, undesirable.36
6.5 Availability and system aspects .37
7 Characteristics of a PWM AIC of voltage source type and multi-level topology .37
7.1 General function, basic circuit topologies .37
7.2 Power control .39
7.3 Dynamic performance.39
7.4 Mains interference.40
7.5 Availability and system aspects .40
8 Characteristics of a F3E AIC of voltage source type .40
8.1 General function, basic circuit topologies .40
8.2 Power control and line side filter.41
8.3 Dynamic performance.43
8.4 Mains interference, low frequency components .44
9 Characteristics of an AIC of voltage source type in pulse chopper topology.44
9.1 General function, basic circuit topologies .44
9.2 Mains interference, desired .46
9.3 Mains interference, undesired .46
9.4 Availability.46

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TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E) – 3 –
9.5 Performance.46
9.6 Availability and system aspects .46
10 Characteristics of a two level PWM AIC of current source type .46
10.1 General function, basic converter connections.46
10.2 Power control .48
10.3 Dynamic performance.50
10.4 Mains interference.50
10.5 Operation in active filter mode.50
10.6 Availability and system aspects .51
Annex A (informative)  Control methods for AICs .52
Bibliography.62

Figure 1 – AIC in VSC topology, basic structure.14
Figure 2 – AIC in CSC topology, basic structure .15
Figure 3 – Equivalent circuit for the interaction of the mains with an AIC .16
Figure 4 – Voltage and current phasors of line and converter at fundamental frequency
for different load conditions.18
Figure 5 – Block diagram of a typical PDS with high frequency EMC filter system .21
Figure 6 – Typical mains current and voltage of a phase controlled converter with d.c.-
output and inductive smoothing.22
Figure 7 – Typical mains current and voltage of an uncontrolled converter with d.c.-
output and capacitive smoothing.22
Figure 8 – Typical mains current and voltage of an AIC realized by a PWM Converter
with capacitive smoothing without additional filters .22
Figure 9 – Example of attainable active and reactive power of the AIC at different line
voltages in per unit (with 10 % combined transformer and filter inductor short circuit
voltage, X/R ratio = 10/1, d.c. voltage = 6,5 kV) .23
Figure 10 – Principle of compensating given harmonics in the power supply system by
using an AIC and suitable control simultaneously.24
Figure 11 – Typical voltage distortion in the line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltage
generated by an AIC without additional filters .25
Figure 12 – Typical relative voltage of the 60th harmonic of an AIC depending on R .26
SCe
Figure 13 – Typical relative current emission of the 60th harmonic of an AIC
depending on R .27
SCe
Figure 14 – Typical impact of additional filter measures to the voltage distortion level
of an AIC ( V * / V is the voltage distortion with only a line side inductive
Lh L1
impedance).27
Figure 15 – Basic topology of a two level PWM voltage source AIC .29
Figure 16 – Typical waveforms of voltages u / U and voltage u / U , at pulse
(S1-S2) P (S1-0) P
frequency of 4 kHz – Power supply frequency is 50 Hz .30
Figure 17 – Typical waveforms of the common mode voltage u / U , at pulse
CM P
frequency of 4 kHz – Power supply frequency is 50 Hz .31
Figure 18 – Waveform of the current i / I at pulse frequency of 4 kHz, relative
L1 equ
impedance of SCV = 6 % – Power supply frequency is 50 Hz.31
equ
Figure 19 – Block diagram of a two level PWM AIC.32
Figure 20 – Harmonics of the current i of reactance X , pulse frequency  4 kHz,
L1 equ
relative reactance of SCV = 6 %.33
equ
Figure 21 – Typical waveforms of voltages voltage u / U and u / U at pulse
(L1-0) P (L1-L2) P
frequency of 4 kHz, relative reactance of SCV = 6 %, R = 100 .34
equ SCe

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– 4 – TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E)
Figure 22 – Basic topology of a three level AIC – For a Power Drive System (PDS),
the same topology may be used also on the load side.35
Figure 23 – Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltage of a three level PWM
converter .35
Figure 24 – Example of a sudden load change of a 13 MW PDS three level converter
where the current control achieves a response time within 5 ms .36
Figure 25 – Typical topology of a flying capacitor (FC) four level AIC.38
Figure 26 – Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltage of a multi-(four)-
level AIC.39
Figure 27 – Harmonic frequencies and amplitudes in the line voltage measured directly
at the bridge terminals in Figure 25 and the line current of a multilevel (four) AIC
(transformer with 10 % short circuit voltage) .40
Figure 28 – Topology of a F3E AIC .41
Figure 29 – Line side filter and equivalent circuit for the F3E-converter behaviour for
the power supply system.42
Figure 30 – Current transfer function together with R = 100 and R = 750 and a
SCe SCe
line side filter : G(f) = i / i .42
L1 conv
Figure 31 – PWM – voltage distortion over mains impedance for F3E-infeed including
mains side filter .43
Figure 32 – Input current spectrum of a 75kW-F3E-converter.43
Figure 33 – Harmonic spectrum of the input current of a F3E-converter
with R = 100 .44
SCe
Figure 34 – An example of distortion effect by a single phase converter with capacitive
load – The current waveforms of many units are similar and the effect on the power
supply system is multiplied .45
Figure 35 – a.c. to a.c. AIC pulse chopper, basic circuit.45
Figure 36 – Converter connection of a current source AIC .47
Figure 37 – Typical waveforms of currents and voltages of a current source AIC with
high switching frequency.48
Figure 38 – Typical block diagram of a current source PWM AIC .49
Figure 39 – Current source AIC used as an active filter to compensate the harmonic
currents generated by a nonlinear load .49
Figure 40 – Step response (reference value and actual value) of current source AIC
with low switching frequency [10.9] – I equals the rated current of the AIC.50
LN
Figure A.1 – Typical waveforms of electrical power supply system current and voltage
for a current source AIC with low switching frequency [10.9].53
Figure A.2 – Currents and voltages in a (semiconductor) valve device of an AIC and a
machine side converter both of the current source with low pulse frequency [10.9] .54
Figure A.3 – Total harmonic distortion of electrical power supply system and motor
current [10.9] remains always below 8 % (triangles in straight line) in this application.54
Figure A.4 – Basic topology of a AIC with commutation on the d.c. side (six pulse
variant) .55
Figure A.5 – Dynamic performance of a reactive power converter .56
Figure A.6 – Line side current for a twelve pulse reactive power converter in a
capacitive and inductive operation mode (SCV = 15 %) .57
equ
Figure A.7 – The origin of the current waveform of a RPC by the line voltage
(sinusoidal) and the converter voltage (rectangular).57
Figure A.7 – Two level topology with nominal voltage of maximum 1 200 V and
timescale of 5 ms/div .59

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TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E) – 5 –
Figure A.8 – Three level topology with nominal voltage of maximum 2 400 V and
timescale of 5 ms/div .59
Figure A.9 – Four level topology with nominal voltage of maximum 3 300 V and
timescale of 5 ms/div .60

Table A.1 – Comparison of different PWM AICs of VSC type .58

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

POWER ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT –

Operation conditions and characteristics
of active infeed converter applications


FOREWORD
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IEC 62578, which is a technical specification, has been prepared by IEC technical committee
22: Power electronic systems and equipment.

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TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E) – 7 –
The text of this technical specification is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
22/145/DTS 22/160/RVC

Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical specification can be found in
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– 8 – TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E)
INTRODUCTION
This technical specification is necessary because Active Infeed Converters (AIC) are a state
of the art technology in power electronic products but which have not been described very
well by standardization up to now.
AICs are necessary to feed back some inertia or braking power from a load back to the power
supply system
Dispersed power generating equipment is using such AICs to synchronise their voltages and
currents to the power supply system.
Therefore the advantage of using AICs in industrial as well as in domestic premises becomes
more and more interesting under light of the energy efficiency discussion.
Different possible topologies of AICs are described in this technical specificaton with their
specific advantages in order to introduce them and to give an overview for users.
Also utilities are interested in information how the correct application of AICs can additionally
help to mitigate harmonics in the power supply system.

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TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E) – 9 –
POWER ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT –

Operation conditions and characteristics
of active infeed converter applications



1 Scope
This technical specification describes the operation conditions and typical characteristics of
Active Infeed Converters (AIC) of all technologies and topologies which can be connected
between the electrical power supply system (lines) and a current or voltage stiff d.c.-side and
which can convert electrical power (active and reactive) in both directions (generative or
regenerative).
Applications with AIC are realized together for example with d.c.-sides of adjustable speed
Power Drive Systems (PDS), Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS), active filters, photovoltaic
systems, wind turbine systems, etc., of all voltages and power sizes.
Active Infeed Converters are generally connected between the electrical power supply system
(lines) and a current or voltage d.c.-side, with the objective to disburden the system from low
frequency harmonics (e.g. less than 1 kHz) by a sinusoidal approach of the lines current.
Some of them can additionally control the harmonic distortion of an applied voltage or current.
AIC are able to control the power factor of a power supply system section by moving the
electrical power (active and reactive) in both directions (generative or regenerative), which
enables energy saving in the system and stabilization of the power supply voltage.
The following is excluded from the scope:
• requirements for the design, development or further functionality of active infeed
applications;
• probability of interactions or influences of the AIC with other equipment caused by
parasitic elements in an installation as well as their mitigation.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 61800-3, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems – Part 3: EMC product
standard including specific test methods
IEC 61800-5-1, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems – Part 5-1: Safety
requirements -electrical, thermal and energy
IEC 62040-1, Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) – Part 1: General and safety requirements
for UPS
IEC 62040-2, Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) – Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) requirements
IEC 62103, Electronic equipment for use in power installations

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– 10 – TS 62578 © IEC:2009(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
Active Infeed Converter
AIC
self-commutated electronic power converters of all technologies, topologies, voltages and
sizes which are connected between the a.c. power supply system (lines) and a stiff d.c.-side
(current source or voltage source) and which can convert electric power in both directions
(generative or regenerative) and which can control the reactive power or the power factor
Some of them can additionally control the harmonics to reduce the distortion of an applied
voltage or current.
Basic topologies may be realized as a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) or a Current Source
Converter (CSC).
NOTE In the IEV, these terms (VSC and CSC) are defined as voltage stiff a.c./d.c. converter [551-12-03] and
current stiff a.c./d.c. converter [551-12-04]. Most of the AICs are bi-directional converters and
...