ISO/TR 12735-1:1996

Mechanical testing of metals - Symbols used with their definitions - Part 1: Symbols and definitions in published standards

Enumerates the symbols and definitions used in published International Standards for specific methods of mechanical testing of metallic materials which are the responsibility of ISO TC 164.

Essais mécaniques des métaux — Symboles utilisés et leurs définitions — Partie 1: Symboles et définitions figurant dans les normes publiées

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 11-Dec-1996
• Withdrawal Date: 11-Dec-1996
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 164 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 164/WG 1 - Terminology and symbols
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 02-Feb-2007
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Relations

• Consolidated By: ISO 11138-5:2006 - Sterilization of health care products - Biological indicators - Part 5: Biological indicators for low-temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilization processes
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022
• Revised: ISO/TR 25679:2005 - Mechanical testing of metals - Symbols and definitions in published standards
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Revised: ISO 23718:2007 - Metallic materials - Mechanical testing - Vocabulary
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL
12735-I
REPORT
First edition
1996-l 2-l 5
Mechanical testing of metals - Symbols
used with their definitions -
Part 1:
Symbols and definitions in published standards
Essais mkcaniques des m6taux - Symboles utilis& et leurs dhfinitions -
Partie 7: Symboles et d&finitions figurant dans /es normes pubkes
Reference number
ISO/TR 12735-l : 1996(E)
ISO/TR 12735-l : 1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International
Standards, but in exceptional circumstances a technical committee may
propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following
types:
- type 1 when the req uired suppor t cannot be obtai ned for the publi-
I
cation despite repeated efforts;
of an lnternatio nal Standard,
- type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where
for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility
of an agreement on an International Standard;
- type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different
kind from that which is normally published as an International
Standard (“state of the art”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three
years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into
International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily
have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
lSO/rR 12735-1, which is a Technical Report of type 2, was prepared by
Technical Committee lSO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals.
lSO/rR 12735 consists of the following parts, under the general title
Mechanical testing of metals - Symbols used with their definitions:
Part 7: Symbols and definitions in published standards
0 IS0 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilm, without permrssion in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ISO/TRl2735-1:1996(E)
0 IS0
- Part 2: Recommendations for the development of symbols and
definitions
Annex A of this part of ISOnR 12735 is for information only.

ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E) 0 IS0
Introduction
This part of lSO/TR 12735 has been prepared to provide the appropriate
means of avoiding contradictions and misunderstandings and to
standardize various kinds of symbols and their definitions generally used in
this field. Wherever possible the same symbol has been used to denote
the same type of parameter in the different tests but the differing types of
test piece, product form and test have to be taken into account. This has
not been universally possible and symbols should always be considered in
the context of the specific method of test being used.

TECHNICAL REPORT @ IS0 ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
Mechanical testing of metals - Symbols used with their
definitions -
Part 1:
Symbols and definitions in published standards
1 scope
This part of ISO/TR 12735 is entirely informative. In it are enumerated the
symbols and definitions used in IS0 international standards
for specific
testing of metallic
methods of mechanical materials which are the
responsibility of IS0 Technical Committee 164. The data are indexed
system.
alphabetically and via a coding Annex A provides an additional
the coding system and relevant
cross-reference between IS0 standard
numbers.
2 Designation system
To assist in indexing and cross-referencing symbols and definitions, a code
number is used to identify test methods. The first digit of the code
identifies the sub-committee of ISO/TC 164 that is responsible for preparing
and reviewing International Standards for that test method. Subsequent digits
are in ascending order of the IS0 number for each international standard or
draft international standard.
International standards that relate to a common test method and which all
share the same set of symbols and definitions are given a single code number.
at the time of publication of this part of ISO/TR 12735, there existed
If,
both a valid International Standard and a document designed to replace it
then both the international standard and the
that had reached DIS stage,
draft international standard will have been assigned to the same code number.
Each test method for metallic materials is identified and designated as shown
in table 1. Annex A provides a rapid cross-reference to the coding system.
0 IS0
ISO/TR 12735-I : 1996(E)
Table 1. Identity and code of mechanical test
CODE
TEST IDENTITY IS0 STANDARD
1.01 204:-
Creep test (Non-interrupted)
1.02 376:1987
Calibration of force proving devices
Elevated temperature tensile test 1.03 783:1989
Tensile test 1.04 6892 :-
Verification of the tensile testing machine 1.05 750001:1986
Verification of the uniaxial tensile creep 1.06 7500-2:-
testing machine
9513:-
Verification of extensometers
Bend test 7438:1985
Reverse bend test on sheets and strips 7799:1985
Torsion testing on wire 7800:1984
Reverse bend testing of wire 7801:1984
Wire wrapping test 7802: 1983
Modified Erichsen cupping test 8490:1986
Bend testing of tube 8491:1986
Flattening test on tubes 8492: 1986
Drift expanding test on tubes 8493: 1986

ISO/TR 127354:1996(E)
@ IS0
Table 1. Identity and code of mechanical test
8495:1986
Ring expansion test on tubes
Ring tensile test on tube 8496: 1986
Reverse torsion testing of wire 9649:1990
r value test 10113:1991
n value test 10275:1993
11531:1994
Earing test
Brine11 hardness test 6506:1981
Tables of Brine11 hardness values 410:1982
Verification of Brine11 testing machine 156: 1982
Calibration of Brine11 standardized blocks 726:1982
Vickers hardness test, BV 5 - HV 100 6507-1:-
Vickers hardness test, HV 0.2 - HV 5 6507-2:-
Vickers microhardness test, < HV 0.2 6507-3:-
Tables of Vickers hardness values, 6507-1:-
Hv5- Hv 100
Tables of Vickers hardness values,
6507-1:-
Hv 0,2 - Hv 5
Tables of Vickers hardness values, 6507-1:-
less than HV 0.2
Verification of Vickers testing machine:
6507-2:-
HV 0,2 - HV 100
Verification of Vickers testing machine: less
6507-2:-
than HV 0,2
Calibration of Vickers standardized blocks:
6507-3:-
HV 0,2 - HV 100
Calibration of Vickers standardized blocks : 6507-3:-
less than HV 0,2
Rockwell hardness test 6508: 1986
Verification of Rockwell testing machine
716:1986
Calibration of Rockwell standardized blocks
674: 1988
0 IS0
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
Table 1. Identity and code of mechanical test
TEST IDENTITY CODE IS0 STANDARD
Verification of superficial Rockwell testing 3.04 1079: 1989
machines
Calibration of superficial Rockwell standardized
3.04 1355:1989
blocks
Knoop hardness test
3.05 4545:1993
Verification of Knoop hardness testing machines
3.05 4546:1993
Calibration of Knoop standardized blocks 3.05 4547:1993
Tables of Knoop hardness values 3.05 10250:1994
11700-1:-
Macro Rockwell hardness test 3.06
Verification of Macro Rockwell hardness testing 3.06 11700-2:-
machines
11700-3:-
Calibration of Macro Rockwell standardized 3.06
blocks
Impact test - Steel, Charpy U-notch 4.01 83:1976
Impact test - Steel, Charpy V-notch 4.02
148: 1983
Verification of impact testing machines 4.03 148-2:-
and
148-3:-
Steel - designation of test piece axes
4.04 3785:-
Determination of the plane strain fracture 4.05 12737:-
toughness
Axial fatigue test 5.01
1099:1975
Rotating bend fatigue test 5.02
1143:1975
Torsional fatigue test
5.03 1352: 1977
Dynamic calibration (axial load)
5.04 4965:1979
3. DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
Definitions and symbols employed in all of the international standards and
draft international standards prepared by IS0 TC 164 are here classified under
the codes listed in Table 1.
If a standard has separate clauses for
definitions and symbols, the definitions are listed first, followed by a table
of SymbOlS l Each table of symbols is re-arranged
into a consistent
alphabetical order. For clarity, Notes,
alternative definitions and conditions

ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
0 IS0
embodied within definitions which are particular to the individual standard
are excluded.
Uninterrupted uniaxial creep testing in tension
3.1 Code 1.01 -
3.1.1 Definitions.
Reference length (L,)e Base length used for the calculation of
elongation.
Original reference length (L,,), Reference length determined at ambient
temperature before the test.
Final reference length (LrU). Reference length determined at ambient
temperature after rupture, the two straight pieces having been
carefully fitted back together so that their axes lie in a straight
line,
Original gauge length (L,). Length between gauge marks on the testpiece
measured at ambient temperature before the test,
Final gauge length after rupture (L,). Length between gauge marks on the
the two
testpiece measured after rupture, at ambient temperature,
pieces having been carefully fitted back together so that their axes
lie in a straight line.
Length of the parallel reduced section of the test
Parallel length (L,).
piece.
Distance between the measuring points
Extensometer gauge length (L,).
The extensometer gauge length shall be as near as
of the extensometer.
possible to the reference length.
Original cross-sectional area (S,). Cross-sectional area of the parallel
length determined at ambient temperature prior to testing.
Minimum cross-sectional area afterrupture (S,). Minimum cross-sectional
area of the parallel length determined at ambient temperature after
rupture, the two pices having been carefully fitted back together so
that their axes lie in a straight line.
Initial stress (a,). Applied force divided by the original cross-
sectional area (S,) of the test piece.
Elongation, Increase of the reference length at any moment during the
test.
Percentage creep elongation (Af)e At any given moment t during the test,
the increase in the reference length between this moment t and the zero
moment (AL,,) at the specified temperature expressed as a percentage of
the original gauge length.
Percentage elongation after creep rupture (AfU). Permanent elongation
of the reference length after rupture (L,, - L,,) expressed as a
percentage of the original reference length.
Percentage reduction of area after creep rupture (Z,)e Maximum change
in cross-sectional area occuring during the test (S, - S,) expressed as
a percentage of the original cross-sectional area (S,).
Creep rupture time (t,). Time required for the test piece, maintained
at the specified temperature (T) and strained by the specified tensile
force, to rupture.
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
Table 2. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.01
Initial stress
Percentage creep elongation
Percentage elongation after stress rupture
Width of the cross-section of the parallel length of a
test piece of square or rectangular cross-section
Diameter of the cross-section of the parallel length of
a cylindrical testpiece
Parallel length
Extensometer gauge length
Original gauge length
Reference length
Original reference length
Final reference length
Final gauge length after rupture
Transition radius
Original cross-sectional area of the parallel length
Minimum cross-sectional area after rupture
Specified temperature
Indicated temperature
Creep rupture time
ISO/TR 127354:1996(E)
0 IS0
3.2 Code 1.02 - Calibration of force proving devices used for the
verification of uniaxial testing machines.
Table 3. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.02
Definition
symbol Unit
Relative repeatability error of the force proving
b %
instrument
% Relative interpolation error
fc
Maximum capacity of the transducer
N
Ff
N Maximum capacity of the measuring range
FN
% Relative zero error
fo
Resolution of the indicator
2"
% Relative reversibility error of the force proving
U
instrument
I
x Reading on the indicator with increasing test force
X' Reading on the indicator with decreasing test force
-
x Average value of the readings on the indicator
Computed value of deflection
Xa
Reading on the indicator after removal of force
X-
lf
X- Reading on the indicator before application of force
Maximum reading on the indicator
XmaX
Minimum reading on the indicator
X
min
Reading on the indicator, corresponding to the maximum
XN
capacity
- Tensile testing at elevated temperature
3.3 Code 1.03 -Metallic materials
3.3.1 Definitions.
Gauge length. Length of the parallel-sided portion of the test piece
on which elongation is measured at any moment during the test.
Gauge length at ambient temperature before
Original gauge length, Lo:
heating of the test piece and before application of force,
Final gauge length, L,: Gauge length after rupture, the two pieces
having been carefully fitted back together so that their axes lie in a
This length is measured at ambient temperature.
straight line.
0 IS0
lSO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
Extensometer gauge length ,L,: Length of the parallel portion of the
test piece used for the measurement of elongation by means of an
extensometer.
Elongation: Increase in the original gauge length, Lo, under the action
during the test.
of the tensile force, at any moment
Percentage elongation: Elongation expressed a rcentage of the
Pe
original gauge length,
LO.
Increase in the original gauge length
Percentage permanent elongation:
of a test piece after removal of a specified stress, expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length, Lee
Percentage reduction of area, 2: Maximum change in cross-sectional area
which has occurred during the test, So - S,, expressed as a percentage
of the original cross-sectional area, So.
Maximum force (F&r The maximum force which the testpiece withstands
during the test.
Stre ss: Force at any moment during the test divided by the original
cros s-sectiona 1 area, S the test piece,
of of
Tensile strength, R,: Stress corresponding to the maximum force,
FIR*
Yield stress: When the metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon,
a point is reached during the test at which plastic deformation occurs
without any increase in the force.
Upper yield stress, R : Value of stress at the moment
when the first
decrease in force i S &erved.
Lower yield stress, ReL: Lowest value of stress during plastic yielding,
ignoring any transient effects.
Proof stress of non-proportional elongation, Rp: Stress at which a non-
proportional elongation is equal to a specified percentage of the
original gauge length, Lo.
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
0 IS0
1 Table 4. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.03
Definition
symbol Unit
Indicated temperature
i
a Thickness of a flat testpiece or wall thickness of a
tube
hl - Lo
Percentage elongation after fracture:
A
Percentage total elongation at fracture
At
Width of the parallel-sided portion of a flat test
b
piece or average width of the longitudinal strip taken
from a tube or width of flat wire
Diameter of the parallel-sided portion of a circular
d
test piece, or diameter of round wire or internal
diameter of a tube
D External diameter of a tube
N Maximum force
FIIl
Parallel length
Extensometer gauge length
Le
Original gauge length
LO
Total length of test piece
Lt
Final gauge length after fracture
N/IWKi2 Upper yield stress
R
eH
R N/IllR12 Lower yield stress
eL
N/ITKI12 Tensile strength
RIll
N/IlKl12 Proof stress (non-proportional elongation)
RP
Original cross-sectional area of the parallel sided
mm2
SO
portion
mm2 Minimum cross-sectional area after fracture
So - %
% x 100
Percentage reduction of area:
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
3.4 Code 1.04 - Metallic materials - Tensile testing
3.4.1 Definitions.
Gauge length: Length of the cylindrical or prismatic portion of the
test piece on which elongation is measured at any moment during the
test.
Original gauge length(L,): Gauge length before application of force.
Final gauge length (L,): Gauge length after rupture, the two pieces
having been carefully fitted back together so that their axes lie in a
straight line.
Extensometer gauge length (L,): Length of the parallel portion of the
test piece used for the measurement of elongation by means of an
extensometer.
Elongation: Increase in the original gauge length (L,) at any moment
during the test.
Elongation expressed as a percentage of the
Percentage elongation:
original gauge length (L,).
Percentage permanent elongation: Increase in the original gauge length
of a test piece after removal of a specified stress, expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length (L,).
Percentage elongation after fracture (A): Permanent elongation of the
gauge length after fracture (L, - L,), expressed as a percentage of the
original gauge length (L,).
Percentage total elongation at fracture (A,): Increase in the original
gauge length of test piece at the moment of fracture, expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length (L,).
Percentage elongation at maximum force: Increase in the gauge length of
the test piece at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of the
original gauge length (L,).
Percentage yield point elongation: Elongation between the start of
yielding and the start of work-hardening . . . expressed as a percentage
of the original gauge length (L,).
Percentage reduction of area (2): Maximum change in cross-sectional
area which has occurred during the test (S, - S,) expressed as a
percentage of the original cross-sectional area (S,).
Maximum force (F,): The greatest force which the testpiece withstands
during the test.
Stress: Force at any moment during the test divided by the original
cross-sectional area (S,) of the test piece.
Tensile strength (R,): Stress corresponding to the maximum force (F,).
Yield stress:
When the metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon,
a point is reached during the test at which plastic deformation occurs
without any increase in the force.
Upper yield stress (ReH): Value of stress at the moment when the first
decrease in force is observed.
Lower yield stress Lowest value of stress during plastic
(ReL) =
yielding, ignoring any transient effects.
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
@ IS0
Proof stress of non-proportional elongation (Rp): Stress at which a non-
specified percentage of the
proportional elongation is equal to a
original gauge length (L,).
total elongation (R,): Stress at which total elongation
Proof stressI
is equal to a specified
(elastic elongation plus plastic elongation)
percentage of the original gauge length (L,).
Permanent set stress (R,): Stress at which, after removal of force, a
specified permanent elongation, expressed as a percentage of original
gauge length (L,), occurs.
Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.04
Table 5.
Unit Definition
symbol
a Thickness of a flat test piece or wall thickness of a
tube
Lll - LCD
A % Percentage elongation after fracture = x 100
Lo
% Percentage non proportional elongation at maximum force
A,
Frill
Percentage total elongation at maximum force Fm
%
Agt
% Percentage total elongation at fracture
b Width of the parallel length of a flat test piece or
average width of the longitudinal strip taken from a
tube or the width of a flat wire
Diameter of the parallel length of a circular test
d
piece, or diameter of round wire or internal diameter of
a tube
D External diameter of a tube
E N/mm2 Modulus of elasticity
N Maximum force
FIIl
Parallel length
Lc
Extensometer gauge length
Le
Original gauge length
Lo
Total length of testpiece
Lt
Final gauge length after fracture
LLl
Upper yield stress
R N/IM12
eH
R N/IlUI12 Lower yield stress
eL
N/m2 Tensile strength
Rln
lSO/TR 12735=1:1996(E) @ IS0
Table 5. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.04
Symbol Unit Definition
N/IKUKi2 Proof stress (non proportional elongation)
RP
N/IlUl12 Permanent set stress
Rr
total elongation
N/IM12 Proof stress,
Rt
mm2 Original cross sectional area of the parallel length
%
mm2 Minimum cross sectional area, after fracture
%
% - %
z % Percentage reduction of area = x 100
%
3.5 Code 1.05 - Verification of static uniaxial tensile testing machines
Table 6. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.05
Definition
Symbol Unit
a % Relative resolution of the force indicator of the
testing machine
b % Relative repeatability error of the force-measuring
system of the testing machine
F N True force indicated by the force-proving instrument
with increasing test force
True force indicated by the force-proving instrument
F’ N
with decreasing test force
N True force indicated by the force-proving instrument
with increasing test force, for the complementary series
of measurements for the smallest range which is used
N Force reading on the force indicator of the testing
Fi
machine to be verified, with increasing test force
F- N Highest or lowest value of Fi and F for the same
1 max
F discrete force
i min
F
max
F
min
N Force reading on the force indicator of the testing
Fi '
machine to be verified, with decreasing force
I I
N Arithmetic mean of several measurements of F, and F for
F, I F
the same discrete force
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
0 IS0
T&le 6, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.05
Definition
symbol Unit
N Residual indication on the force indicator of the
FiO
testing machine to be verified after removal of force
N Force reading on the force indicator of the testing
Fit
machine to be verified, with increasing test force,for
the complementary series of measurements for the
smallest range which is used
N Maximum capacity of the measuring range of the force
FN
indicator of the testing machine
Relative zero error
%
fo
% Relative accuracy error of the force-measuring system of
q
the testing machine
U % Relative error in reversibility
3.6 Code 1.06 - Verification of the uniaxial tensile creep testing machine
Table 7. symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.06
Unit Definition
symbol
a % Relative discrimination threshold
b % Relative repeatability error of the testing machine
d N Discrimination threshold
N Discrimination threshold corresponding to 20% of the
dl
force range
msW2 local acceleration due to gravity
% Relative accuracy error of the testing machine
N True force indicated by the force proving instrument
N Arithmetic mean of several measurements of F for the
same discrete force
N Force applied by the testing machine to be verified
Fi
- for deadweight machines: Fi=Mg
- for lever-type machines: Fi=MgR
- for jockey weight machines, the value of Fi
is indicated on the scale of the machine
N Force applied by the masses on the scale pan of the
machines
llSO/TR 12735=1:1996(E) 0 IS0
Table 7. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 1.06
Symbol Unit Definition
N Highest or lowest value of F for the same discrete force
FIllaX
F
min
N Maximum capacity of the force range of the testing
FN
machine
N Lower limit of the verified force range
Fv
I
R Lever ratio used for the verification
3.7 Code 1.07 - Verification of extensometers used in uniaxial testing
used in the international standard, Code 1.07
Table 8. Symbols
Symbol Unit Definition
Maximum limit of verification range
E
max
E Minimum limit of verification range
min
Displacement indicated by the extensometer
li Pm
True displacement given by the calibration apparatus
1, Pm
Nominal value of gauge length of extensometer
Le
Measured value of gauge length of extensometer
L'e
% Relative bias error of the extensometer
q
% Relative gauge length error
qLe
r Resolution of the extensometer
0 IS0 ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
3.8 Code 2.01 - Hetallic materials - Bend test
Table 9. Svmbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.01
I 1
symbol Unit Definition
Angle of bend
a degree
a Thickness or diameter of testpiece (or diameter of the
inscribed circle for pieces of polygonal cross section)
b Width of the testpiece
D Diameter of mandrel
1 Distance between supports
L Length of test piece
Internal radius of bend portion of test piece after
r
bending
3.9 Code 2.02 - Sheet and strip 3nnn thick or less - Reverse bend test
Table 10. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.02
Unit Definition
symbol
.
a Thickness of test piece
h Distance from top tangential plane of cylindrical
supports to the bottom face of the guide
-
Number of reverse bends
r Radius of cylindrical supports
Distance from a plane defined by the axis of
Y
cylindrical supports and the nearest point of contact
1 with the test piece
.
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
3.10 Code 2.03 - Metallic materials - Wire - Simple torsion test
Table 11. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.03
I
Definition
Symbol Unit
d Diameter of round wire
D Characteristic dimension for non-circular wires
L Free length between grips
Number of turns
Nt
I
I I I
3.11 Code 2.04 - Metallic materials - Wire - Reverse bend test
Table 12, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.04
Definition
Symbol Unit
a Minimum thickness of wire of non-circular section
capable of being held between parallel grips
d Diameter of round wire
Diameter of guide hole
dg
h Distance from top tangential plane of cylindrical
supports to bottom face of guide
-
Number of reverse bends
Nb
r Radius of cylindrical supports
Distance from the plane defined by the axes of the
Y
cylindrical supports to the nearest point of contact
with the test piece
3.12 Code 2.05 - Metallic materials - Wire - Wrapping test
There are no symbols or definitions in the text of the standard,
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
@ IS0
- Hodified Erichsen cupping test
3.13 code 2.06 - Sheet and stri.
Table 13, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.06
Unit Definition
symbol
a Thickness of test piece
b Width of diameter of test piece
Diameter of the spherical end of the punch
dl
Bore diameter of the die
d2
Bore diameter of the blank holder
d3
Outside diameter of the die
d4
Outside diameter of the blank holder
d5
Height of the inside rounded part of the die
hl
Depth of the cup during the test
h
-
Erichsen cupping index
IE
Outside corner radius of the die, outside corner radius
Rl
of the blank holder
Inside corner radius of the die
3.14 Code 2.07 - Tube (in full section) - Bend test
Table 14, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.07
I
symbol Unit Definition
Angle of bend
degree
Wall thickness of tube
Outside diameter of tube
Length of testpiece before test
Inside radius at the bottom of the groove
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
- Hetallic materials - Tube - Flattening test
3.15 Code 2.08
Table 15, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.08
Definition
Symbol Unit
Wall thickness of tube
Inside width of flattened test piece
Outside diameter of tube
Distance between platens measured under load
Length of test piece
3.16 Code 2.09 - Metallic materials - Tube - Drift expanding test
Table 16, Svmbols desicmated in the international standard, Code 2.09
Symbol Unit Definition
n degree Angle of mandrel
a Wall thickness of tube
D Original outside diameter of tube
Maximum outside diameter after testing
Dl.l
L Length of test piece before test
3.17 Code 2.10 - Metallic materials - Tube - Flanging test
Table 17. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.10
Symbol Unit Definition
13 degree Angle of the first forming tool
a Wall thickness of tube
D Original outside diameter of tube
Maximum outside diameter of flange
Du
L Length of test piece before test
Corner radius of second forming tool
R
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
0 IS0
3.18 Code 2.11 - Hetallic materials - Tube - Ring expanding test
Table 18, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.11
symbol Unit Definition
a Wall thickness of tube
Original outside diameter of tube
D
Maximum diameter of the mandrel
D
mmax
Minimum diameter of the mandrel
D
m min
Maximum outside diameter of the expanded part of the
DLl
test piece
Length of test piece before test
L
- Hetallic materials - Tube - Ring tensile test
3.19 Code 2.12
There are no symbols or definitions in the text of the standard.
3.20 Code 2.13 - Wire - reverse torsion test
Table 19. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.13
I
Unit Definition
symbol
d Diameter of a round wire
Free length between grips
L
Number of turns in one direction
Nt
ISO/TR 12735-1: 1996(E) @ IS0
3.21 Code 2.14 - Sheet and strip - Determination of plastic strain ratio
3.21.1 Definition
Plastic strain ratio, r: The ratio of the true width strain and true
thickness strain in a test piece that has been submitted to uniaxial
tensile stress.
Table 20. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.14
Degree of planar anisotropy
True thickness strain
True width strain
Gauge width of the test piece after straining to a
specified elongation
Original gauge width of the test piece
Gauge length after straining to a specified elongation
Original gauge length
Plastic strain ratio
r r Weighted average of rXIy values
rnr
Plastic strain ratio in x-direction (in degrees)
G/y
relative to the rolling direction at a strain level
of y %
3.22 Code 2.15 - Sheet and stri. - Determination of tensile strain hardening
exponent.
3.22.1 Definition
Strain hardening exponent, n: The exponent of the true strain in the
mathematical equation 0 = k.e" relating the true stress to the true
strain (during uniaxial application of a force).
Table 21. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.15
Symbol Unit
Definition
a Gradient of line In 0 versus lna
AL Instantaneous extension of measurement base
e True strain in test piece under action of force F
e = In (L/L,)
ISO/TR 12735-1: 1996(E)
@ IS0
Table 21. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.15
Unit Definition
symbol
(I N/IlIKi2 True stress in test piece under action of force F
= F(L/Leso)
Instantaneous force applied to test piece
F N
Strength coefficient
K N/ITlIl12
Instantaneous length of measurement base L = L, + AL
L
Extensometer gauge length
Le
Strain hardening exponent
n
N Number of measurements made in determining tensile
strain hardening exponent
S mm2 Cross-sectional area of parallel-sided section of
testpiece under action of force F, S = S,(L,/L)
Original cross-sectional area of parallel-sided section
mm2
%
of test piece
3.23 Code 2.16 - Earing test
Table 22. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.16
Unit Definition
symbol
a Thickness of the testpiece
Diameter of the punch
dl
Inside diameter of the die
d2
Diameter of the circular blank
db
he Height of ear
Maximum height of ear
hemax
Mean value of h,
Et
h Maximum value of h,
tmax
Distance between outside bottom of cup to any ear peak
bt
Mean value of h,
%
Distance between outside bottom of cup to any ear
hv
valley
lSO/TR 12735-I : 1996(E)
Table 22. Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 2.16
Symbol Unit Definition
h Minimum value of h,
v min
Corner radius of the punch
%
Inside corner radius of the die
R2
Surface roughness parameter - arithmetical mean
Rzi Pm
deviation of the profile
z
% Height of ear expressed in percentage
3.24 Code 3.01 - Metallic materials - Hardness test - Brine11 test
3.24.1 Ccumwnality of symbols and designations:
All standards associated with the Brine11 test method and listed
in Table 1 of this report refer to and rely on a single set of
symbols and designations. These are set out in Table 23 below and
are taken from the international standard for the test method
itself, Is0 6506.
Table 23. Symbols designated in the international standards, Code 3.01
Symbol
Designation
d Mean diameter, in millimetres, of indentation
D in millimetres, of the ball
Diameter,
F Test force, in newtons
h Depth, in millimetres, of the indentation
HBS Brine11 hardness when a steel indenter ball is used =
0.102 F/Surface area of indentation
HBW Brine11 hardness when a tungsten carbide indenter ball
is used = 0.102 F/Surface area of indentation
ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
0 IS0
Hetallic materials - Hardness test - Vickers test
3.25 Code 3.02 -
3.25-l Cmnality of symbols and designations:
All standards associated with the Vickers test method and listed
in Table 1 of this report share a common set of symbols and
designations. These are set out in Table 24 below and are taken
from the international standards for the test methods at
different load ranges, IS0 6507-1, IS0 6507-2 and IS0 6507-3.
Table 24. Symbols designated in the international standards, Code 3.02
Designation
Angle between opposite faces at the vertex of the
a
pyramidal indenter (136O)
d Arithmetic mean, in millimeters, of the two diagonals d,
and d,
F Test force in Newtons
0,102 x F
Vickers hardness =
Hv
I
Surface area of indentation in mm'!
3.26 Code 3.03 - Metallic materials - Hardness test - Rockwell test
3.26.1 Conntzonality of symbols and designations:
All standards associated with the Rockwell test method (scales A-
B-C-D-E-F-G-H-K) and listed in Table 1 of this report refer to
and rely on a single set of symbols and designations. These are
set out in Table 25 below and are taken from the international
standard for the test method itself, IS0 6508.
Table 25. Symbols designated in the international standards, code 3.03
I
symbol Designation
I
a Angle of the diamond cone (120°)
Diameter of steel ball
D
Permanent increase in depth of indentation under
e
preliminary test force after removal of additional test
force, expressed in units of 0,002 mm
F Total test force
Preliminary test force
FO
0 IS0
ISO/TR 12735-1: 1996(E)
Table 25. Symbols designated in the international standards, code 3.03
Designation
Symbol
Additional test force
Depth of indentation under preliminary test force before
ho
application of additional test force
Increase in depth of indentation under additional test
hl
force
Rockwell hardness A scale = 100 - e
Rockwell hardness B scale = 130 - e
Rockwell hardness C scale = 100 - e
Rockwell hardness D scale = 100 - e
Rockwell hardness E scale = 130 - e
Rockwell hardness F scale = 130 - e
Rockwell hardness G scale = 130 - e
Rockwell hardness H scale = 130 - e
Rockwell hardness K scale = 130 - e
Radius of curvature at the tip of the diamond cone
3.27 Code 3.04 - Metallic materials - Hardness test - Rockwell superficial
test
3.27.1 Conmonality of symbols and designations:
All standards associated with the Rockwell superficial test
method (scales N and T) and listed in Table 1 of this report
refer to and rely on a single set of symbols and designations.
These are set out in Table 26 below and are taken from the
international standard for the test method itself, IS0 1024.
Table 26. Symbols designated in the international standards, Code 3.04
I I
Symbol Definition
a Angle of the diamond cone (12OO)
D Diameter of steel ball
llSO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
0 IS0
Table 26. Symbols designated in the international standards, Code 3.04
Definition
symbol
e Permanent increase in depth of indentation under
preliminary test force after removal of additional test
force, expressed in units of O.OOlmm
F Total test force
Preliminary test force
FO
Additional test force
Fl
Depth of indentation under preliminary test force before
ho
application of additional test force
Increase in depth of indentation under additional test
bl
force
Rockwell superficial hardness = 100 - e
HR. .N
HR.-T
Radius of curvature at the tip of the diamond cone
R
3.28 Code 3.05 - Xetallic materials - Hardness test - Snoop test
3.28.1 Commonality of symbols and designations:
All international standards associated with the Knooptest method
and listed in Table 1 of this report refer to and rely on a
single set of symbols and designations. These are set out in
Table 27 below and are taken from the international standard for
the test method itself, IS0 4545.
Table 27. Symbols designated in the international standards, Code 3.05
I
Symbol Definition
I
Indenter Constant relating projected area of the
c
indentation to the square of the length of the long
diagonal
d Length, in millimetres, of the long diagonal
I
F Test force, in Newtons
0,102 x F
HK Knoop Hardness =
d2.c
ISO/TR 12735-l: 1996(E) 0 IS0
3.29 Code 3.06 - Metallic materials - Hardness test - Hacro Rockwell test
3.29.1 Ccwmzonality of symbols and designations:
All international standards associated with the Macro Rockwell
test method and listed in Table 1 of this report refer to and
rely on a single set of symbols and designations. These are set
out in Table 28 below and are taken from the draft international
standard for the test method itself, DIS 11700
Table 28. Symbols designated in the international standards, Code 3.06
Symbol Unit Designation
D Diameter of hard metal ball
N Preliminary test force
FO
N Additional test force
F N Total test force
Depth of indentation under preliminary test force
ho
before application of additional test force
Increase in depth of indentation under additional
test force
h Permanent increase of depth of indentation under
preliminary test force after removal of additional
.
test force.
h
Macro Rockwell hardness = 1000 - -
0,001
3.30 Code 4.01 - Charpy impact test (U-notch)
Table 29. Symbols designated in the international standard, code 4.01
Symbol Definition
a Thickness of test piece
b
Width of test piece
L Distance between supports
KU Absorbed energy with U-notch specimens
I
I
ISO/TR 12735-l :1996(E)
@ IS0
3.31 Code 4.02 - Chazpy iqpact test (V-notch)
Table 30, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 4.02
Symbol Definition
a The initial angle of fall of the pendulum
The angle of rise of the pendulum
B
Angle between plane of symmetry of notch and
Y
longitudinal axis of testpiece
a Angle between plane of symmetry of notch and face
containing notch
63 Angle of notch
Thickness of test piece
a
b Width of test piece from open end of notch to opposite
face
Depth below notch
Absorbed energy with V-notch specimens
Distance of notch from one end of testpiece
Length of test piece (L = 21)
Distance of the centre of percussion from the axis of
rotation of the pendulum
r Root radius of notch
Distance between test piece supports
S
Impact Velocity
V
3.32 Code 4.03 - Verification of pendulum impact testing machines
The international standard IS0 R/442:1965 contains no section on definitions
or symbols. However, DIS 442 contains both:-
3.32.1 Definitions,
anvil: The portion of the base of the machine forming a vertical plane
which restrains the testpiece when it is struck by the pendulum. The
plane of supports is perpendicular to the plane of the anvils.
base: That part of the framework of the machine located below the
horizontal plane of the supports,

llSO/TR 12735~M996[E) 0 IS0
centre of percussion: That point in a body at which, on striking a blow,
the percussive action is the same as if the whole mass of the body was
concentrated at that point. When a simple pendulum delivers a blow
along a horizontal line passing through the centre of percussion, there
is no resulting horizontal reaction at the axis of rotation.
That point on the striking edge of the pendulum at
centre of strike:
which, in the free hanging position of the pendulum, the vertical edge
of the striker meets the upper horizontal plane of a testpiece of half
standard height (ie 5mm) or equivalent gauge bar resting on the
testpiece supports.
industrial machine: Impact machines used for general,
or industrial, or most research laboratory testing of metallic
materials; these machines shall not be used to establish reference
values.
reference machine: Pendulum type impact machines used to determine the
reference energy of a reference testpiece. The verification
requirements for this grade of machine are more stringent than those
for general machines.
striker: The portion of the hammer that contacts the testpiece;the
edge that actually contacts the testpiece may have a radius of 2mm (the
2mm striker) or a radius of 8mm (the 8mm striker).
The portion of the base of the machine forming a
testpiece supports:
horizontal plane upon which the testpiece rests prior to being struck
by the hammer. The plane of the supports is perpendicular to the plane
of the anvils.
actual absorbed energy; absorbed energy A,: The total energy required
to break a testpiece when tested by an impact machine. It is equal to
the difference in the potential energy from the starting position of
the pendulum to the end of the first half swing during which the
testpiece is broken.
actual initial potential energy; potential energy Ap: The value
determined by direct verification.
ed energy A,: Th
indicated absorbed energy; indica t .e energy value
by the pointer or other readout device.
indicated
nominal indicated potential energy; nominal energy AN: The energy
assigned by the manufacturer of the machine.
reference testpieces: Impact testpieces used to verify the
suitability of a general impact machine by comparing the indicated
energy measured by that machine to the reference energy associated with
the testpieces.
reference energy AR: The absorbed energy val ue ass ociated wi th the
reference testpieces I determined from te sts us ing reference
machines.
height:
Distance between the notched face (of the testpiece) and the
opposite face.
width: Dimension (of the testpiece) perpendicular to the height that is
parallel to the notch.
length: Largest dimension (of the testpiece) at right angles to the
notch.
0 IS0 ISO/TR 12735=1:1996(E)
T&le 31, Symbols designated in the international standard, Code 4.03
Units Designation
symbol
J Actual absorbed energy, absorbed energy
J Actual initial potential energy, potential
AP
...