Composites and metal assemblies — Galvanic corrosion tests of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) related bonded or fastened structures in artificial atmospheres — Salt spray tests

This document specifies the apparatus, the reagents and the procedure to be used in conducting the neutral salt spray (NSS), acetic acid salt spray (AASS) and copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) tests for assessment of the galvanic corrosion resistance of joints and bonded structures between carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) and metallic materials, with or without permanent or temporary insulation for the galvanic current.

Assemblages composites et métal — Essais de corrosion galvanique des structures en plastiques renforcés de fibres de carbone (CFRP) jointes ou fixées en atmosphères artificielles — Essais au brouillard salin

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Status
Published
Publication Date
25-Apr-2019
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Due Date
12-Sep-2019
Completion Date
26-Apr-2019
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ISO 21746:2019 - Composites and metal assemblies -- Galvanic corrosion tests of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) related bonded or fastened structures in artificial atmospheres -- Salt spray tests
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21746
First edition
2019-04
Composites and metal assemblies —
Galvanic corrosion tests of carbon
fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs)
related bonded or fastened
structures in artificial atmospheres
— Salt spray tests
Assemblages composites et métal — Essais de corrosion galvanique des
structures en plastiques renforcés de fibres de carbone (CFRP) jointes
ou fixées en atmosphères artificielles — Essais au brouillard salin
Reference number
ISO 21746:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

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ISO 21746:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test solutions . 2
4.1 Preparation of the sodium chloride solution . 2
4.2 pH adjustment . 3
4.2.1 pH of the salt solution . 3
4.2.2 Neutral salt spray test (NSS) . 3
4.2.3 Acetic acid salt spray test (AASS) . 3
4.2.4 Copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray test (CASS) . 3
4.3 Filtration . 3
5 Apparatus . 4
6 Method for evaluating cabinet corrosivity . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Reference specimens . 5
6.3 Arrangement of the reference specimens. 6
6.4 Duration of tests . 6
6.5 Determination of mass loss (mass per area) . 6
6.6 Satisfactory performance of cabinet . 6
7 Test specimens. 7
8 Arrangement of the test specimens . 7
9 Operating conditions . 8
10 Duration of tests . 8
11 Treatment of specimens after test . 9
11.1 General . 9
11.2 Non-organic coated specimens: metallic and/or inorganic coated . 9
11.3 Organic coated specimens . 9
11.3.1 Scribed organic coated specimens . 9
11.3.2 Organic coated but not scribed specimens . 9
12 Evaluation of results . 9
13 Test report .10
Annex A (informative) Example schematic diagram of one possible design of spray cabinet
for galvanic corrosion test with means for optional treating fog exhaust and drain .11
Annex B (informative) Complementary method for evaluating galvanic corrosion test
cabinet corrosivity using zinc reference specimens .13
Annex C (normative) Preparation of galvanic corrosion test panels with organic coatings .15
Annex D (normative) Required supplementary information for testing galvanic corrosion
test panels with organic coatings .16
Annex E (informative) Recommended specimen geometries — Salt spray tests to metal and
CFRP assemblies .17
Bibliography .19
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13,
Composites and reinforcement fibres.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

Introduction
This document specifies the testing method for galvanic corrosion of composites and metal assemblies
subject to salt spray environment using a bonded or fastened specimen.
The potential benefits to CFRP-metal users of implementing a galvanic corrosion test based on this
document are:
a) addressing corrosion risks relating CFRPs of drastically nobler galvanic potential than metals to
form a global cell between CFRP and metal – new risks drastically exceeding the scope of ISO 9227
for a local cell of isolated metal – utilizing the resources of ISO 9227;
b) expanding CFRP applications to the fields of corrosive environments that still require the
combinations with metallic components;
c) the detection or the prevention of galvanic current insulation loss, such as ion migration and
time-related degradation in sealant film, injected calking layer and glass fibre reinforced plastics
(GFRPs) layer;
d) demonstrating the conformity to specified conditions for type certification requirements in the
engineering such as aircraft developments;
e) evaluating the corrosion related procedures for maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) in the
engineering operations such of CFRP aircrafts.
It is not the intent of this document to imply the need for:
— omitting relevant field tests for CFRP related engineering;
— generally specifying the dimensions of test specimen to represent CFRPs related bonded or fastened
structures;
— superimposing test results for specific applications of the parameters that exceed the range of this
document;
— comparative testing as a means of ranking different protections with respect to corrosion resistance.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21746:2019(E)
Composites and metal assemblies — Galvanic corrosion
tests of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) related
bonded or fastened structures in artificial atmospheres —
Salt spray tests
1 Scope
This document specifies the apparatus, the reagents and the procedure to be used in conducting the
neutral salt spray (NSS), acetic acid salt spray (AASS) and copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray
(CASS) tests for assessment of the galvanic corrosion resistance of joints and bonded structures
between carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) and metallic materials, with or without permanent or
temporary insulation for the galvanic current.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1514, Paints and varnishes — Standard panels for testing
ISO 2808, Paints and varnishes — Determination of film thickness
ISO 3574, Cold-reduced carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities
ISO 6361-2, Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys — Sheets, strips and plates — Part 2: Mechanical
properties
ISO 8044, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Basic terms and definitions
ISO 8407, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Removal of corrosion products from corrosion test specimens
ISO 17872, Paints and varnishes — Guidelines for the introduction of scribe marks through coatings on
metallic panels for corrosion testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8044 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
reference material
material with known test performance
3.2
reference specimen
portion of the reference material that is to be exposed with the intention to check the reproducibility
and repeatability of the test results for the test cabinet in use
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

3.3
test specimen
specific portion of the samples upon which the testing is to be performed
3.4
substitute specimen
specimen made of inert materials (such as ceramic or glass) used for the substitute of a test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Examples of inert materials are ceramic or glass.
3.5
control specimen
specimen made of CFRP, which is identical to the CFRPs of test specimen, used to check the
reproducibility, repeatability and deviation or drift by solution absorption of the test results
3.6
neutral salt spray test
NSS
test method in which a 5 % sodium chloride solution is atomized under a controlled environment
Note 1 to entry: It particularly applies to:
— CFRPs and metals or their alloys in fastened or bonded form;
— sacrificial protections (anodic and cathodic);
— organic coatings on pinned or riveted joints of CFRPs and metals.
3.7
acetic acid salt spray test
AASS
test method in which a 5 % sodium chloride solution with the addition of glacial acetic acid is atomized
under a controlled environment
Note 1 to entry: It is especially useful for testing CFRPs with lightning strike protection layer (LSP) of Cu or Al
mesh or foil in acid-rain or exhaust gas environment.
3.8
copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray test
CASS
test method in which a 5 % sodium chloride solution with the addition of copper chloride and glacial
acetic acid is atomized under a controlled environment
Note 1 to entry: It is useful for modelling an aged structure of CFRPs with LSPs and Al alloys in fastened or
bonded form in acid-rain or exhaust gas environment.
3.9
scribed specimen
specimen with organic or inorganic coating, which is intentionally line-damaged with scriber needle
3.10
purity of salt
mass fraction of sodium chloride excluding contaminant
4 Test solutions
4.1 Preparation of the sodium chloride solution
Dissolve a sufficient mass of sodium chloride in distilled or deionized water with a conductivity not
higher than 20 μS/cm at 25 °C ± 2 °C to produce a concentration of 50 g/ l ± 5 g/l. The conductivity shall
be measured just before the preparation, as dissolution of carbon dioxide in atmospheric environment
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

can drift the value. The sodium chloride concentration of the sprayed solution collected shall be
50 g/l ± 5 g/l. The specific gravity range of a 50 g/l ± 5 g/l solution is from 1,029 to 1,036 at 25 °C.
The sodium chloride shall contain less than 0,001 % mass fraction of copper and less than 0,001 %
mass fraction of nickel, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or another analytical
method of similar sensitivity. It shall not contain more than 0,1 % of a mass fraction of sodium iodide,
or more than 0,5 % of a mass fraction of total impurities calculated for dry salt. Industrial salt is not
recommended due to possible deviation of the impurities.
4.2 pH adjustment
4.2.1 pH of the salt solution
If necessary, control the pH of distilled or deionized water to 7,0 by the aeration of nitrogen gas
- dissolution of carbon dioxide can drift the pH – in the preparation of the sodium chloride solution.
Adjust the pH of the salt solution to the desired value on the basis of the pH of the sprayed solution
collected.
4.2.2 Neutral salt spray test (NSS)
Adjust the pH of the salt solution (see 4.1) so that the pH of the sprayed solution collected within the
test cabinet (5.2) is 6,5 to 7,2 at 25 °C ± 2 °C. Check the pH using electrometric measurement or in
routine checks, with a short-range pH paper, which can be read in increments or 0,2 pH units or less.
If pH electrodes are used, they shall be suitable for measuring pH in weakly buffered sodium chloride
solutions in de-ionized water. Make any necessary corrections by adding hydrochloric acid, sodium
hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate solution of analytical grade.
4.2.3 Acetic acid salt spray test (AASS)
Add a sufficient amount of glacial acetic acid to the salt solution (see 4.1) to ensure that the pH of
samples of sprayed solution collected in the test cabinet (see 5.2) is between 3,1 and 3,3. If the pH of the
solution initially prepared is 3,0 to 3,1, the pH of the sprayed solution is likely to be within the specified
limits. Check the pH using electrometric measurement at 25 °C ± 2 °C. If pH electrodes are used, they
shall be suitable for measuring pH in weakly buffered sodium chloride solutions in de-ionized water.
Make any necessary corrections by adding glacial acetic acid or sodium hydroxide of analytical grade.
4.2.4 Copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray test (CASS)
Dissolve a sufficient mass of copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl ·2H O) in the salt solution (see 4.1) to
2 2
produce a concentration of 0,26 g/l ± 0,02 g/l [equivalent to (0,205 ± 0,015) g of CuCl per litre].
2
Adjust the pH using the procedures described in 4.2.3.
4.3 Filtration
Test solutions prepared using the procedures described in 4.1 and 4.2.1 in laboratory environment are
suitable for the spraying applications. However, if necessary, filter the solution before placing it in the
reservoir of the apparatus, to remove any solid matter or contaminant which might affect the apertures
of the spraying device. Any incident relating to the solid matter shall be reported as described in 13.2 r).
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

5 Apparatus
5.1 Component protection. All components in contact with the spray or the test solution shall
be made of, or lined with, materials resistant to corrosion by the sprayed solution and which do not
influence the corrosivity of the sprayed test solution.
If necessary, electric insulation shall be devised for the apparatus to prevent the influence from inside
or outside of the apparatus.
The supports for the test specimen shall be constructed such that different substrate types do not
influence each other. It shall also be constructed so that the supports themselves do not influence the
test specimens.
5.2 Spray cabinet. The cabinet for galvanic corrosion test shall be such that the conditions of
homogeneity and distribution of the spray are met. Due to the limited capacity of cabinets smaller than
0,4 m3, the effect of the loading of the cabinet on the distribution of the spray and temperature should
be carefully considered. The sprayed solution shall be fell down naturally on the test specimens, and the
upper parts of the cabinet shall be designed so that drops of spayed solution formed on its surface do not
fall on the test specimens being tested (see Annex A).
If a cabinet for galvanic corrosion test has been used once for an AASS or CASS test, or has been used for
any other purpose with a solution differing from that specified for the NSS test, it shall not be used for
the NSS test.
The size and shape of the cabinet shall be such that the collection rate of solution in the cabinet is within
the limits specified in Table 3, measured as specified in 9.3.
Preference shall be given to apparatus that has a means for properly dealing with fog after the test,
prior to releasing it from the building for environmental conservation, and for drawing water prior to
discharging it to the drainage system.
5.3 Heater and temperature control. An appropriate system for galvanic corrosion test maintains the
cabinet and its contents at the specified temperature (see Table 3). The temperature shall be measured
at least 100 mm from the walls.
5.4 Spraying device. The device for spraying the test solution comprises a supply of clean air, of
controlled pressure and humidity, a reservoir to contain the solution to be sprayed, and one or more
atomizers.
The compressed air supplied to the atomizers shall be filtered to remove all traces of contaminants
such as oil or solid matter, and the atomizing pressure shall be at an overpressure of 70 kPa to 170 kPa.
The pressure should be 98 kPa ± 10 kPa.
In order to prevent the evaporation of water from the sprayed droplets (aerosol), the air shall be
humidified before entering the atomizer by passing through a suitable humidifier. The humidified air
shall be saturated such that the concentration of the fallout solution falls within the specifications of
4.1. The humidified air shall also be heated such that when mixed with the salt solution, there is no
significant disturbance of the temperature in the cabinet. The appropriate temperature depends on
the pressure used and on the type of atomizer nozzle. Temperature, pressure or humidification, or
a combination thereof, shall be adjusted so that the rate of collection of the spray in the cabinet and
the concentration of the collected spray are kept within the specified limits (see 9.3). A common used
humidifier is the saturation tower, where temperature and pressure are controllable. Table 1 gives
guidance values on temperature and pressure combinations for the saturation tower.
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

Table 1 — Guiding values of galvanic corrosion test for the solution temperature in the
saturation tower
Guiding values for the temperature, in °C, of the hot water in the sat-
Atomizing overpressure
uration tower when performing the different salt spray test
Neutral salt spray (NSS) and ace- Copper-accelerated acetic acid
kPa
tic acid salt spray (AASS) salt spray (CASS)
70 45 61
84 46 63
98 48 64
112 49 66
126 50 67
140 52 69
The atomizers shall be made of inert material such as ceramic and glass. Baffles may be used to prevent
direct impact of the spray on the test specimens, and the use of adjustable baffles is helpful in obtaining
uniform distribution of the spray within the cabinet. For this purpose, a dispersion tower equipped
with an atomizer may also be helpful.
The supply salt solution to the nozzle shall be kept stable to ensure a continuous and uniform fall out as
described in 9.3. A stable level of spraying can be achieved by either controlling the level of salt solution
in the reservoir or restricting the flow of salt solution to the nozzle such that a continuous spray is
achieved.
Distilled or deionized water with a conductivity not higher than 20 μS/cm at 25 °C ± 2 °C shall be used
for humidifier.
5.5 Collecting devices. Suitable collecting devices for galvanic corrosion test shall be available in such
number that the homogeneity of the cabinet can be checked, at least two, consisting of funnels made of
chemically inert material, with the stems inserted into graduated cylinders or other similar containers.
Suitable funnels have a diameter of 100 mm, which corresponds to a collecting area of approximately
2
80 cm . The collecting devices shall be placed in the zone of the cabinet where the test specimens are
placed, one close to an inlet of spray and one remote from an inlet. They shall be placed so that only mist,
and not liquid falling from specimens or from parts or the cabinet, is collected.
6 Method for evaluating cabinet corrosivity
6.1 General
To check the reproducibility and repeatability of the galvanic corrosion test results for one piece
of apparatus, or for similar items of apparatus in different laboratories, it is necessary to verify the
apparatus at regular intervals as described in 6.2 to 6.4.
To determine the corrosivity of the tests, reference-metal specimens made of steel or aluminium shall
be used.
As a complement to the reference-metal specimens made of steel or aluminium, high-purity zinc
reference-metal specimens may also be exposed in the tests in order to determine the corrosivity
against this metal as described in Annex B.
6.2 Reference specimens
To verify the apparatus, use four or six reference specimens of 1 mm ± 0,2 mm thickness and
150 mm × 70 mm, of CR4-grade steel in accordance with ISO 3574, or aerospace grade A1050 pure
aluminium in accordance with ISO 6361-2, with an essentially faultless surface and a matt finish
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ISO 21746:2019(E)

(arithmetical mean deviation of the profile Ra = 0,8 μm ± 0,3 μm). Cut these reference specimens from
cold-rolled plates or strips.
Clean the reference specimens carefully, immediately prior to testing. Besides the specifications given
in 7.2 and 7.3, cleaning shall eliminate all those traces (dirt, oil, protective resin or other foreign matter)
that could influence the test results.
Thoroughly clean the reference specimens with an appropriate organic solvent (such as a hydrocarbon
with a boiling point between 60 °C and 120 °C) using a clean soft brush or an ultrasonic cleaning device.
Carry out the cleaning in a vessel full of solvent. After cleaning, rinse the reference specimens with
fresh solvent and then dry them.
Determine the mass of the reference specimens to ±1 mg. Protect one face of the reference specimens
with a removable coating, for example an adhesive plastic film. The edges of the reference test
specimens may be protected by the adhesive tape as well.
6.3 Arrangement of the reference specimens
Position four steel or aluminium reference specimens in four quadrants (if six specimens are available,
place them in six different positions including four quadrants) in the zone of the cabinet where the test
specimens are placed, with the unprotected face upwards, and at an angle of 20° ± 5° from the vertical.
The support for the reference specimens shall be made of, or coated with, inert materials such as
plastics. The lower edge of the reference specimens shall be level with the top of the salt spray collector.
The cabinet should be verified during the testing of specimens. If this is the case, great care shall be
taken that the specimens do not affect each other. Otherwise, the cabinet shall be filled with substitute
specimens to maintain the homogeneity of the cabinet. The verification procedure shall be performed
using the same settings as for the test runs.
6.4 Duration of tests
Neutral salt spray test (NSS): 48 h.
Acetic acid salt spray test (AASS): 24 h.
Copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray test (CASS): 24 h.
6.5 Determination of mass lo
...

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