ISO 22928-1:2024
(Main)Rare earth — Analysis by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRFS) — Part 1: Determination of composition of rare earth magnet scrap using standardless XRF commercial packages
Rare earth — Analysis by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRFS) — Part 1: Determination of composition of rare earth magnet scrap using standardless XRF commercial packages
This document specifies a protocol for the application of semi-quantitative standardless wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRFS) commercial packages for the assessment of the concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) contained in magnet scrap from end-of-life (EOL) products intended for recycling.
Terres rares — Analyse par fluorescence X à dispersion de longueur d’onde (WD-XRF) — Partie 1: Détermination de la composition des déchets magnétiques à base de terres rares à l'aide de kits XRF sans étalon vendus dans le commerce
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International
Standard
ISO 22928-1
First edition
Rare earth — Analysis by wavelength
2024-02
dispersive x-ray fluorescence
spectrometry (WD-XRFS) —
Part 1:
Determination of composition
of rare earth magnet scrap using
standardless XRF commercial
packages
Terres rares — Analyse par fluorescence X à dispersion de
longueur d’onde (WD-XRF) —
Partie 1: Détermination de la composition des déchets
magnétiques à base de terres rares à l'aide de kits XRF sans
étalon vendus dans le commerce
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Reagents . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
6 Determined elements and concentration ranges . 3
7 Handling recyclable magnet resources . 3
7.1 Dismantling EOL scrap .3
7.1.1 General .3
7.1.2 Dismantling of components containing rare earth magnets .3
7.2 Demagnetization . .4
7.2.1 General .4
7.2.2 Heat treatment .4
7.2.3 Alternating magnetic fields .4
7.3 Cleaning magnet scrap .4
8 X-ray fluorescence analysis . 5
8.1 General .5
8.2 Sample preparation .5
8.2.1 General .5
8.2.2 Bulk samples .5
8.2.3 Powder samples .5
8.3 Use of commercial XRF standardless packages for analysis .6
8.4 Instrument setup .6
8.4.1 General .6
8.4.2 Measurement conditions .6
8.5 Expression of results . .7
8.5.1 General comments .7
8.5.2 Reporting of results .7
Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results . 8
Bibliography .10
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 298, Rare earth.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22928 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Rare earth element (REE) magnets, especially neodymium-based magnets, can be found in numerous
[4]
different applications. According to some rough estimates, the annual demand of REE magnets was nearly
[5]
78 kilotonnes in 2015. Based on those estimates, six major applications (namely wind turbines, hard disk
drives, electric vehicles, e-bikes, audio speakers and air conditioners) account for nearly 60 % of the total
demand. As components utilizing REE magnets continue to accumulate, the REE repository created by
human activity will be crucial to address in the future by recycling.
The commercially used REE magnets can be divided into two main categories: samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co)-
based magnets and neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B)-based magnets:
— In Sm-Co-based REE magnets, SmCo and Sm Co are the two technically important compositions. In
5 2 17
the Sm Co magnet, the concentration of Co is sometimes partially replaced by other transition metal
2 17
elements.
— In Nd-Fe-B magnets, the concentration of Nd is 32 % by mass. A small to considerable amount of other
REEs are also sometimes added.
The mass of REE in magnet present in each product varies greatly. Additionally, the concentration of different
REE elements within the magnet itself can vary greatly. For example, the incorporation of Dy into Nd-Fe-B
magnets can be in the range of < (1 to 10) % mass fraction (10 g/kg). These factors contribute towards
challenges in the recycling efficiency of REE magnets.
In the case of magnets derived from end-of-life (EOL) equipment, dismantling is carried out. Apart from REE
magnets found inside wind turbines and electronic vehicles, the physical extraction of REE magnets from
electronic application scrap is very challenging due to the complexity and small size of the components. This
type of scrap is usually shredded. The shredded scrap is then sorted into ferrous and non-ferrous scrap.
[5]
During the shredding process, the recovery rates of REEs can drop by 90 %. Appropriate guidelines for
dismantling the EOL scrap is important for improving the REE recovery. Overall, effective recycling of REE
requires information regarding the amount and nature of the REEs present in the magnet scrap.
This document specifies the measurement protocol for assessing the composition of REE magnet scrap.
Procedures for dismantling components containing scrap and for cleaning and demagnetizing the scrap are
provided. Guidelines for determining the composition of REE magnet scrap using standardless wavelength
dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) commercial packages are specified.
This document:
— outlines a procedure for safe handling of the EOL magnet scrap (see Clause 7);
— specifies measurement of the REE content in the EOL magnet scrap (see Clause 8).
v
International Standard ISO 22928-1:2024(en)
Rare earth — Analysis by wavelength dispersive x-ray
fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRFS) —
Part 1:
Determination of composition of rare earth magnet scrap
using standardless XRF commercial packages
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This document does not purport to address any safety problems associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 Scope
This document specifies a protocol for the application of semi-quantitative standardless wavelength
dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRFS) commercial packages for the assessment of the concentration
of rare earth elements (REEs) contained in magnet scrap from end-of-life (EOL) products intended for
recycling.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22444-2, Rare earth — Vocabulary — Part 2: Metals and their alloys
ISO 22450, Recycl
...
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