ISO/TS 20459:2023
(Main)Road vehicles — Injury risk functions for advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI)
Road vehicles — Injury risk functions for advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI)
This document provides definitions, symbols and injury probability functions (IPFs) for the thigh, leg and knee intended to be used with the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI), a standardized pedestrian legform impactor with an upper mass for pedestrian subsystem testing of road vehicles. They are applicable to impact tests using the aPLI at 11,1 m/s involving: — vehicles of category M1, except vehicles with a maximum mass above 2 500 kg and which are derived from N1 category vehicles and where the driver’s position, the R-point, is either forward of the front axle or longitudinally rearwards of the front axle transverse centreline by a maximum of 1 100 mm; — vehicles of category N1, except where the driver’s position, the R-point, is either forward of the front axle or longitudinally rearwards of the front axle transverse centreline by maximum of 1 100 mm; — impacts to the bumper test area defined by References [1] and [2]; — pedestrian subsystem tests involving use of a legform for the purpose of evaluating compliance with vehicle safety standards.
Véhicules routiers — Critères lésionnels et courbes de risques pour l'impacteur en forme de jambe de piéton (aPLI).
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 20459
First edition
2023-04
Road vehicles — Injury risk functions
for advanced pedestrian legform
impactor (aPLI)
Véhicules routiers — Critères lésionnels et courbes de risques pour
l'impacteur en forme de jambe de piéton (aPLI).
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.3
4.1 Symbols . 3
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 4
5 IPFs for the aPLI . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Thigh . . 6
5.3 Leg. 7
5.4 Knee . . 8
Annex A (informative) Rationale regarding background and methodology to develop IPFs
for the aPLI .11
Annex B (informative) Adjustment of IPFs for real-world relevance . 105
Annex C (informative) Supplemental data . 135
Annex D (informative) Influence of PMHS test data (dfbetas > 0,3) against IPFs for human . 136
Bibliography .154
iii
Foreword
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described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
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www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 36,
Safety and impact testing.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
This document has been prepared on the basis of the existing injury probability functions (IPFs) to be
used with the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) standard build level B (SBL-B). The purpose
of this document is to document the IPFs for the aPLI in a form suitable and intended for worldwide
harmonized use.
In 2014, development of the aPLI hardware and associated IPFs started, with the aim of defining
a globally accepted next-generation pedestrian legform impactor with enhanced biofidelity and
injury assessment capability, along with its IPFs, suitable for harmonized use. Participating in the
development were research institutes, dummy and instrumentation manufacturers, governments, and
car manufacturers from around the world.
IPFs for the aPLI specified in this document predict injury probability to specific regions of the lower
limb of a pedestrian that corresponds to maximum values of injury metrics obtained by the aPLI in a
subsystem test, as described in References [1] and [2]. As the IPFs do not provide any threshold values,
users will need to determine target injury probability, based on their specific needs, to define injury
assessment reference values to be used for their test protocol.
It is also important to note that the subsystem test procedure (STP) for pedestrian protection may not
be representative of pedestrian accidents for specific injury metrics, depending on their sensitivity to
pedestrian impact conditions such as lower-limb posture and muscle tone. The IPFs for the aPLI have
been validated against accident data and some ideas to compensate for the discrepancy against accident
data are presented in Annex B.
v
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 20459:2023(E)
Road vehicles — Injury risk functions for advanced
pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI)
1 Scope
This document provides definitions, symbols and injury probability functions (IPFs) for the thigh, leg
and knee intended to be used with the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI), a standardized
pedestrian legform impactor with an upper mass for pedestrian subsystem testing of road vehicles.
They are applicable to impact tests using the aPLI at 11,1 m/s involving:
— vehicles of category M1, except vehicles with a maximum mass above 2 500 kg and which are derived
from N1 category vehicles and where the driver’s position, the R-point, is either forward of the front
axle or longitudinally rearwards of the front axle transverse centreline by a maximum of 1 100 mm;
— vehicles of category N1, except where the driver’s position, the R-point, is either forward of the front
axle or longitudinally rearwards of the front axle transverse centreline by maximum of 1 100 mm;
— impacts to the bumper test area defined by References [1] and [2];
— pedestrian subsystem tests involving use of a legform for the purpose of evaluating compliance
with vehicle safety standards.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
adult
person who is sixteen years old or older
3.2
advanced pedestrian legform impactor
aPLI
modified pedestrian legform impactor which incorporates a mass representing the inertial effect of
the upper part of a pedestrian body to enhance biofidelity and injury assessment capability (3.10) of
conventional pedestrian legforms
3.3
biofidelity
aspect of the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) (3.2) capability to represent the impact
response of human subjects
3.4
BLE height
bonnet leading edge height
height of the geometric trace of the upper most points of contact between a straight edge and the front-
end of the car
3.5
bumper test area
test area of the legform to bumper impact test
3.6
bumper system
component installed at the hip joint inside the upper mass composed of the bumper, the bumper mount
and the compression surface, designed to apply a force on the upper part of the femur in adduction to
enhance injury assessment capability (3.10) of the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) (3.2)
3.7
EE method
energy-equivalent method
method of developing injury probability functions (IPFs) (3.11) for the advanced pedestrian legform
impactor (aPLI) (3.2) by transferring human injury values to those of an aPLI using the absorbed energy
3.8
high-bumper car
car with a lower bumper reference line height (3.14) of 425 mm or more
3.9
hip joint
uniaxial joint that allows abduction and adduction and connects the upper mass with the lower limb
3.10
injury assessment capability
aspect of the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) (3.2) capability to produce peak injury values
that correlate with those obtained from human body model impact simulations
3.11
IPF
injury probability function
function which defines the relationship between a peak value of an injury metric and probability of
injury for a specific load case
3.12
ISO metric
objective rating metric used in this document to verify time histories of sensor output against
experimentally or computationally produced target time histories as detailed in ISO/TS 18571:2014
3.13
low-bumper car
car with a lower bumper reference line height (3.14) less than 425 mm
3.14
LBRL height
lower bumper reference line height
height of the geometric trace of the lowermost points of contact between a straight edge and the
bumper, measured from the ground
3.15
low-pass filter
filter which permits only low-frequency (100 Hz or less) oscillations
3.16
paired test method
method of developing injury probability functions (IPFs) (3.11) by correlating human injury occurrence
in a specific impact configuration with the injury value measured by an ATD subjected to the same
impact as detailed in ISO/TR 12350:2013
3.17
subsystem test
test to evaluate safety performance of cars where subsystem impactors representing individual
body regions of a pedestrian are propelled into a front end of a stationary car, in impact conditions
representing specific load cases in car-pedestrian accidents
3.18
transfer function
TF
linear regression function between human injury values predicted by human body models and advanced
pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) (3.2) injury values
3.19
TF method
transfer-function method
method of developing injury probability functions (IPFs) (3.11) for the advanced pedestrian legform
impactor (aPLI) (3.2) by converting human IPFs to those of the aPLI using corresponding transfer
functions (3.18)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and their meanings
Symbol Meaning
C Parameter determined for the Weibull distribution for human IPFs
Scale
C
Parameter determined for the Weibull distribution for human IPFs
Shape
C
Slope of the transfer function
Slope
C
Parameter determined for the Log-Normal distribution for human IPFs
μ
C Parameter determined for the Log-Normal distribution for human IPFs
σ
C Correction factor determined to adjust to the real-world accident data
TA1
...
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