ISO 22450:2020

Recycling of rare earth elements — Requirements for providing information on industrial waste and end-of-life products

This document specifies the recycling information to be provided for rare earth elements (REEs) in industrial waste and end-of-life (EOL) products from manufacturers/producers to recyclers. It includes a classification system and forms for providing the recycling information.

Recyclage des terres rares — Exigences pour la mise à disposition de données relatives aux déchets industriels et aux produits en fin de vie

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Oct-2020
• ICS: 13.030.30 - Special wastes
• ICS: 13.030.50 - Recycling
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 298 - Rare earth
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 298/WG 2 - Elements recycling
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 15-Oct-2020
• Due Date: 24-Apr-2021
• Completion Date: 15-Oct-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22450
First edition
2020-10
Recycling of rare earth elements —
Requirements for providing
information on industrial waste and
end-of-life products
Recyclage des terres rares — Exigences pour la mise à disposition de
données relatives aux déchets industriels et aux produits en fin de vie
Reference number
ISO 22450:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

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ISO 22450:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22450:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Forms of REEs in industrial waste and EOL products . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 In REE magnets . 2
4.3 In LEDs . 3
4.4 In NiMH batteries . 3
4.5 In catalysts . 3
4.6 Other REE waste products . 3
5 Classification and codes . 3
6 Recycling information . 5
Annex A (informative) Forms for information exchange . 6
Bibliography .13
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 22450:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 298, Rare earth.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO 22450:2020(E)

Introduction
Rare earth elements (REEs) comprise the lanthanoid series elements plus scandium and yttrium,
which have similar chemical and physical properties and are often found in the same ores and deposits.
The importance of REEs has increased greatly due to their important role in high performance and
functional applications in permanent magnets, electric vehicles, motors, wind generators, light-
emitting diodes (LED), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, etc. Magnets can be also classified into
manufacturing methods. The type of magnet is useful information for recycling procedures.
Magnets account for the highest market share of REEs by value. REE-containing multi-component
alloys can have a complex compositional make-up. The variants include compositions such as
Sm Co , Sm(Co Fe Cu Zr ) , Sm(Co Fe Cu Zr Ti ) , Sm Fe N , Nd(Fe,Mo) N ,
62 38 0.69 0.2 0.1 0.01 7.2 0.67 0.22 0.1 0.07 0.01 7.1 2 17 x 12 x
Sm (Fe,M) N , sintered Nd Fe B/α-Fe, Sm Fe N /α-Fe, PrFeCuB, Tb Dy Fe (x ~0,3) and others are
3 29 x 2 14 2 17 x x 1−x 2
used in permanent magnets. Due to the complexity involved in processing of these magnets, several
different manufacturing routes are used. During the production stages, industrial waste containing
REEs is produced and often recycled. Magnets found in end-of-life (EOL) or broken electronics, hard
disk drives, motors, generators, etc. also contribute to waste.
Phosphors and luminescence applications of REEs constitute about a one-third share of the total
demand for REEs. REEs contained in (La Ce Tb )PO , (Y Eu )O , (Ba Eu )MgAl O ,
0.6 0.27 0.13 4 1.94 0.06 3 0.9 0.1 10 17
Ca Eu AlSiN , (Y Ce ) Al O , etc. are important materials used in phosphor and LED
0.98 0.02 3 0.98 0.02 3 5 12
semiconductor technology. The LED manufacturing process is complex and is undergoing much change
with the growth of the industry and the changes in demand patterns of associated commodities. During
the production stages of LEDs, a lot of waste is created, which is recycled. EOL LEDs found in broken
smartphones, TVs, display panels, cameras, etc. also contribute to waste.
Batteries make up a relatively lower amount of the total demand for REEs. REEs contained in multi-
component alloys such as LaNi , La Nd Ni Co Si , La Nd Ni Co Al and MmNi Co Al
5 0.8 0.2 2.5 2.4 0.1 0.8 0.2 2.5 2.4 0.1 3.5 0.7 0.8
are used in rechargeable NiMH batteries due to their superior hydrogen storage properties. The
production of these NiMH batteries produces waste, which is generally recycled. EOL batteries also
contribute to waste.
Numerous categories are schematically illustrated in Figure 1 in which waste can be generated during
manufacturing to the EOL stage for magnets, LEDs and batteries.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v

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ISO 22450:2020(E)

Figure 1 — Waste generation during various processes
Resource scarcity of these valuable commodities is inevitable. Furthermore, the accumulation of waste
materials creates environmental and economic problems. A viable option to ensure a smooth balance of
supply and demand is to recycle these elements.
[3]
Table 1 summarizes the expected REE waste stock that will be accumulated until 2020 . It also gives
the indication of recycled REE stock until 2020 by keeping in view the maturity of recycling techniques
and industry.
[3]
Table 1 — Expected REE waste stock in the year 2020
Expected REE stock in 2020 Recycling process Recycled REE in 2020
REE application
(tons) efficiency (tons)
Magnets 300 000 55 % 2 333
Lamp phosphors 23 000 80 % 6 600
NiMH batteries 50 000 50 % 1 750
NOTE  This table presents the current distribution, however, markets and waste distribution can change over time.
There is a big difference in amount of waste generated by REEs and what is recycled due to a lack of
maturity of recycling technologies and communication formats between manufacturers/producers
and recyclers. In the REE recycling process, an important initial step is the identification of products
containing REEs. A typical recycling process is shown in Figure 2.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO 22450:2020(E)

Key
black arrows forward steps
red arrows additional steps proposed in this document

NOTE This document, ISO/TS 22451 and ISO 22453 are documents for ensuring a smooth recovery of REE from waste.
Figure 2 — Typical recycling process
This document defines REE-related substances that are recycled at the product stage as waste or
EOL products and suggests ways to facilitate their recycling through an identification of the waste
composition. ISO/TS 22451 specifies measurement methods of REEs in industrial waste and EOL
products. ISO 22453 focuses on the management of a database obtained from communication with the
producer, recycler and a management agency for effective recycling. The simultaneous application of
these three documents is necessary to ensure the complete and efficient recycling of valuable REEs.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved vii

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22450:2020(E)
Recycling of rare earth elements — Requirements for
providing information on industrial waste and end-of-life
products
1 Scope
This document specifies the recycling information to be provided for rare earth elements (REEs) in
industrial waste and end-of-life (EOL) products from manufacturers/producers to recyclers. It includes
a classification system and forms for providing the recycling information.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 21067-1, Packaging — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
ISO 22444-1, Rare earth — Vocabulary — Part 1: Minerals, oxides and other compounds
ISO 22444-2, Rare earth
...

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 22450
ISO/TC 298 Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-12-04 2020-02-26
Elements recycling –Communication formats for providing
recycling information on rare earth elements in industrial
waste and end of life products
ICS: 13.030.50; 13.030.30
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019

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ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Forms of REEs in industrial waste and end of life products . 3
4.1 In RE magnets . 3
4.2 In light-emitting diodes . 3
4.3 In nickel-metal hydride batteries . 3
4.4 Others . 3
4.5 Classification and code . 4
4.6 Requirements . 5
Annex A . 6
Bibliography .12
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for whom a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee [or Project Committee] ISO/TC 298,
[Rare Earth].
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)

Introduction
The rare earth elements (REEs) are comprised of the lanthanoid series elements plus scandium and
yttrium, which have similar chemical and physical properties, are often found in the same ores and
deposits. The importance of rare earth elements has increased greatly due to their important roles in
high performance and functional applications in permanent magnets, electric vehicles, motors, wind
generators, light-emitting diodes (LED), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries etcetera. Magnets can
be also classified into manufacturing methods. The ‘sintered magnet’ has high bulk density because
magnetic powders were sintered at the high temperature. The ‘bonded magnet’ is formed by mixing
the magnetic powder and binder material such as rubber or plastic. It generally has a lower magnetic
property than a sintered magnet. The type of magnet is useful information for recycling procedures.
Magnet accounts for the highest market share of REEs by application. REE-containing multi-component
alloys such as Sm Co , Sm(Co Fe Cu Zr ) , Sm(Co Fe Cu Zr Ti ) , Sm Fe N ,
62 38 0.69 0.2 0.1 0.01 7.2 0.67 0.22 0.1 0.07 0.01 7.1 2 17 x
Nd(Fe,Mo) N , Sm (Fe,M) N , sintered Nd Fe B/α-Fe, Sm Fe N /α-Fe, PrFeCuB, Tb Dy Fe (x
12 x 3 29 x 2 14 2 17 x x 1−x 2
~0.3) and others are used in permanent magnets. Due to the complexity involved in processing of these
magnets, several different manufacturing routes are used. During the production stages, industrial
wastes containing rare earth elements are produced and are often recycled. Magnets found in end-of-
life (EOL) or broken electronics, hard disk drives, motors, generators, etc., also contribute to waste.
Phosphors and luminescence applications of REE constitute about one third share of the total demand
for REEs. Rare-earth elements (REEs) contained in (La Ce Tb )PO , (Y Eu )O , (Ba Eu )
0.6 0.27 0.13 4 1.94 0.06 3 0.9 0.1
MgAl O , Ca Eu AlSiN , (Y Ce ) Al O , etc., are important materials used in phosphor and
10 17 0.98 0.02 3 0.98 0.02 3 5 12
LED semiconductor technology. The LED manufacturing process is complex and is undergoing much
change with the growth of the industry and the changes in demand patterns of associated commodities.
During the production stages of LED’s a lot of waste is created which is recycled. End of life LED’s found
in broken smartphones, TVs, display panels, cameras, etc., also contribute to waste.
Batteries make up relatively lower amount of the total demand for REES. REE contained multi component
alloys such as LaNi , La Nd Ni Co Si , La Nd Ni Co Al , and MmNi Co Al are
5 0.8 0.2 2.5 2.4 0.1 0.8 0.2 2.5 2.4 0.1 3.5 0.7 0.8
used in rechargeable nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries due to their superior hydrogen storage
properties. The production of these NiMH batteries produces waste which is generally recycled. End of
life batteries also contribute to waste.
Numerous categories are schematically illustrated in Fig. 1 in which waste can be generated during
manufacturing to end of life stage for magnets, LEDs and batteries.
Fig 1 — Waste generation during various processes
Resource scarcity of these valuable commodities is inevitable. Furthermore, piling of waste materials
creates environmental and economic problems. A viable option to assure a smooth balance of supply
and demand is to recycle these elements.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v

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ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)

The following table summarises the expected REE waste stock that will be piled up until 2020
(Binnemans, et al., 2013) and it also gives the indication of recycled REE stock until 2020 by keeping in
view the maturity of recycling techniques and industry.
Table 1 — Expected REE waste stocks in year 2020 (Binnemans, et al., 2013)
There is a big difference in amount of waste REE generated and it’s recycling due to lack of maturity
of recycling technologies and communication formats between manufacturers or producers and
recyclers. In REE recycling process, an important initial step is identification of products containing
REEs. A typical recycling process is depicted in Fig 2.
Fig 2 — Typical recycling process. Black arrows represent forward steps, red arrows represent
additional steps that are proposed in this standard. N1, N2 and N3 represent the proposed
standard documents which are necessary for ensuring smooth demand supply balance for REEs.
This standard (N1) defines REE-related substances that are recycled at the product stage as waste
or end-of-life cycled products and suggests ways to facilitate their recycling through identification
of the waste composition. N2 relates to measurement methods of REE in industrial waste and end of
life products. N3 focusses on management of database obtained from communication with producer,
recycler and a management agency for effective recycling. Simultaneous application of N1, N2 and N3 is
necessary to assure complete and efficient recycling of valuable REE elements. Combination of N1, N2
and N3 into one document is not suggested due to different scope of each document. Therefore, each of
these three aspects of waste management will be covered in an individual standard.
The purpose of this standard (N1, first among three documents) is to specify communication formats
to provide information on rare earth elements contained in industrial waste and end of life products
from producers or manufacturers to recyclers. A table format, which includes the types of rare earth
elements and their concentrations in the industrial waste and end of life products, will be defined in
this standard.
vi © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22450:2019(E)
Elements recycling –Communication formats for providing
recycling information on rare earth elements in industrial
waste and end of life products
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the requirements for terms and definition, classification forms to
rare earth industrial waste and end of life products. This International Standard suit for rare earth
industrial waste and end of life products manufacturer and traders.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/WD 22444-1 Rare earth – Terms and definitions - --Part 1: Minerals, oxides and other compounds
ISO/WD 22444-2 Rare Earth – Terms and definitions- --Part 2: Rare earth metals and their alloys
ISO/AWI 22927 Rare Earth – Traceability, Packaging and Labelling
IEC 62474, Material declaration for products of and for the electrotechnical industry
IEC/TR 62635, Guidelines for end-of-life information provided by manufacturers and recyclers and for
recyclability rate calculation of electrical and electronic equipment
IEC 62430, Environmentally conscious design for electrical and electronic products
ISO 14025, Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and
procedures
ISO 14040, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principl
...