ISO 13232-7:1996
(Main)Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests
Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests
Provides conventions for calibrating and documentating the important features of the simulation models, guidelines for definition and use of mathematical models for motor cycle impact simulations, which can be corrected against data for full-scale tests, and a standardized tool for risk/benefit analysis of rider crash protective devices fitted to motor cycles.
Motocycles — Méthodes d'essai et d'analyse de l'évaluation par la recherche des dispositifs, montés sur les motocycles, visant à la protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions — Partie 7: Méthodes normalisées de simulation par ordinateur d'essais de choc sur motocycles
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (I EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
ndards adopted by the technical committees are cir cu lated to the member bodies for voting.
Draf t International Sta
Publ ication as an Inter national Standard requi res approval by at least 75 % of the me mber bodies casting a vote.
This part of IS0 13232 was prepared by Technical Committee lSO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 22,
Motorcycles.
At the request of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Group for Road Vehicle General Safety
(UN/ECE/TRANS/SCI/WP29/GRSG), this International Standard has been prepared by lSO/TC 22/SC 22,
Motorcycles, as eight interrelated parts, on the basis of original working documents submitted by the International
Motorcycle Manufacturers Association (I MMA).
This is the first version of the standard.
IS0 13232 consists of the following parts, under the general title Motorcycles - Test and analysis procedures for
research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles:
Part I : Definitions, symbols and general considera Cons
Part 2: Definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data
Part 3: Anthropometric impact dummy
- Part 4: Variables to be measured, instrumentation and measurement procedures
Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
-
Part 6: Full-scale impact-test procedures
-
- Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests
.- Part 8: Documentation and reports
Annex A forms an integral part of this part of IS0 13232. Annex B is for information only.
. . .
III
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IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
llntroduction
This International Standard has been prepared on the basis of existing technology. Its purpose is to define common
research methods and a means for making an overall evaluation of the effect that devices which are fitted to motor
cycles and intended for the crash protection of riders, have on injuries, when assessed over a range of impact
conditions based on accident data.
It is intended that the methods and recommendations contained in this International Standard should be used in all
basic feasibility research. However, researchers should also consider variations in the specified conditions (for
In addition, researchers may
example, rider size) when evaluating the overall feasibility of any protective device.
wish to vary or extend elements of the methodology in order to research issues which are of particular interest to
them. In all such cases which go beyond the basic research, if reference is to be made to this International Standard,
a clear explanation of how the procedures used differ from the basic methodology should be provided.
This part of IS0 13232 contains the requirements for impact computer simulation and it is optional because it is not
essential for carrying out impact testing. However, computer simulation has become an effective tool for identifying
potential failure modes and the associated test configurations, as well as for designating proposed devices. Most
importantly, a validated computer simulation is the recommended means to extend the test sample results to the
overall population of accidents, thereby reducing the size of the test sample needed for making such overall
evaluations and inferences.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ IS0 IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
Motorcycles - Test and analysis procedures for research
evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles -
Part 7:
Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of
mot,orcycle impact tests
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the minimum requirements for research into the feasibility of protective devices
fitted to motor cycles, which are intended to protect the rider in the event of a collision.
This International Standard is applicable to impact tests involving
- two wheeled motor cycles;
- the specified type of opposing vehicle;
- either a stationary and a moving vehicle or two moving vehicles;
- for any moving vehicle, a steady speed and straight line motion immediately prior to impact;
- one helmeted dummy in a normal seating position on an upright motor cycle;
- the measurement of the potential for specified types of injury by body region;
- evaluation of the results of paired impact tests (i.e., comparisons between motor cycles fitted and not fitted
with the proposed devices).
The purposes of this part of IS0 13232 are to provide
- conventions for calibrating and documenting the important features of the simulation models;
- guidelines for definition and use of mathematical models for motor cycle impact simulations, which can be
correlated against data for full-scale tests;
- a means for identifying possible additional impact conditions for full-scale testing;
- a standardized tool, of optional use, for risk/benefit analysis of rider crash protective devices fitted to motor
cycles, based upon the population of impact conditions identified in IS0 13232-2.
In order to apply this International Standard properly, it is strongly recommended that all eight parts be used together,
particularly if the results are to be published.
This International Standard does not apply to testing for regulatory or legislative purposes.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of IS0 13232 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
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IS0 13232-7:1996(E)
for rese arch eval uation of rider crash protective
FSO K3232-7: 1996, Motor cycles - Test and analysis procedures
Definitions, symbols and general consider ‘ations.
devices fitted to motor cycles - Part 1 -
rider crash protective
Test and analysis procedure s for r ,esearch evaluation of
60 13232-2: 1 996, Motor cycles -
itions in relation to accident data
devices fitted to motor cycles - Part 2 - Definition of impact cond
Motor cycles - Test a nd analysis proce dures for resea rch evaluation of rider crash protective
IS0 13232-3: 1996,
tor cycles - Part 3 - A .nthropometric im pact d ummy.
devices fitted to mo
IS0 132324: 1996, Motor cycles - Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective
devices fitted to motor cycles - Part 4 - Variables to be measured, instrumentation and measurement procedures.
IS0 13232-5: 1996, Motor cycles - Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective
devices fitted to motor cycles - Part 5 - Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis.
rash protective
IS0 13232-6: 1996 tor cyc les - Test and analysis procedu res for research evaluation of rider c
1 MO
devices fitted to m otor cycles - Pa rt 6 - Full- scale impact-test procedures.
IS0 13232-8: 1996, Motor cycles - Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective
devices fitted to motor cycles - Part 8 - Documentation and reports.
49 CFR Part 572, subpart E: 1993, Anthropomorphic test dummies, United States of America Code of Federal
Regulations issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Washington, D.C.
IS0 6487: 1987, Road vehicles - Measurement techniques in impact tests - Instrumentation.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of IS0 13232, the definitions given in IS0 13232-1 apply, of which the following are of
particular relevance to this part of IS0 13232.
- body;
- failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA);
- maximum thickness;
- motion;
- risk/benefit analysis; overall evaluation;
- system.
4 Requirements
4.1 Modelling
The simulation model shall be based upon accepted laws and principles of physics and mechanics. The model shall
consist of portions describing a motor cycle (MC) and the opposing vehicle (OV), as described in IS0 13232-6, the
dummy, as described in IS0 13232-3, the dummy mounting position, joint tensions, and helmet, as described in
IS0 13232-6, the protective device, if present, and the road surface. In the model, the following impact conditions
shall be able to be varied, across the range of conditions described in annex B of IS0 13232-2:
- MC impact speed;
- OV impact speed;
- MC contact point;
- OV contact point;
- relative heading angle.
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IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
The model of the dummy should include the following bodies, at a minimum:
a) helmeted head;
b) neck;
c) upper torso;
d) lower torso;
e) left and right:
1) upper legs;
2) lower legs;
3) feet;
4) upper arms;
5) lower arms;
6) hands.
The model of the MC should include the following bodies at a minimum:
- front wheel;
- rear wheel;
- main frame;
- upper front fork assembly;
- lower front fork assembly.
The model of the OV should include the following bodies at a minimum:
- four unsprung assemblies;
sprung body.
The upper leg, knee, and lower leg bodies shall be modelled so that the bone fracture/knee dislocation kinematics
effects are simulated (e.g., resulting in reduced bending moment in the leg at the appropriate location after fracture).
If any of the bodies listed in tables 1 and 2 can fracture, the masses of the bodies resulting from the fracture shall be
modelled.
For a given MC/protective device combination, the same model formulation shall be used for all impact configurations.
The only differences between a model of a MC with a protective device and a model of a MC without a protective
device shall be in those portions directly related to the protective device.
4.2 Parameters
For each body listed in 4.1, the parameter values used should correspond to the actual measured
- mass;
- centre of gravity location;
- moments of inertia;
- principal axes orientations;
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IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
Table 1 - MC laboratory component tests
Protective device
MC front wheel Xbarrier force VS XMC displacement
1) Refer to figure 1.
Table 2 - OV laboratory component tests
.
lmpa.ct.cta~; i;;lpact Characteristics
Test type
Body
OV bonnet 300 mm sphere
OV front windscreen
1) Refer to figure 1.
4
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IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
Flat impactor
\
rl
(Dimensions should be
such that there are no
W contacts between the
Y
X
edge of the impactor
and the impacted
, body for each test)
Cylinders
Y
T-
Z
Sphere
Notes:
1. All dimensions in mm
2. Not drawn to scale
Disc
.
Figure ‘1 - Impactors and axes to be used for component test
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IS0 % 3232-7: 1996(E)
- joint locations;
- joint physical degrees of freedom;
joint orientations;
- maximum thickness of each undeformed body.
For a given MC/protective device combination, the same parameter values shall be used for all impact configurations.
All of the parameter values for a given MC/protective device combination shall correspond to the parameter values
used to calibrate the simulation, as described in 4.5. The only difference between a parameter set for a MC with a
protective device and a parameter set for a MC without a protective device shall be in those parameters directly
related to the protective device.
4.3 outputs
Force, moment, and motion time histories which are compatible with the injury variables and injury indices listed in
IS0 13232-5 shall be output to allow computation of the injury indices. The form shall be consistent with the
full-scale test time histories documented as described in IS0 13232-8. The data shall be output and plotted at 0,001
s intervals for the time period up to but not including dummy to ground contact, or 0,500 s after the first MCIOV
contact, whichever is sooner.
Indication of frangible damage shall be output for all of the frangible components defined in IS0 13232-3, along with
the time at which the damage occurred, for the time period described above. The damage shall be expressed as
occurrence of component failure for each frangible femur, knee (varus valgus or torsion), and tibia; and as maximum
penetration for the frangible abdominal insert.
The linear and angular displacement and velocity time histories of the MC main frame and helmeted head centres of
gravity and the shoulder, pelvis, knee, and ankle targets corresponding to those used in full-scale tests shall be output
and plotted, at the intervals and for the time period described above.
For each simulation run and for each interaction which occurs between any of the MC bodies in table 1 and any of
the OV bodies in table 2, the maximum force and maximum deflection of the MC body and of the OV body, along the
directions indicated in table 1 and table 2, shall be output.
If a three dimensional animat i on is done, then the linear and angular posi tions of any and all rigid bodies and the
shall be output at equa I inc rements
positions of any and a II finite elem ent no des, of time.
4.4 Post processing
4.4.1 Three dimensional animation
Three dimensional animation should be used to display, graphically, the motions of the MC, OV, dummy, and
protective device. The animation shall display only the actual modelled rigid body surfaces and/or finite elements, in
their proper shapes and relative positions and orientations. Additional markers may be provided to assist the
comparison between physical tests and simulations. These shall correspond to the photographic targets used in any
corresponding full-scale impact test, including those defined in 4.3 of IS0 13232-4. If such markers are added, they
shall appear in colours which contrast to the model ’s rigid body surfaces or finite elements, and a statement of this
shall be made preceding the animation sequence.
The animation shall be driven only by the linear and angular position time histories, as described in 4.3. M/hen
comparisons are made with full-scale test films, the animations shall use the same viewpoint and focal length as the
cameras designated for full-scale testing (see 4.6.2 of IS0 13232-4).
Still photographs of the animation from the persp ective 0 f the MC s ide view ca mera should be taken and included in
simulation documen include the dumm y position
the tation. Photogr aphs shall
- prior to first MUOV contact;
- at first head/OV contact (if any);
- at 0,250 s and 0,500 s after first MUOV contact.
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IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
4.42 Injury analysis
i n ter ‘ms of inju indices and injury
Evaluation of the computer simulation output, cost analyses, may be done. If
v
done, such analy ses shall use the conventions desc ribed in IS 0 13232- 5.
4.4.3 Risk/benefit analysis and failure mode and effects analysis of proposed crash protective devices
Risk/benefit analysis and/or failure mode and effects analysis of proposed rider crash protective devices fitted to
motor cycles, across a range of impact conditions, should be done using computer simulation. If failure mode and
effects analysis is done using computer simulation, such analysis shall use the methods described in 5.1. If
risk/benefit analysis is done using computer simulation, such analysis shall use the methods described in 5.10 of
IS0 13232-5.
If risk/benefit analysis and/or failure mode and effects analysis are done using computer simulation, they shall only
include impact configurations in which the simulated forces and deflections of the bodies listed in tables 1 and 2 meet
the following criteria:
none maximum simulated
- for all b odies which can fracture, of the forces defined in 4 .3 may equal or
lrces mea sured in the corresponding labora n 4.5.1
exceed the maximum fo tory te sts defined i and 4.5. 2
- for all other bodies, none of the maximum simulated forces or maximum simulated deflections defined in
4.3 may equal or exceed the corresponding maximum forces or maximum deflections measured in the
laboratory tests defined in 4.5.1 and 4.5.2.
If in any simulated impact configuration, any of the measured forces or deflections occurring between the bodies
listed in tables 1 and 2 are exceeded, that impact configuration may only be included in the analyses if additional
laboratory tests and simulation calibrations are done on those specific bodies. Each additional laboratory test and
simulation calibration shall use an initial speed which corresponds to the maximum relative impact speed of the
respective body observed among the simulated impact configurations.
4.5 Simulation calibration
The simulation shall be calibrated with at least the following tests, and the calibration results shall be documented in
accordance with IS0 13232-8.
4.5.1 Laboratory component test calibration
The simulation shall be used to calculate the MC, OV, and dummy characteristics listed in tables 1, 2, and 3,
respectively, using the methods defined in 5.2. The results shall be documented using the format described in
annex A, and in accordance with IS0 13232-8.
If, for any laboratory component test, the test data are used as input parameter values for the simulation, only the
relevant test data shall be included in the simulation documentation (since the input parameter values are equal to the
test data).
4.52 Motor cycle laboratory dynamic test
One MC I aboratory rmed
test and corresponding simulation shall be perfo to calculate the following MC time histories,
using the methods defined in 5.3:
front axle displacement;
- front suspension compression;
- fork bending angle;
nd z accelerations of the MC (on the left and right sides of the MC, as close as possible to the MC
- x, Y, a
centre of gravity);
- MC centre of gravity x and z displacements;
- MC pitch angle;
barrier force.
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IS0 13232-7:1996(E)
Table 3 - Dummy laboratory component tests
Upper arm
force vs rimp displacement
Dummy thorax
force vs trme
70 mm cylinder
Knee
Lower leg 70 mm cylinder
Forward neck flexion
Rearward neck extension
Lateral neck f lexion
x moment vs
z moment vs 6-Z displacement
Neck torsion (See 6.8 of IS0 13232-3) -
z moment vs time
1) Refer to figure 1.
2) Described in 49 CFR Part 572.
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IS0 13232=7:1996(E)
4.5.3 Full-scale impact test correlation
For a given MC, which is fitted or not fitted with a given rider protective device design, the simulation shall be
correlated against the data for any available, corresponding full-scale tests which have been performed in accordance
with IS0 13232. The simulation shall be run using the same initial conditions as were used in the full-scale tests, the
modelling and parameter constraints defined in 4.1 and 4.2, the laboratory component test characteristics defined in
4.5.1, and the MC parameters used in the MC laboratory dynamic test defined in 4.5.2. The required time histories
shall be output according to 4.3. For such correlation, the results shall be documented as follows:
- if data for fewer than 14 tests are available, then overlaid comparison plots of the corresponding full-scale
test and simulation time histories and trajectories, as described below, shall be made. For each full-scale
and simulated test, the occurrence and/or extent of damage to frangible elements, as described in 5.2.3 of
IS0 13232-4, shall be tabulated. A statistical correlation analysis should not be done in this case;
- if data for 14 or more tests are available, then the above overlaid compari son plots and dam age ta bulations
bed in
shall be m ade, and in addition, the data shall be statistica Ily correlated usi ng the procedures descri
5.4.
All full-scale tests used for simulation correlation shall be selected from the 200 impact configurations described in
IS0 13232-2, and each test (with the exception of the second test in each paired comparison) shall be for a different
impact configuration.
4.5.4 Full-scale impact test comparisons
In addition, each simulated variable listed in table 4 shall be plotted using the methods defined in IS0 13232-4 and
A.8.3 and B.S.3 of IS0 13232-8, and overlaid with the corresponding full-scale test variable, for the time period from
first MC/OV contact to 0,010 s before first helmet/OV contact, or until the helmet leaves the field of view, whichever
occurs sooner. The plots shall be documented in accordance with IS0 13232-8. In addition, for each variable listed
in table 4, the difference between the full-scale test value and the simulation value shall be calculated at 0,010 s
before first helmet/OV contact or when the helmet leaves the field of view, whichever occurs sooner. These
differences shall be less than the maximum allowed tolerances listed in table 4. The full-scale test values, simulation
values, and differences shall be documented in accordance with B.6.3.4.1 of IS0 13232-8.
In addition, the shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle target trajectories in the initial longitudinal-vertical plane of MC travel
e plotted for the simulation and overlaid with the corresponding full-scale test data, for the side of the
(x vs. z) shall b
dummy nearest the MC side view high speed camera, and for the time period from first MUOV contact to first
helmet/OV contact, or until the helmet leaves the field of view, whichever occurs sooner. The plots shall be
documented in accordance with IS0 13232-8.
5 Methods
5.1 Failure mode and effects analysis
5.1 .l Calculations of injury assessment variables and injury indices
For each of the 200 impact configurations defined in IS0 13232-2, and the simulation calibrated according to 4.5,
calculate the values of the injury assessment variables and injury indices listed in table 5, using the injury assessment
variables and injury indices defined in IS0 13232-5.
5J.2 Potential failure modes and effects
Tabulate the results of table 5, across all 200 impact configurations. Designate impact configurations where there is
a positive change due to the protective device, in one or more of the injury assessment variables or injury indices, as
a potential failure mode of the protective device, for possible further consideration.
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IS0 13232-7:1996(E)
Table 4. Comparison parameters and maximum allowed tolerances
Variable / Component 1 Maximum
Item
allowed tolerance
X 500 mm
Helmet centroid’ ) Displacement
Helmet centroid’ ) Displacement 500 mm
Y
Z 500 mm
Helmet centroid’ ) Displacement
Helmet centroid’ ) Displacement Resultant 500 mm
Resultant
Hip target2) Displacement 500 mm
Head (centre of gravity) Velocity Resultant 4,0 m/s
Pelvis (centre of gravity) Velocity Resultant 4,0 m/s
Angular displacement Pitch3) 15”
Torso angle
Pitch4) 15”
Motor cycle Angular displacement
I
I
Motor cycle Angular displacement Yaw5) 15”
1) The definition of “helmet centroid” should be consistent with that described in
annex A of IS0 13232-4.
2) The location of the hip target in the simulation shall be consistent with that
described in 5.3.6 of IS0 13232-6.
3) Angular displacement about an inertially fixed lateral horizontal axis of a line
joining the near side hip target to the near side of the shoulder target.
4) Angular displacement of the undeformed region of the motor cycle frame about an
inertially fixed lateral horizontal axis.
5) Angular displacement of the undeformed region of the motor cycle frame about an
inertially fixed vertical axis.
5.2 Simulated characteristics for laboratory component tests
Complete the test and simulation procedures below. Then overlay graphs of the resulting test and simulation
characteristics according to the format shown in annex A. Anti alias filter, sample, and bandpass filter at CFC 1 000
a.
all test data according to the procedures in IS0 13232-4. Use impactors which have a minimum resonance frequency
greater than 1 650 Hz. Complete the information describing the body, impactor, aligned axes, mass, and initial
velocity, and show a sketch of the apparatus set up.
10
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IS0 13232-=9:1996(E)
Table 5 - Injury assessment variables and injury indices to be calculated for each impact configuration
Values to calculate
Injury assessment variable, injury index
MC without MC with Change due to
protective device protective device protective device
(1’ (2) (2) - (1)
X X X
Head maximum resultant linear acceleration
X X X
Head maximum resultant angular acceleration
X X X
Head maximum GAMBIT
X X X
HIC
X X X
Head PAIS
X X X
Chest PAIS
X
X X
Abdomen PAIS
X
Sum of left and right femur PAIS X X
X X
Sum of left and right knee PAIS X
X X X
Sum of left and right tibia PAIS
X
X X
Total normalized injury cost
5.2. ?l Static force/displacement tests
Do the tests in a quasi-static manner, unless
For each body listed in tables 1, 2, and 3 do the laboratory tests.
otherwise indicated, and with the impactor, contact points, axis alignments, orientations, and supports which are
indicated in table 6. Measure the force versus displacement characteristics up to a force level corresponding to the
most severe injury of the respective dummy part for dummy parts, and corresponding to maximum expected force
and deflection for MC and OV parts.
Use the simulation to calculate the corresponding force versus displacement characteristics for the bodies listed in
tables 1, 2, and 3.
5.2.2 Dynamic force/time and force/displacement tests
Do the dynamic tests defined in tables 7, 8, and 9 for the dummy, MC, and OV, respectively. Use the bodies and
impactors shown in figure 1; and the contact points, axis alignments, orientations, supports, and nominal initial
speeds listed in tables 7, 8, and 9.
Use the simulation to calculate the corresponding force versus time and force versus displacement characteristics for
those bodies listed in tables 7, 8, and 9.
5.3 Motor cycle barrier test
Orthogonally impact a rigid, flat barrier having a width and height of at least 2 m each with the MC at a speed of
13,4 m/s t 5% and the relative heading angle, MC roll angle, and MC speed tolerances in accordance with 4.5.4.3 of
IS0 13232-6. Measure the test data with two triaxial accelerometers mounted on each side of the MC, as close as
possible to the MC centre of gravity along the MC y axis, and with a rigid barrier face plate having three or more load
cells. Filter the data in accordance with IS0 6487 at frequency response class 60.
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IS0 13232-7:1996(E)
Using procedures consistent with IS0 13232-4, determine the displacements of the respective MC parts from twr;
high speed cameras at 1 000 f/s: one camera, a left side wide view of the entire MC; the other camera a right side
narrow view of the front forks and front wheel.
For each variable listed in 4.5.2, plot the output time histories from the test and from the simulation on the same
graph.
5.4 Full-scale impact test statistical correlation
Determine the values of the following injury assessment variables and injury indices according to IS0 13232-5, for
each of the 14 or more simulated tests, from the time of first MC/OV contact, until the last 0,001 s interval prior to
initial dummy/ground contact, or 0,500 s after first MCIOV contact, whichever is sooner:
- head maximum resultant linear acceleration, a, H max;
I I
- fracture occurrence for the left and right femurs;
- fracture occurrence for the left and right tibias;
- dislocation occurrence for the left and right knees.
Correlate and tabulate these data for the 14 or more simulated tests against the measured full-scale data, using the
following procedures.
5.4.1 Head maximum resultant linear acceleration correlation
Calculate the correlation coefficient r2 as:
N, (c ar, H,fs ar, H,cs) - (c a~, H,fs ) (c ac H,= )
r2 =
JN,s (c a,, H,fs )’ - (c ar, H,fs )’ dNfs (c ar, H,cs )” - (c ar, H,= )’
where
rL is the correlation coefficient;
Nfs is the number of individual full-scale tests;
is the head maximum resultant linear acceleration from a full-scale test;
ar,H,fs
is the head maximum resultant linear acceleration from the corresponding simulation.
ar,H,cs
5.4.2 Leg injury correlations
For each of the six leg components, calculate the fraction correctly predicted, by first using table 10, and then
applying the following equation:
N
ci
=-
f
2Nfs
where
f is the fraction correctly predicted;
Nci is the total number of correct injuries;
Nfs is the number of individual full-scale tests.
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lS(% 13232=7:1996(E)
Table 10 - Truth table for leg injury correlation
Full-scale test result Simulated test result
Prediction is:
Result Leg compo
...
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