ISO 13232-7:2005

Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests

The purposes of ISO 13232-7:2005 are to provide: conventions for calibrating and documenting the important features of the simulation models; guidelines for definition and use of mathematical models for motorcycle impact simulations, which can be correlated against data for full-scale tests; a means for identifying possible additional impact conditions for full-scale testing; and a standardized tool, of optional use, for risk/benefit analysis of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles, based upon the population of impact conditions identified in ISO 13232-2. ISO 13232 specifies the minimum requirements for research into the feasibility of protective devices fitted to motorcycles, which are intended to protect the rider in the event of a collision. ISO 13232 is applicable to impact tests involving: two-wheeled motorcycles; the specified type of opposing vehicle; either a stationary and a moving vehicle or two moving vehicles; for any moving vehicle, a steady speed and straight-line motion immediately prior to impact; one helmeted dummy in a normal seating position on an upright motorcycle; the measurement of the potential for specified types of injury by body region; and evaluation of the results of paired impact tests (i.e. comparisons between motorcycles fitted and not fitted with the proposed devices). ISO 13232 does not apply to testing for regulatory or legislative purposes.

Motocycles — Méthodes d'essai et d'analyse de l'évaluation par la recherche des dispositifs, montés sur les motocycles, visant à la protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions — Partie 7: Méthodes normalisées de simulation par ordinateur d'essais de choc sur motocycles

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 07-Dec-2005
• ICS: 43.140 - Motorcycles and mopeds
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 38 - Motorcycles and mopeds
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 38 - Motorcycles and mopeds
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 02-Apr-2021

Relations

• Amended By: ISO 13232-7:2005/Amd 1:2012 - Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests — Amendment 1: Ground impact
• Effective Date: 25-Apr-2020
• Revises: ISO 13232-7:1996 - Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Amended By: ISO 13232-7:2005/Amd 2:2023 - Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests — Amendment 2: Correlation factors
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13232-7
Second edition
2005-12-15

Motorcycles — Test and analysis
procedures for research evaluation of
rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles —
Part 7:
Standardized procedures for performing
computer simulations of motorcycle
impact tests
Motocycles — Méthodes d'essai et d'analyse de l'évaluation par la
recherche des dispositifs, montés sur les motocycles, visant à la
protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions —
Partie 7: Méthodes normalisées de simulation par ordinateur d'essais
de choc sur motocycles



Reference number
ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005

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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.2
3 Definitions .2
4 Requirements.3
4.1 Modelling .3
4.2 Parameters .4
4.3 Outputs .4
4.4 Post processing.8
4.5 Simulation calibration .9
5 Methods.12
5.1 Failure mode and effects analysis .12
5.2 Simulated characteristics for laboratory component tests.12
5.3 Motorcycle barrier test.13
5.4 Full-scale impact test statistical correlation.18
6 Documentation.19
6.1 Simulation .19
6.2 Laboratory component test calibration.19
6.3 Motorcycle dynamic laboratory test .19
6.4 Full-scale test correlation .19
Annex A (normative) Example simulated component characteristics reports.21
Annex B (informative) Rationale for ISO 13232-7.23
Figures
Figure 1 — Impactors and axes to be used for component test.7
Figure A.1 — Format for component characteristic graphs.22
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Tables
Table 1 — MC laboratory component tests .5
Table 2 — OV laboratory component tests .6
Table 3 — Dummy laboratory component tests .10
Table 4 — Comparison parameters.12
Table 5 — Injury assessment variables and injury indices to be calculated for each impact configuration.13
Table 6 — Set up for static laboratory component tests.14
Table 7 — Set up for dynamic laboratory dummy component tests.15
Table 8 — Set up for dynamic laboratory MC component tests.16
Table 9 — Set up for dynamic laboratory OV component tests .17
Table 10 — Truth table for leg injury correlation .19
Table 11 — Information to be included in the simulation documentation.20

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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
ISO 13232-7 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 22, Motorcycles.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first version (ISO 13232-7:1996), which has been technically revised.
ISO 13232 consists of the following parts, under the general title Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for
research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles:
⎯ Part 1: Definitions, symbols and general considerations
⎯ Part 2: Definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data
⎯ Part 3: Motorcyclist anthropometric impact dummy
⎯ Part 4: Variables to be measured, instrumentation and measurement procedures
⎯ Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
⎯ Part 6: Full-scale impact-test procedures
⎯ Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests
⎯ Part 8: Documentation and reports
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Introduction
ISO 13232 has been prepared on the basis of existing technology. Its purpose is to define common research
methods and a means for making an overall evaluation of the effect that devices which are fitted to motorcycles
and intended for the crash protection of riders, have on injuries, when assessed over a range of impact conditions
which are based on accident data.
It is intended that all of the methods and recommendations contained in ISO 13232 should be used in all basic
feasibility research. However, researchers should also consider variations in the specified conditions (for example,
rider size) when evaluating the overall feasibility of any protective device. In addition, researchers may wish to vary
or extend elements of the methodology in order to research issues which are of particular interest to them. In all
such cases which go beyond the basic research, if reference is to be made to ISO 13232, a clear explanation of
how the used procedures differ from the basic methodology should be provided.
ISO 13232 was prepared by ISO/TC 22/SC 22 at the request of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe Group for Road Vehicle General Safety (UN/ECE/TRANS/SCI/WP29/GRSG), based on original working
documents submitted by the International Motorcycle Manufacturers Association (IMMA), and comprising eight
interrelated parts.
This revision of ISO 13232 incorporates extensive technical amendments throughout all the parts, resulting from
extensive experience with the standard and the development of improved research methods.
In order to apply ISO 13232 properly, it is strongly recommended that all eight parts be used together, particularly if
the results are to be published.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13232-7:2005(E)

Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research
evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles —
Part 7:
Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations
of motorcycle impact tests
1 Scope

The purposes of this part of ISO 13232 are to provide:
⎯ conventions for calibrating and documenting the important features of the simulation models;
⎯ guidelines for definition and use of mathematical models for motorcycle impact simulations, which can be
correlated against data for full-scale tests;
⎯ a means for identifying possible additional impact conditions for full-scale testing; and
⎯ a standardized tool, of optional use, for risk/benefit analysis of rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles, based upon the population of impact conditions identified in ISO 13232-2.
ISO 13232 specifies the minimum requirements for research into the feasibility of protective devices fitted to
motorcycles, which are intended to protect the rider in the event of a collision.
ISO 13232 is applicable to impact tests involving:
⎯ two-wheeled motorcycles;
⎯ the specified type of opposing vehicle;
⎯ either a stationary and a moving vehicle or two moving vehicles;
⎯ for any moving vehicle, a steady speed and straight-line motion immediately prior to impact;
⎯ one helmeted dummy in a normal seating position on an upright motorcycle;
⎯ the measurement of the potential for specified types of injury by body region;
⎯ evaluation of the results of paired impact tests (i.e. comparisons between motorcycles fitted and not fitted with
the proposed devices).
ISO 13232 does not apply to testing for regulatory or legislative purposes.
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6487, Road vehicles — Measurement techniques in impact tests — Instrumentation

ISO 13232-1, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 1: Definitions, symbols, and general considerations
ISO 13232-2, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 2: Definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data
ISO 13232-3, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 3: Motorcyclist anthropometric impact dummy
ISO 13232-4, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 4: Variables to be measured, instrumentation, and measurement procedures
ISO 13232-5, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
ISO 13232-6, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 6: Full-scale impact test procedures
ISO 13232-8, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 8: Documentation and reports
49 CFR Part 572, subpart E: 1993, Anthropomorphic test dummies, United States of America Code of Federal
Regulations issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Washington, D.C
3 Definitions
The following terms are defined in ISO 13232-1. For the purposes of this part of ISO 13232, those definitions apply.
Additional definitions which could apply to this part of ISO 13232 are listed in ISO 13232-1:
⎯ body;
⎯ failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA);
⎯ maximum thickness;
⎯ motion;
⎯ risk/benefit analysis; overall evaluation;
⎯ system.
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
4 Requirements
4.1 Modelling
The simulation model shall be based upon accepted laws and principles of physics and mechanics. The model
shall consist of portions describing a motorcycle (MC) and the opposing vehicle (OV), as described in ISO 13232-6,
the dummy, as described in ISO 13232-3, the dummy mounting position, joint tensions, and helmet, as described in
ISO 13232-6, the protective device, if present, and the road surface. In the model, the following impact conditions
shall be able to be varied, across the range of conditions described in Annex B of ISO 13232-2:
⎯ MC impact speed;
⎯ OV impact speed;
⎯ MC contact point;
⎯ OV contact point;
⎯ relative heading angle.
The model of the dummy should include the following bodies, at a minimum:
a) helmeted head;
b) neck;
c) upper torso;
d) lower torso;
e) left and right:
1) upper legs;
2) lower legs;
3) feet;
4) upper arms;
5) lower arms;
6) hands.
The model of the MC should include the following bodies at a minimum:
⎯ front wheel;
⎯ rear wheel;
⎯ main frame;
⎯ upper front fork assembly;
⎯ lower front fork assembly.
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
The model of the OV should include the following bodies at a minimum:
⎯ four unsprung assemblies;
⎯ sprung body.
The upper leg, knee, and lower leg bodies shall be modelled so that the bone fracture/knee dislocation kinematics
effects are simulated (e.g., resulting in reduced bending moment in the leg at the appropriate location after fracture).
If any of the bodies listed in Tables 1 and 2 can fracture, the masses of the bodies resulting from the fracture shall
be modelled.
For a given MC/protective device combination, the same model formulation shall be used for all impact
configurations. The only differences between a model of a MC with a protective device and a model of a MC
without a protective device shall be in those portions directly related to the protective device.
4.2 Parameters
For each body listed in 4.1, the parameter values used should correspond to the actual measured:
⎯ mass;
⎯ centre of gravity location;
⎯ moments of inertia;
⎯ principal axes orientations;
⎯ joint locations;
⎯ joint physical degrees of freedom;
⎯ joint orientations;
⎯ maximum thickness of each undeformed body.
For a given MC/protective device combination, the same parameter values shall be used for all impact
configurations. All of the parameter values for a given MC/protective device combination shall correspond to the
parameter values used to calibrate the simulation, as described in 4.5. The only difference between a parameter
set for a MC with a protective device and a parameter set for a MC without a protective device shall be in those
parameters directly related to the protective device.
4.3 Outputs
Force, moment, and motion time histories which are compatible with the injury variables and injury indices listed in
ISO 13232-5 shall be output to allow computation of the injury indices. The form shall be consistent with the
full-scale test time histories documented as described in ISO 13232-8. The data shall be output and plotted at
0,001 s intervals for the time period up to but not including dummy to ground contact, or 0,500 s after the first
MC/OV contact, whichever is sooner.
Indication of frangible damage shall be output for all of the frangible components defined in ISO 13232-3, along
with the time at which the damage occurred, for the time period described above. The damage shall be expressed
as occurrence of component failure for each frangible femur, knee (varus valgus or torsion), and tibia; and as
maximum penetration for the frangible abdominal insert.
The linear and angular displacement and velocity time histories of the MC main frame and helmeted head centres
of gravity and the shoulder, pelvis, knee, and ankle targets corresponding to those used in full-scale tests shall be
output and plotted, at the intervals and for the time period described above.
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
For each simulation run and for each interaction which occurs between any of the MC bodies in Table 1 and any of
the OV bodies in Table 2, the maximum force and maximum deflection of the MC body and of the OV body, along
the directions indicated in Table 1 and Table 2, shall be output.
Table 1 — MC laboratory component tests
Impactor or impact
a
Body surface Test type Characteristics
MC fuel tank 400 mm cylinder Dynamic z force vs z displacement
cyl cyl
z force vs time
cyl
MC seat 400 mm cylinder Static z force vs i displacement
cyl
Protective device (As required) Dynamic Force vs displacement
Force vs time
MC rear spring damper None Static x force vs x displacement
MC rear spring damper Flat Dynamic x force vs x velocity
imp imp
MC front wheel Barrier (as part of the MC Dynamic x force vs x displacement
barrier MC
laboratory test described in
4.5.2)
a
Refer to Figure 1.

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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Table 2 — OV laboratory component tests
Impactor or impact Characteristics
a
Body surface Test type
OV roof rail 300 mm sphere Dynamic x force vs x displacement
sphere sphere
x force vs time
sphere
OV side Disc (edge) Static x force vs x displacement
disc disc
OV side Disc (side) Static y force vs y displacement
disc disc
OV front bumper Disc (edge) Static x force vs x displacement
disc disc
OV front bumper Disc (side) Static y force vs y displacement
disc disc
OV rear bumper Disc (edge) Static x force vs x displacement
disc disc
OV rear bumper Disc (side) Static y force vs y displacement
disc disc
OV bonnet 300 mm sphere Dynamic z force vs z displacement
sphere sphere
z force vs time
sphere
OV front windscreen 300 mm sphere Dynamic x force vs x displacement
sphere sphere
x force vs time
sphere
OV front suspension Ground Dynamic z force vs z displacement
g OV
z force vs time
g
OV rear suspension Ground Dynamic z force vs z displacement
g OV
z force vs time
g
a
Refer to Figure 1.

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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Figure 1 — Impactors and axes to be used for component test
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
If a three dimensional animation is done, then the linear and angular positions of any and all rigid bodies and the
positions of any and all finite element nodes, shall be output at equal increments of time.
4.4 Post processing
The following shall apply to post processing involving three dimensional animation, injury analysis, risk/benefit
analysis and failure mode and effects analysis of proposed crash protective devices.
4.4.1 Three dimensional animation
Three dimensional animation should be used to display, graphically, the motions of the MC, OV, dummy, and
protective device. The animation shall display only the actual modelled rigid body surfaces and/or finite elements, in
their proper shapes and relative positions and orientations. Additional markers may be provided to assist the
comparison between physical tests and simulations. These shall correspond to the photographic targets used in
any corresponding full-scale impact test, including those defined in 4.3 of ISO 13232-4. If such markers are added,
they shall appear in colours which contrast to the model's rigid body surfaces or finite elements, and a statement of
this shall be made preceding the animation sequence.
The animation shall be driven only by the linear and angular position time histories, as described in 4.3. When
comparisons are made with full-scale test films, the animations shall use the same viewpoint and focal length as
the cameras designated for full-scale testing (see 4.6.2 of ISO 13232-4).
Still photographs of the animation from the perspective of the MC side view camera should be taken and included
in the simulation documentation. Photographs shall include the dummy position:
⎯ prior to first MC/OV contact;
⎯ at first head/OV contact (if any);
⎯ at 0,250 s and 0,500 s after first MC/OV contact.
4.4.2 Injury analysis
Evaluation of the computer simulation output, in terms of injury indices and injury cost analyses, may be done. If
done, such analyses shall use the conventions described in ISO 13232-5.
4.4.3 Risk/benefit analysis and failure mode and effects analysis of proposed crash protective devices
Risk/benefit analysis and/or failure mode and effects analysis of proposed rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles, across a range of impact conditions, should be done using computer simulation. If failure mode and
effects analysis is done using computer simulation, such analysis shall use the methods described in 5.1. If
risk/benefit analysis is done using computer simulation, such analysis shall use the methods described in 5.10 of
ISO 13232-5.
If risk/benefit analysis and/or failure mode and effects analysis are done using computer simulation, they shall only
include impact configurations in which the simulated forces and deflections of the bodies listed in Tables 1 and 2
meet the following criteria:
⎯ for all bodies which can fracture, none of the maximum simulated forces defined in 4.3 may equal or exceed
the maximum forces measured in the corresponding laboratory tests defined in 4.5.1 and 4.5.2;
⎯ for all other bodies, none of the maximum simulated forces or maximum simulated deflections defined in 4.3
may equal or exceed the corresponding maximum forces or maximum deflections measured in the laboratory
tests defined in 4.5.1 and 4.5.2.
If in any simulated impact configuration, any of the measured forces or deflections occurring between the bodies
listed in Tables 1 and 2 are exceeded, that impact configuration may only be included in the analyses if additional
laboratory tests and simulation calibrations are done on those specific bodies. Each additional laboratory test and
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
simulation calibration shall use an initial speed which corresponds to the maximum relative impact speed of the
respective body observed among the simulated impact configurations.
4.5 Simulation calibration
The simulation shall be calibrated with at least the following tests, and the calibration results shall be documented
in accordance with ISO 13232-8.
4.5.1 Laboratory component test calibration
The simulation shall be used to calculate the MC, OV, and dummy characteristics listed in Tables 1, 2, and 3,
respectively, using the methods defined in 5.2. The results shall be documented using the format described in
Annex A, and in accordance with ISO 13232-8.
If, for any laboratory component test, the test data are used as input parameter values for the simulation, only the
relevant test data shall be included in the simulation documentation (since the input parameter values are equal to
the test data).
4.5.2 Motorcycle laboratory dynamic test
One MC laboratory test and corresponding simulation shall be performed to calculate the following MC time
histories, using the methods defined in 5.3:
⎯ front axle displacement;
⎯ front suspension compression;
⎯ fork bending angle;
⎯ x, y, and z accelerations of the MC (on the left and right sides of the MC, as close as possible to the MC centre
of gravity);
⎯ MC centre of gravity x and z displacements;
⎯ MC pitch angle;
⎯ barrier force.
4.5.3 Full-scale impact test correlation
For a given MC, which is fitted or not fitted with a given rider protective device design, the simulation shall be
correlated against the data for any available, corresponding full-scale tests which have been performed in
accordance with ISO 13232. The simulation shall be run using the same initial conditions as were used in the full-
scale tests, the modelling and parameter constraints defined in 4.1 and 4.2, the laboratory component test
characteristics defined in 4.5.1, and the MC parameters used in the MC laboratory dynamic test defined in 4.5.2.
The required time histories shall be output according to 4.3. For such correlation, the results shall be documented
as follows:
⎯ if data for fewer than 14 tests are available, then overlaid comparison plots of the corresponding full-scale test
and simulation time histories and trajectories, as described below, shall be made. For each full-scale and
simulated test, the occurrence and/or extent of damage to frangible elements, as described in 5.2.3 of
ISO 13232-4, shall be tabulated. A statistical correlation analysis should not be done in this case;
⎯ if data for 14 or more tests are available, then the above overlaid comparison plots and damage tabulations
shall be made, and in addition, the data shall be statistically correlated using the procedures described in 5.4.
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ISO 13232-7:2005(E)
Table 3 — Dummy laboratory component tests
a
Body Impactor or impact surface Test type Characteristics
z force vs z displacement
Helmeted head Flat anvil Dynamic
h h
z force vs time
h
Upper arm Flat Dynamic x force vs x displacement
imp imp
x force vs time
imp
x force vs x displacement
Lower arm Flat Dynamic
imp imp
x force vs time
imp
b
Dummy thorax Dynamic x force vs x displacement
Hybrid III thorax impact test probe
imp imp
x force vs time
imp
z force vs z displacement
Abdomen 25
...