ISO/TR 23847:2022
(Main)Biomimetics — Integrating problem- and function-oriented approaches applying the TRIZ method
Biomimetics — Integrating problem- and function-oriented approaches applying the TRIZ method
This document describes prototypes of a database for developing biomimetic products with innovative problem-solving methods (TRIZ). The database has a mechanism to obtain the idea of technical problem-solving using the problem- and function-oriented approaches. This document focuses on the use and value of the database, but also describes its design principles.
Biomimétique — Intégration des approches centrées sur les problèmes et des approches centrées sur les fonctions en appliquant la méthode TRIZ
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 23847
First edition
2022-07
Biomimetics — Integrating problem-
and function-oriented approaches
applying the TRIZ method
Reference number
ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
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ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Current status of patents for biomimetics . 1
5 Theory of database . 2
5.1 TRIZ . 2
5.2 Bio-TRIZ method . 4
5.3 Biomimetics-integrating problem- and function-oriented approaches applying TRIZ . 4
6 Structure of biomimetics-integrating problem-and function-oriented approaches
applying TRIZ . 4
6.1 Problem-oriented approach — Search from technical contradiction matrix . 4
6.2 Function-oriented approach — Search from function. 7
6.3 Inventory of biomimetic products . 8
7 Example using a fan . 8
7.1 Problem-oriented approach for fans . 8
7.2 Function-oriented approach for fans . 9
7.3 Inventory of biomimetic products for fans . 10
Bibliography .11
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ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 266, Biomimetics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
Introduction
Building on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development (the 2030 Agenda) is a set of international development goals to be met by 2030, adopted
by the UN Sustainable Development Summit held in September 2015.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be the impetus for change as the manufacturing and
processing industries around the world are in need of new technology for the development of
environmentally-friendly materials and processes. For that purpose, it is indispensable to realize low-
energy and highly efficient manufacturing. Living things have a special technology for this aim.
In recent years, researchers have been expanding their work on biomimetic engineering (biomimetics),
[2-6]
a field focused on introducing high efficiency and performance biofunctions into material design.
Biofunction is a development in engineering technology that elucidates the processes of activities
related to the functions and life phenomena of animals, plants, and microorganisms, and makes them
useful in real life. More and more articles on biomimetic engineering have been reported every year,
and expectations that the industry will develop practical applications for such are likewise on the
rise. Numerous well-known applications of biomimetics can be cited, e.g. self-cleaning paints based
on lotus leaves, easy-to-peel-off tapes inspired by the microstructures in the soles of a gecko's foot,
nonreflective films structured like the compound eyes of a moth, shark skin-patterned high-speed
swimwear, automobile designs that incorporate ideas taken from a boxfish's skeleton, and labels
that use the structural colours of the morpho butterfly. The ranks of companies whose interest in
developing materials based on biomimetic engineering principles sparked by news reports about
[2]
such developments likewise has been increasing. There are more than 7,8 million species of living
beings in the world, with an enormous number of distinct functions and behaviours. Whatever
biofunction attracts our attention, it is unclear as to which ones will be useful toward developing
innovative technologies and materials and lead to an optimal material design. In short, most engineers
and researchers are challenged by their inability to focus on a single target owing to the excess of
options. Thus, case-by-case material design is the mainstream in biomimetic engineering today. Only
a portion of the limitless number of biofunctions are being put to use, and there are no effective means
for extracting those technological elements that may be necessary. Furthermore, with ISO/TC 266
currently studying a variety of regulations regarding biomimetic engineering, there is demand for
biomimetic products to be created that conform to international standards. According to ISO 18458,
developing biomimetic biometric products requires they go through the following process: (1) identify
issues with existing technologies and materials, (2) search for biofunctions that can resolve those
issues, (3) extract and generalize the principles behind the biofunctions that have been discovered, and
(4) create and optimize new technologies and materials. The question also arises of the best approach
to take for identifying the functions among the 7,8 million living things said to exist and for optimizing
them. This document introduces the database that will support the creation of biomimetics products
according to ISO 18458.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
Biomimetics — Integrating problem- and function-
oriented approaches applying the TRIZ method
1 Scope
This document describes prototypes of a database for developing biomimetic products with innovative
problem-solving methods (TRIZ). The database has a mechanism to obtain the idea of technical
problem-solving using the problem- and function-oriented approaches. This document focuses on the
use and value of the database, but also describes its design principles.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TR 23845, Biomimetics — Ontology-Enhanced Thesaurus (OET) for biomimetics
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TR 23845 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
TRIZ
problem-solving, analysis and forecasting method derived from the study of patterns of invention in
patent literature
Note 1 to entry: The theory of inventive problem-solving was invented by Genrich Altshuller, who while
president of the Inventor’s Association of Russia in 1946, discovered that the evolution of technical ideas followed
predictable patterns.
3.2
problem-oriented approach
approach used to search for biological functions based on 40 principles using the TRIZ (3.1) matrix
method
3.3
function-oriented approach
approach used to reach biomimetic solutions from the 40 TRIZ (3.1) principles by utilizing a combination
of two elements, desired function and state
4 Current status of patents for biomimetics
The Japan Patent Office's Survey Report on Technology Trends in Patent Applications gives us a picture of
[7]
current tendencies in regard to patents focused on biofunctions. It can be inferred from a review of
the data for products that are mainly related to biomimetics that at present the number of instances in
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ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
which a patent has been commoditized is limited regardless of country or region. The main products
can be broken down as belonging to one the following three broad categories.
a) Products related to molecules and materials. Examples include hydrophilic and hydrophobic
materials (e.g. water-repellent paints, tile-related building materials, and water-repellent glass);
structural coloration materials (e.g. chemical fibers); optical materials (e.g. antireflective film and
displays); adhesive and gummed materials (e.g. adhesive tape, carpet tile, and cyclone vacuum
cleaners); medical and biocompatible materials (e.g. injection needles and cosmetics); low-value
resistance and low-friction materials (e.g. competition swimwear, fuselage paint for airplanes, and
ship-coating materials); and antifouling materials (e.g. antifouling coating for ship bottoms).
b) Products meant to reduce the resistivity of a structure (e.g. cooling fans, washing machines, mixers,
and the shape of the noses on bullet trains) or save weight (e.g. automobile wheels).
c) Products related to robots (e.g. robots patterned after dragonflies, elephant noses) or machine
controls (e.g. sensors and software for controlling smart grids).
In Japan, numerous products related to the molecular and materials fields exist, e.g. hydrophilic and
hydrophobic materials, optical materials, and adhesive and gummed materials. In the US and Europe, in
contrast, more products in the machine field are encountered. Much work was once being done in Japan
in the areas of biomimetic chemistry and robotics, and it was a leader in molecular scale biomimetics.
However, researchers and engineers have not been able to keep pace with the new currents that emerged
in material-related biomimetics in this century. Broadly speaking, this is because in Japan collaborations
between different fields such as biology and engineering never took place owing to preconceptions in
Japanese research and academic settings about interdisciplinary interactions. R. Kosaka et al. reviewed
and analysed the latest trends related to biomimetics and innovations. It is followed by the comparative
analysis of biomimetics-related patents versus the number of related scientific articles in Japan, the
USA and European contexts. From the analysis, it is pointed out that the trends of research and patents
are predominantly correlated in the USA and Europe. Japan has a relatively small number of patents
[8,9]
and articles but has comparatively more activity in patent applications than in article publications.
Additionally, it is believed that the materials field will become the primary destination for application
of biomimetics. If more products are to be brought to market in these areas, it will be necessary to
develop even more technologies in the area of microstructure fabrication techniques in order to reduce
manufacturing costs and improve durability. Furthermore, if the biomimetics market is to expand,
would-be producers will need to adopt a “biomimetic” way of thinking in the control and processing
fields. In particular, observers have highlighted the importance of autonomous distributed control
systems, and the expectations of people involved in the field for advances in the development and
practical application of such systems are high.
These reports concluded that biomimetics is applied to technical fields completely different from
molecules/materials, structures, machines, and processes, and its application industry is extremely
wide. In order to match with applied industries, it is necessary to overcome existing technical and
industrial barriers. Therefore, it can be said that a biomimetics database that links knowledge from
different technical fields and applied industries is essential.
5 Theory of database
5.1 TRIZ
There are a variety of approaches to solving engineering problems. Researchers and engineers have
found success in wielding such approaches as a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
(SWOT) analysis, which applies a business framework to the problem; "logic" (or "issue") trees; Osborn's
checklist; mind maps; quality control methodology; and the Taguchi method. Among these methods is
one that has been applied in a variety of fields since 1990 as a means for generating ideas for material
design in mechanical engineering. This is the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, usually known by
its Russian acronym TRIZ (Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskikh Zadach, Теориярешенияизобретат
ельскихзадач). TRIZ was developed by Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller (1926-1998), who worked as a
[10-14]
clerk in a Russian patent office. Altshuller came up with TRIZ as a set of "principles for performing
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ISO/TR 23847:2022(E)
creative problem solving" that applied a system to the regularities he uncovered in his examinations of
some 1,5 million patents. The distinguishing feature of this method is that it presents a set of rules and
principles for solving issues in engineering technology. The main feature of the TRIZ method is that its
principles and the principles for solving engineering technology are presented, and by patterning the
problem that needs to be solved, hints for problem solving are obtained regardless of research field.
There are several usages such as (1) principle, (2) prediction, and (3) effects.
40 principles for problem-solving is one of the methods in category (1) principle in TRIZ, a technique to
settle a problem from an invention principle of 40 by an inconsistent matrix way. The merit of the TRIZ
method is that it presents a set of rules and principles for solving issues in engineering technology. It
does this by looking for the patterns in the problems for which solutions are being sought, thus making
it possible to get ideas about how to solve those problems regardless of the field of research. There is
any number of ways to apply it based for example on principles, predictions, or effects. Here, we will
focus on problem solving methods that make effective use of the 40 problem-solving principles the
theory proposes. The principle-based approach entails taking the physical characteristics spanning
the 39 parameters shown below and using them to create a 39-by-39 matrix comprising "parameters
wish to improve" and "problems that will arise when improvement is made". The goal is to resolve the
technological contradictions represented by the intersections between those parameters an inventor
seeks to improve and those parameters that will change for the worse.
The 39 features of
...
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