DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-03-17 2022-06-09
Information technology — City data model —
Part 1:
Foundation level concepts
ICS: 35.240.99; 13.020.20
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ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative References ....................................................................................................................................................................................1

3 Terms and Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................................................1

4 Symbols and Abbreviated Terms ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Unique Identifiers ...............................................................................................................................................................................................4

6 Foundational Ontologies .............................................................................................................................................................................5

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.2 Generic Properties .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5

6.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

6.2.2 Key Properties ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.2.3 Formalization ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5

6.3 Location Pattern ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

6.3.2 Key Classes & Properties ............................................................................................................................................ 6

6.3.3 Formalization ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7

6.4 Time Pattern ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

6.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

6.4.2 Key Classes & Properties ............................................................................................................................................ 8

6.4.3 Formalization ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9

6.5 Change Pattern ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

6.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

6.5.2 Key Classes & Properties ............................................................................................................................................ 9

6.5.3 Formalization .....................................................................................................................................................................15

6.6 Agent Pattern ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 15

6.6.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................15

6.6.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 15

6.6.3 Formalization .....................................................................................................................................................................15

6.7 Organization Structure Pattern ........................................................................................................................................... 16

6.7.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

6.7.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 16

6.7.3 Formalization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17

6.8 Activity Pattern .................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

6.8.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

6.8.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 18

6.8.3 Formalization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21

6.9 Recurring Event Pattern .............................................................................................................................................................22

6.9.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................22

6.9.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 23

6.9.3 Formalization .....................................................................................................................................................................26

6.10 Resource Pattern ............................................................................................................................................................................... 26

6.10.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

6.10.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 27

6.10.3 Formalization .....................................................................................................................................................................28

6.11 Mereology Pattern ........................................................................................................................................... .................................29

6.11.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................29

6.11.2 Key Classes & Properties .........................................................................................................................................29

6.11.3 Formalization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31

6.12 City Units Pattern.............................................................................................................................................................................. 31

6.12.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

6.12.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 31

iii
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ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)

6.12.3 Formalization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32

6.13 Agreement Pattern .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33

6.13.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

6.13.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 33

6.13.3 Formalization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35

6.14 Provenance Pattern ......................................................................................................................................................................... 36

6.14.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................36

6.14.2 Key Classes & Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 36

6.14.3 Formalization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 37

Annex A (informative) Implementation Alternatives for Additional Change Semantics .........................39

Annex B (informative) Example Use Cases .................................................................................................................................................41

Annex C (informative) Relationship to existing standards ......................................................................................................42

Annex D (informative) Extended Recurring Event Example ...................................................................................................48

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................49

© ISO/IEC 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity

assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1.

ISO/IEC ##### is based on work developed in the Enterprise Integration Laboratory of the University

of Toronto.
© ISO/IEC 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)
Introduction

The audience for this standard includes municipal information systems departments, municipal

software designers and developers, and organizations that design and develop software for

municipalities.

Cities today face a challenge of how to integrate data from multiple, unrelated sources where the

semantics of the data are imprecise, ambiguous and overlapping. This is especially true in a world

where more and more data is being openly published by various organizations. A morass of data is

increasingly becoming available to support city planning and operations activities. In order to be

used effectively, the data must be unambiguously understood so that it can be correctly combined,

avoiding data silos. Early successes in data “mash-ups” relied upon an independence assumption, where

unrelated data sources were linked based solely on geospatial location, or a unique identifier for a

person or organization. More sophisticated analytics projects that require the combination of datasets

with overlapping semantics entail a significantly greater effort to transform data into something

useable. It has become increasingly clear that integrating separate datasets for this sort of analysis

requires an attention to the semantics of the underlying attributes and their values.

A common data model enables city software applications to share information, plan, coordinate, and

execute city tasks, and support decision making within and across city services, by providing a precise,

unambiguous representation of information and knowledge commonly shared across city services. This

requires a clear understanding of the terms used in defining the data, as well as how they relate to one

another. This requirement goes beyond syntactic integration (e.g. common data types and protocols), it

requires semantic integration: a consistent, shared understanding of the meaning of information.

To motivate the need for a standard city data model, consider the evolution of cities. Cities deliver

physical and social services that traditionally have operated as silos. If during the process of becoming

smarter, transportation, social services, utilities, etc. were to develop their own data models, then we

would have smarter silos. To create truly smart cities, data must be shared across these silos which can

only be accomplished through the use of a common data model. For example, “Household” is a category

of data that is commonly used by city services. Members of Households are the source of transportation,

housing, education, and recreation demand. It represents who occupies a home, age, occupations,

where they work, abilities, etc. Though each city service may gather and/or use different aspects of a

Household, much of the data needs to be shared with each other.

Supporting this interoperability among city datasets is particularly challenging due to the diversity

of the domain, the heterogeneity of its data sources, and data privacy concerns and regulations. The

purpose of this document is to support the precise and unambiguous specification of city data using the

technology of Ontologies [1], [2] as implemented in the Semantic Web [3]. By doing so it will:

• enable the computer representation of precise definitions thereby reducing the ambiguity of

interpretation,

• remove the independence assumption, thereby allowing the world of Big Data, open source software,

mobile apps, etc., to be applied for more sophisticated analysis,

• achieve semantic interoperability, namely the ability to access, understand, merge and use data

available from datasets spread across the semantic web,

• enable the publishing of city data using Semantic Web and ontology standards, and

• enable the automated detection of city data inconsistency, and the root causes of variations.

With a clear semantics for the terminology, it is possible to perform consistency analysis, and thereby

validate the correct use of the standard.

Figure 1 identifies the three levels of the standard. The lowest level, defined in Part 1 of this standard

provides the classes, properties, and logical computational definitions for representing the concepts

that are foundational to representing any data. The middle level, defined in part 2 of this standard,

provides the classes, properties, and logical computational definitions for representing concepts

common to all cities and their services but not specific to any service. The top level provides the classes,

properties, and logical computational definitions for representing service domain specific concepts that

are used by other services across the city. Part 3 of this standard defines the Transportation concepts.

In the future, additional parts will be added to the standard covering services such as Education, Water,

Sanitation, Energy, etc.
Figure 1 — Stratification of City Data Model.

Figure 2 depicts example concepts for the three levels. Level 1, as defined in part 1 of this standard

includes concepts of Location, Time, Unit of Measure, Change, etc. Level 2, as defined in part 2 of this

standard includes concept of Land Use, Building, Household, etc. Level 3, as defined in part 3 of this

standard defines transportation concepts such as Vehicle, Trips, Transportation Network, etc.

Figure 2 — Example Concepts for each Level.

It is important to distinguish between this standard series and the related, but distinct effort of

ISO/IEC 30145-2. ISO/IEC 30145-2 “specifies a generic knowledge management framework for a

smart city focusing on smart city knowledge creating, capturing, sharing, using and managing. It also

gives the key practices which are needed to be implemented to ensure the use of knowledge, such as

interoperability of heterogeneous data and governance of multi-sources services within a smart city.”

Figure 3 depicts the Smart City Knowledge Management framework. The Smart City Domain Knowledge

Model includes a (cross-domain) Core Concept Model and several Domain Knowledge Models. This

document defines the foundation level of the Core Concept Model. Part 2 of the standard addresses

some of the Core Concept Model and cuts across the domain knowledge models. Subsequent parts of the

standard (not yet defined) may define knowledge models for the services of citizen livelihood, urban

management, and smart transportation illustrated in the diagram.
Figure 3 — The framework of smart city knowledge management
viii
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)
Information technology — City data model —
Part 1:
Foundation level concepts
1 Scope

This is part 1 of the multi-part standard that specifies a common data model for cities. Part 1 is a

standard for Foundation Level concepts.
2 Normative References

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including any amendments) applies.

ISO/IEC 21972:2020, Information technology — Upper level ontology for smart city indicators

OGC GeoSPARQL, A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data, OGC 11-052r4, Open Geospatial

Consortium, 10 September 2012. https:// www .ogc .org/ standards/ geosparql

Time Ontology in OWL, W3C Candidate Recommendation 26 March 2020. https:// www .w3 .org/ TR/

owl -time/

PROV-O, The PROV Ontology, W3C Recommendation 30 April 2013, https:// www .w3 .org/ TR/ prov -o/

The Organization Ontology, W3C Recommendation 16 January 2016. https:// www .w3 .org/ TR/

vocab -org/
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
cardinality
number of elements in a set
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 21526:2019, 3.11]
3.2
description logic (DL)

family of formal knowledge representation languages that are more expressive than propositional logic

but less expressive than first-order logic
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 21972:2020, 3.2]
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ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)
3.3
manchester syntax
compact, human readable syntax for expressing Description Logic descriptions
[SOURCE: https:// www .w3 .org/ TR/ owl2 - manchester-syntax/]
3.4
measure

value of the measurement (via the numerical_value property) which is linked to both Quantity and

Unit_of_measure
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 21972:2020, 3.4]
3.5
namespace

collection of names, identified by a URI reference, that are used in XML documents as element names

and attribute names
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 21972:2020, 3.5]
3.6
ontology

formal representation of phenomena of a universe of discourse with an underlying vocabulary including

definitions and axioms that make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena and their

interrelationships[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.26]
[SOURCE: ISO 19150-4:2019, 3.1.19]
3.7
ontology web language
ontology language for the semantic Web with formally defined meaning

Note 1 to entry: OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and are stored as

Semantic Web documents.
[SOURCE: https:// www .w3 .org/ TR/ owl2 -overview/ ]
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 21972:2020, 3.7]
3.8
quantity

property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be

expressed by means of a number and a reference
Note 1 to entry: Quantities can appear as base quantities or derived quantities.
EXAMPLE 1 Length, mass, electric current (ISQ base quantities).
EXAMPLE 2 Plane angle, force, power (derived quantities).

[SOURCE: ISO 80000-1:2009, 3.1, modified — NOTEs 1 to 6 have been removed; new Note 1 to entry and

two EXAMPLEs have been added.]
[SOURCE: ISO 23386:2020, 3.16]
3.9
semantic web
W3C’s vision of the Web of linked data

Note 1 to entry: Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies,

and write rules for handling data. The goal is to make data on the Web machine-readable and more precise.

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ISO/IEC DIS 5087-1:2022(E)
[SOURCE: https:// www .w3 .org/ standards/ semanticweb/ ]
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 21972:2020, 3.8]
3.10
unit_of_measure
actual units in which some quantity is measured
[SOURCE: ISO 11179-3:2003, 3.3.1334 modified.]
4 Symbols and Abbreviated Terms
• DL: Description Logic
• OWL: Ontology Web Language
• RDF: Resource Description Framework
• RDFS: Resource Description Framework Schema
The following namespace prefixes are used in this document:
• activity: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Activity/
• agent: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Agent/
• agreement: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Agreement/
• change: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Change/
• genprop: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ GenericProperties/
• geo: http:// www .opengis .net/ ont/ geosparql #
• i72: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 2/ iso21972/
• loc: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ SpatialLoc/
• org: http:// www .w3c .org/ ns/ org #
• org_s: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Or ganization Structure/
• owl: http:// www .w3 .org/ 2002/ 07/ owl #
• partwhole: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Mereology/
• prov: http:// www .w3 .org/ ns/ prov -o #
• 5087prov: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Prov/
• rdf: http:// www .w3 .org/ 1999/ 02/ 22 -rdf -syntax -ns #
• rdfs: http:// www .w3 .org/ 2000/ 01/ rdf -schema #
• time: http:// www .w3 .org/ 2006/ time #
• time5087: http:// ontology .eil .utoronto .ca/ 5087/ 1/ Time
• xsd: http:// www .w3 .org/ 2001/ XMLSchema #

The formalization of the classes in this document is specified using the following table format, which is

a simplification of DL where the first column identifies the class name, the second column its properties

(a class is defined as the subclass of all of its properties) and the third column each property’s range

restriction. It is to be read as: The is a subClassOf the conjunction of the associated s

with their s. Range restrictions are specified using the Manchester syntax. For example, Agent

...

ISO/IEC PRF 5087-1

Information technology — City data model — Part 1: Foundation level concepts

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