ISO/FDIS 22735

Road vehicles -- Test method to evaluate the performance of lane-keeping assistance systems

Véhicules routiers -- Méthode d'essai pour évaluer la performance des systèmes d'aide au maintien de la trajectoire

Standards Content (sample)

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 22735
ISO/TC 22/SC 33
Road vehicles — Test method to
Secretariat: DIN
evaluate the performance of lane-
Voting begins on:
2021­02­15 keeping assistance systems
Voting terminates on:
Véhicules routiers — Méthode d'essai pour évaluer la performance
2021­04­12
des systèmes d'aide au maintien de la trajectoire
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
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Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Variables ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4.1 Coordinate systems ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2

4.2 Lateral deviation from path (Y error) ......................................................................................................................... 2

VUT

4.3 Variables to be measured ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Measuring equipment ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.2 Transducer installation.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.3 Calibration .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

5.4 Data processing ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6 Test conditions ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.2 Test data ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

6.3 Test track ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.3.2 Lane marking ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.4 Environmental conditions ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

6.5 Test vehicle ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

6.5.1 General condition ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

6.5.2 LKAS settings ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.5.3 Tyres ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.5.4 Wheel alignment measurement .......................................................................................................................... 6

6.5.5 Loading conditions ........................................................................................................................................... .............. 6

6.6 Vehicle preparation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

7 Test procedure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

7.1 Pre­test conditioning ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.1.2 Brakes conditioning ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.1.3 Tyres conditioning ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

7.1.4 System check ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7.2 Test scenarios ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7.3 Test execution .......................................................................................................................................................................................10

8 Performance metrics ....................................................................................................................................................................................10

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................10

8.2 Lateral speed of VUT during a test run (V ) and last lateral speed of VUT
latVUT

before lane crossing (V ) ...............................................................................................................................................

latVUT blc 10
8.3 Lane departure warning activation time during a test run (T ) and last lane
LDW

departure warning activation time before lane crossing (T ) ..........................................................

LDW blc 10

8.4 LKAS activation time during a test run (T ) and last LKAS activation time before

LKAS

lane crossing (T ) ...................................................................................................................................................................

LKAS blc 10

8.5 Time to line crossing during a test run (T ) and last T before line crossing (T ) .

TLC TLC TLC blc 11
during a test run and last before crossing
8.6 Distance to line crossing (D ) D line (D ) ................
TLC TLC TLC blc 11
8.7 Maximum yaw velocity during a test run (Ψ̇ ) and last (Ψ̇ ) before line
VUT max VUT max

crossing (Ψ̇ ) .......................................................................................................................................................................

VUT max,blc 11
8.8 Maximum lateral acceleration during a test run (A ) and last (A )
latVUT max latVUT max

before line crossing (A ) .......................................................................................................................................

latVUT max,blc 11
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
8.9 Maximum steering torque during a test run (M ) and last (M ) before
VUT max VUT max

line crossing (M ) ............................................................................................................................................................

VUT max,blc 11

Annex A (informative) Road markings ............................................................................................................................................................12

Annex B (informative) Test report .......................................................................................................................................................................20

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................22

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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

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iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 33,

Vehicle dynamics and chassis components.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
Introduction

The main function of a lane keeping assistance system (LKAS) is to support the driver in keeping the

vehicle within the current lane. LKAS acquires information on the position of the vehicle within the

lane and, when required, sends commands to actuators to influence the lateral movement of the vehicle,

and in turn provides status information to the driver.

This document is intended to assess the complete performance of an LKAS fitted in a road vehicle:

— the capacity to keep the vehicle within the current lane during other situations not described in this

test method (more complex scenarios, other weather conditions);
— the capacity to avoid undesired lane change.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
Road vehicles — Test method to evaluate the performance
of lane-keeping assistance systems
1 Scope

This document specifies test methods and performance metrics to evaluate the behaviour of a vehicle

equipped with lane keeping assistance system (LKAS, see 3.2).

For this purpose, variables relevant to vehicle dynamics as well as controllability of a vehicle with LKAS

and their measurement methods are defined.

A system requiring a driver intervention is excluded from the scope. This document applies to the

vehicles of M1 category.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 8855, Road vehicles — Vehicle dynamics and road-holding ability — Vocabulary

ISO 15037­1:2019, Road vehicles — Vehicle dynamics test methods — Part 1: General conditions for

passenger cars
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8855, ISO 15037-1 and the

following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
distance to line crossing
DTLC

remaining lateral distance (perpendicular to the line) between the inner side of the lane marking and

most outer edge of the tyre, before the vehicle under test (VUT) (3.5) crosses the line, assuming that the

VUT would continue to travel with the same lateral velocity towards the lane marking

3.2
lane keeping assistance system
LKAS

heading correction system that is applied automatically by the vehicle in response to the detection of

the vehicle that is about to drift beyond a delineated edge line of the current travel lane

Note 1 to entry: There are two kind of LKAS systems: lane centring LKAS where steering intervention is

constantly occurring to keep the vehicle running along the centreline of lane and lane departure prevention

LKAS where steering intervention only occurs when the vehicle is imminent to cross the lane boundary. Different

performance metrics can be applied for each system.
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
3.3
peak braking coefficient
PBC

measure of tyre to road surface friction based on the maximum deceleration of a rolling tyre

Note 1 to entry: Measured by using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E1136–10 (2010)

standard reference test tyre, in accordance with ASTM Method E 1337–90 (1996), at a speed of 64,4 km/h,

without water delivery.
Note 2 to entry: Alternatively, the method as specified in UNECE R13-H.
3.4
time to line crossing
TLC

remaining time before the vehicle under test (VUT) (3.5) crosses the line, assuming that the VUT

continues to travel with the same lateral velocity towards the lane marking
3.5
vehicle under test
VUT
vehicle tested according to this document with a lane keeping assistance system
3.6
vehicle width

widest point of the vehicle ignoring the rear-view mirrors, side marker lamps, tyre pressure indicators,

direction indicator lamps, position lamps, flexible mudguards and the deflected part of the tyre

sidewalls immediately above the point of contact with the ground
4 Variables
4.1 Coordinate systems

The road fixed reference system X ­Y ­Z , as shown in Figure 1, is fixed to the lane, and the vehicle fixed

E E E
reference system X-Y-Z 1 is fixed to the centre of gravity (CG) of VUT.
4.2 Lateral deviation from path (Y error)
VUT

The lateral deviation from path is determined as the lateral distance between the centre of the front

of the VUT when measured in parallel to the intended path as shown in Figure 1. This measure applies

during both the straight­line approach and the curve that establishes the lane departure.

Key
1 intended path
2 actual path
3 lateral deviation from path
Figure 1 — Definition of lateral deviation from path
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
4.3 Variables to be measured
Variables that shall be measured are listed in Table 1 along with notations.
Table 1 — Measured variables
Variable Symbol
Time when manoeuvre starts with 2 s of straight path
Time when LKAS activates T
LKAS
Time
Time when lane departure warning is issued T
LDW
Time when VUT crosses the line T
crossing
Position Position of the VUT during the entire test X , Y
VUT VUT
Longitudinal and lateral speed of the VUT during the entire test V , V
longVUT latVUT
Speed and angular
Speed when VUT crosses the line V
crossing
velocity
Yaw velocity of the VUT during the entire test Ψ̇
VUT
Steering wheel velocity of the VUT during the entire test Ω̇
Steering wheel VUT
motion
Steering wheel torque of the VUT during the entire test M
VUT
Lateral acceleration of the VUT during the entire test A
Lateral accelera­
latVUT
tion and jerk
Lateral jerk of the VUT during the entire test Ȧ
latVUT

Steering wheel torque characterizes the beginning of the intervention by LKAS and determines driver’s overriding

capability to LKAS function.

Lateral jerk is the measure of smoothness of lateral movement. Too high jerk prevents driver from correcting path

when needed.
Variables shall be sampled and recorded at a frequency of at least 100 Hz.
5 Measuring equipment
5.1 General

VUT shall be equipped with data measurement and acquisition system to sample and record data with

an accuracy of at least:
— longitudinal speed to 0,1 km/h;
— lateral and longitudinal position to 0,03 m;
— heading angle to 0,1°;
— yaw rate to 0,1°/s;
— longitudinal acceleration to 0,1 m/s ;
— steering wheel velocity to 1,0°/s.
5.2 Transducer installation

The requirements of ISO 15037-1:2019, 5.2 shall apply. In addition, it shall be ensured that transient

vehicle pitch changes do not adversely affect the measurement of the velocity and distance variables for

the chosen transducer system.
5.3 Calibration

All transducers shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer instructions. In some cases,

calibration may be performed immediately before testing.
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)

If parts of the measuring system used can be adjusted such calibration shall be performed immediately

before the beginning of the tests.
5.4 Data processing
Filter the measured data as follows:
— position and speed are not filtered and are used in their raw state;

— acceleration with a 12-pole phaseless Butterworth filter with a cut off frequency of 10 Hz;

— yaw rate with a 12-pole phaseless Butterworth filter with a cut off frequency of 10 Hz;

— force with a 12-pole phaseless Butterworth filter with a cut off frequency of 10 Hz.

6 Test conditions
6.1 General

The test conditions shall be in accordance with ISO 15037­1:2019, Clause 6, unless otherwise

specified below.
6.2 Test data

General data on the test vehicle and test conditions shall be recorded as specified in

ISO 15037­1:2019, 6.4.1.
6.3 Test track
6.3.1 General

All tests shall be carried out on a smooth, clean, dry and uniform paved road surface.

Conduct tests on a dry (no visible moisture on the surface), uniform, solid-paved surface with a

consistent slope between level and 1 %. The test surface shall have a minimal peak braking coefficient

(PBC) of 0,9.

The surface shall be paved and should not contain any irregularities (e.g. large dips or cracks, manhole

covers or reflective studs) within a lateral distance of 3,0 m to either side of the test line(s) and with a

longitudinal distance of 30 m ahead of the VUT from the point after the test is complete.

6.3.2 Lane marking

The tests described in this document shall use two different types of lane markings conforming to the

individual lane markings (width, length of segment or void) to mark a lane with a width of 3,5 m to 3,7 m:

— dashed line with a width between 0,10 m and 0,25 m;
— solid line with a width between 0,10 m and 0,25 m.

The lane markings should be sufficiently long to ensure that there is at least 20 m of marking remaining

ahead of the vehicle after the test is complete.
Lane markings for different nations are listed in Annex A.

Some proving grounds have different lane markings. In that case, difficulties to recognizing the lane

should be equivalent to the lane marking.
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)
Figure 2 — Lane marking
6.4 Environmental conditions

Conduct tests in dry conditions with ambient temperature above 5 °C and below 40 °C.

For some proving ground where the low limit of ambient of 5 °C is difficult to achieve, lower value can

be adopted. However, in that case, the lower limit values shall be reported.

No precipitation shall be falling and horizontal visibility at ground level shall be greater than 1 km.

Wind speeds shall be below 10 m/s to minimize VUT disturbance.

Natural ambient illumination shall be homogenous in the test area and in excess of 2 000 lx for daylight

testing with no strong shadows cast across the test area other than those caused by the VUT. Ensure

testing is not performed driving towards, or away from the sun when there is direct sunlight.

Measure and record the following parameters preferably at the commencement of every single test or

at least every 30 min:
— ambient temperature in °C;
— wind speed and direction in m/s;
— ambient illumination in lx.
6.5 Test vehicle
6.5.1 General condition

The test vehicle condition shall be in accordance with the vehicle manufacturer specifications,

particularly with respect to the wheel alignments, power train (e.g. differentials and locks)

configuration and tyre fitment.
6.5.2 LKAS settings

If different settings are available, the chosen setting shall be kept during the complete test procedure.

The test procedure can be repeated for different settings if needed.

NOTE The aim of this document is to measure performance of a vehicle equipped with LKAS. It is not

intended to compare performance of different vehicles, such as Euro NCAP procedure.

6.5.3 Tyres

Generally, all measurements shall be conducted with original fitment tyres mounted. If several types of

tyres are available, the types of tyres shall be reported.

For a general tyre condition, new tyres shall be fitted on the test vehicle according to the manufacturer's

specifications. If not specified otherwise by the tyre manufacturer, they shall be run-in according to the

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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)

tyre conditioning procedure specified in 7.1.3. After running-in maintain the run-in tyres in the same

position on the vehicle for the duration of the testing

Tyres shall have a tread depth of at least 90 % of the original value across the whole breadth of the

tread and around the whole circumference of the tyre.

Tyres shall be manufactured not more than one year before the test. The date of manufacturing shall be

noted in the presentation of test conditions.

Tyres shall be inflated to the pressure as specified by the vehicle manufacturer for the test vehicle

configuration. The tolerance for setting the cold inflation pressure is ±5 kPa for pressures up to 250 kPa

and ±2 % for pressure above 250 kPa.
6.5.4 Wheel alignment measurement

The vehicle should be subject to a vehicle (in-line) geometry check to record the wheel alignment set by

the vehicle manufacturer. This should be done with "unladen kerb mass" specified in 6.5.5.

6.5.5 Loading conditions

The fuel tank shall be filled up and, in the course of the measurement sequence, the indicated fuel level

should not drop below "half­full".

Check the oil level and top up to its maximum level if necessary. Similarly, top up the levels of all other

fluids to their maximum levels if necessary.

Measure the front and rear axle masses and determine the total mass of the vehicle. Record this mass

in the test details.

Calculate the required ballast mass, by subtracting the mass of the test driver and test equipment so

that the test mass is the "unladen kerb mass" as specified by vehicle manufacturer plus 200 kg.

The weight distribution in a ready-for-measurement condition shall be adjusted according to the axle

load distribution specified by the vehicle manufacturer for a ready-to-drive (kerb) condition.

If the vehicle is to be tested in any other load condition (for example, GVM) then the additional payload

shall be evenly distributed such that cross-axle variations do not exceed 50 kg.
6.6 Vehicle preparation

Fit the on-board test equipment and instrumentation in the vehicle. Also fit any associated cables,

cabling boxes and power sources.

Place weights with a mass of the ballast mass. Any items added should be securely attached to the car.

With the driver in the vehicle, weigh the front and rear axle loads of the vehicle.

Compare these loads with the "unladen kerb mass".

The total vehicle mass shall be within ±1 % of the sum of the unladen kerb mass, plus 200 kg. The

front/rear axle load distribution needs to be within 5 % of the front/rear axle load distribution of the

original unladen kerb mass plus full fuel load. If the vehicle differs from the requirements given in this

paragraph, items may be removed or added to the vehicle which has no influence on its performance.

Any items added to increase the vehicle mass should be securely attached to the car.

Repeat weighing the front and rear axle load and comparison until the front and rear axle loads and

the total vehicle mass are within the limits set in the above paragraph. Care should to be taken when

adding or removing weight in order to approximate the original vehicle inertial properties as close as

possible. Record the final axle loads in the test details. Record the axle weights of the VUT in the "as

tested" condition.
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ISO/FDIS 22735:2021(E)

Vehicle dimensional measurements shall be taken. For the purposes of this test procedure, vehicle

dimensions shall be represented by a two-dimensional polygon defined by the lateral and longitudinal

dimensions relative to the centroid
...