ISO 5-4:2009
(Main)Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
ISO 5-4:2009 specifies the geometric conditions for the definition of ISO 5 standard reflection density. It also recommends tolerances on geometric conditions that can be used in the design of instruments. The spectral conditions are specified in ISO 5-3. ISO 5-4:2009 also specifies the requirements for polarization (if that feature is included) and for backing material, and makes recommendations regarding accuracy and linearity. Although intended primarily for use in the measurement of the reflection characteristics of photographic and graphic arts materials, ISO 5-4:2009 is also applicable to the measurement of these characteristics for other materials.
Photographie et technologie graphique — Mesurages de la densité — Partie 4: Conditions géométriques pour la densité de réflexion
Fotografija in grafična tehnologija - Merjenje optične gostote - 4. del: Geometrični pogoji za gostoto pri refleksiji
Ta del ISO 5 določa geometrijske pogoje za opredelitev gostote pri refleksiji po standardu ISO 5. Priporoča tudi odstopanja geometrijskih pogojev, ki se lahko uporabljajo pri načrtovanju instrumentov. Spektralne pogoje določa ISO 5-3. Ta del ISO 5 določa tudi zahteve za polarizacijo (če je ta lastnost vključena) in za pomožne materiale ter podaja priporočila glede natančnosti in linearnosti. Čeprav je ta del ISO 5 namenjen predvsem uporabi pri merjenju lastnosti refleksije fotografskih materialov in materialov za grafične upodobitve, velja tudi za merjenje teh lastnosti pri drugih materialih.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Photographie et technologie graphique - Mesurages de la densité - Partie 4: Conditions géométriques pour la densité de réflexionPhotography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density37.040.01Fotografija na splošnoPhotography in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:ISO 5-4:2009SIST ISO 5-4:2010en01-maj-2010SIST ISO 5-4:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST ISO 5-4:19961DGRPHãþD
Reference numberISO 5-4:2009(E)© ISO 2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO5-4Third edition2009-12-01Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density Photographie et technologie graphique — Mesurages de la densité — Partie 4: Conditions géométriques pour la densité de réflexion
©
ISO 2009 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax
+ 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
copyright@iso.org Web
www.iso.org Published in Switzerland
ii
iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Coordinate system, terminology and symbols.2 5 Distinction between ideal and realized parameters.3 6 Requirements.3 6.1 Influx and efflux geometry.3 6.2 Sampling aperture.4 6.3 Annular distribution.4 6.4 Normal directional distribution.5 6.5 Determination of illuminator radiance distribution.5 6.6 Determination of receiver responsivity distribution.5 6.7 Polarization efficiency.5 6.8 Scattered flux.5 6.9 Backing material.6 6.10 Reference standard.6 6.11 Designation.7 6.12 Conformance testing.7 Annex A (normative)
Determining conformance with tolerances.8 Annex B (normative)
Determination of accuracy and linearity of a densitometer.9 Annex C (normative)
Certified reference materials for measuring instruments with polarizing means.10 Annex D (normative)
Polarization efficiency.11 Annex E (informative)
Backing materials.13 Annex F (informative)
Reflectance density versus reflectance factor density.14 Bibliography.15
v Introduction This part of ISO 5 specifies the geometric conditions that are used to define ISO 5 standard reflection density and to make measurements of ISO 5 standard reflection density. These conditions correspond approximately to practical situations for viewing reflection-type photographs or graphic reproductions, which specifically requires illuminating the print at an angle of 45° to the normal to the surface and viewing along the normal. These conditions tend to reduce surface glare and maximize the density range of the image, which is sometimes referred to as annular 45°:0° reflection densitometry. The geometric conditions specified in this part of ISO 5 are intended to simulate 45° illumination for viewing or photographing a specimen. There might be some engineering advantages in designing a measuring instrument with normal illumination and 45° collection. Reversing the geometry in this way has no demonstrated effect on the measured values in most cases, so both geometric arrangements are included in this part of ISO 5. However, work by Voglesong[11] has demonstrated that there are times when measurements of the same printed sample with 0°/45° & 45°/0° can be significantly different. This part of ISO 5 attempts to specify unambiguously the geometric conditions that define reflection densitometry by providing what is termed “ideal requirements”. The actual design and manufacture of instruments, however, require tolerances around these ideal conditions which, in this part of ISO 5, are shown as practical specifications. This part of ISO 5 serves three primary functions: a) to provide the basis for unequivocal measurements that are needed for specifications, for communication between organizations, and for contractual agreements; b) to provide a reference to assist in resolving seemingly different measurement data between systems; and c) to aid in the calibration and certification of densitometers, or spectrophotometers used as densitometers, by allowing for the generation of certified reference materials (CRMs) with numerical values traceable to fundamental physical phenomena. For graphic arts applications, guidance in the use of densitometry is provided in ISO 13656. SIST ISO 5-4:2010
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5-4:2009(E) © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
1 Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density 1 Scope This part of ISO 5 specifies the geometric conditions for the definition of ISO 5 standard reflection density. It also recommends tolerances on geometric conditions that can be used in the design of instruments. The spectral conditions are specified in ISO 5-3. This part of ISO 5 also specifies the requirements for polarization (if that feature is included) and for backing material, and makes recommendations regarding accuracy and linearity. Although intended primarily for use in the measurement of the reflection characteristics of photographic and graphic arts materials, this part of ISO 5 is also applicable to the measurement of these characteristics for other materials. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5-1, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 1: Geometry and functional notation ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 3: Spectral conditions ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images IEC 60050-845:19871), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Lighting
1) IEC 60050-845:1987 is a joint publication with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). It is identical to CIE 17.4:1987, International Lighting Vocabulary. SIST ISO 5-4:2010
3 5 Distinction between ideal and realized parameters The unambiguous definition of density requires that geometric, as well as spectral, parameters be exactly specified. However, the practical design and manufacture of instruments require that reasonable tolerances be allowed for physical parameters. The definition of ISO 5 stand
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5-4
Third edition
2009-12-01
Photography and graphic technology —
Density measurements —
Part 4:
Geometric conditions for reflection
density
Photographie et technologie graphique — Mesurages de la densité —
Partie 4: Conditions géométriques pour la densité de réflexion
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Coordinate system, terminology and symbols .2
5 Distinction between ideal and realized parameters.3
6 Requirements.3
6.1 Influx and efflux geometry.3
6.2 Sampling aperture.4
6.3 Annular distribution .4
6.4 Normal directional distribution.5
6.5 Determination of illuminator radiance distribution.5
6.6 Determination of receiver responsivity distribution.5
6.7 Polarization efficiency.5
6.8 Scattered flux.5
6.9 Backing material.6
6.10 Reference standard.6
6.11 Designation .7
6.12 Conformance testing.7
Annex A (normative) Determining conformance with tolerances.8
Annex B (normative) Determination of accuracy and linearity of a densitometer.9
Annex C (normative) Certified reference materials for measuring instruments with polarizing
means .10
Annex D (normative) Polarization efficiency.11
Annex E (informative) Backing materials .13
Annex F (informative) Reflectance density versus reflectance factor density.14
Bibliography.15
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5-4 was prepared by ISO/TC 42, Photography, and ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology, in a Joint Working
Group.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5-4:1995), which has been technically revised.
This technical revision introduces the concept of ideal and practical conditions. In the course of this technical
revision, all parts of ISO 5 have been reviewed together, and the terminology, nomenclature and technical
requirements have been made consistent across all parts.
ISO 5 consists of the following parts, under the general title Photography and graphic technology — Density
measurements:
⎯ Part 1: Geometry and functional notation
⎯ Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmittance density
⎯ Part 3: Spectral conditions
⎯ Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This part of ISO 5 specifies the geometric conditions that are used to define ISO 5 standard reflection density
and to make measurements of ISO 5 standard reflection density. These conditions correspond approximately
to practical situations for viewing reflection-type photographs or graphic reproductions, which specifically
requires illuminating the print at an angle of 45° to the normal to the surface and viewing along the normal.
These conditions tend to reduce surface glare and maximize the density range of the image, which is
sometimes referred to as annular 45°:0° reflection densitometry.
The geometric conditions specified in this part of ISO 5 are intended to simulate 45° illumination for viewing or
photographing a specimen. There might be some engineering advantages in designing a measuring
instrument with normal illumination and 45° collection. Reversing the geometry in this way has no
demonstrated effect on the measured values in most cases, so both geometric arrangements are included in
[11]
this part of ISO 5. However, work by Voglesong has demonstrated that there are times when
measurements of the same printed sample with 0°/45° & 45°/0° can be significantly different. This part of
ISO 5 attempts to specify unambiguously the geometric conditions that define reflection densitometry by
providing what is termed “ideal requirements”. The actual design and manufacture of instruments, however,
require tolerances around these ideal conditions which, in this part of ISO 5, are shown as practical
specifications.
This part of ISO 5 serves three primary functions:
a) to provide the basis for unequivocal measurements that are needed for specifications, for communication
between organizations, and for contractual agreements;
b) to provide a reference to assist in resolving seemingly different measurement data between systems; and
c) to aid in the calibration and certification of densitometers, or spectrophotometers used as densitometers,
by allowing for the generation of certified reference materials (CRMs) with numerical values traceable to
fundamental physical phenomena.
For graphic arts applications, guidance in the use of densitometry is provided in ISO 13656.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5-4:2009(E)
Photography and graphic technology — Density
measurements —
Part 4:
Geometric conditions for reflection density
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5 specifies the geometric conditions for the definition of ISO 5 standard reflection density. It
also recommends tolerances on geometric conditions that can be used in the design of instruments. The
spectral conditions are specified in ISO 5-3.
This part of ISO 5 also specifies the requirements for polarization (if that feature is included) and for backing
material, and makes recommendations regarding accuracy and linearity.
Although intended primarily for use in the measurement of the reflection characteristics of photographic and
graphic arts materials, this part of ISO 5 is also applicable to the measurement of these characteristics for
other materials.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5-1, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 1: Geometry and functional
notation
ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 3: Spectral conditions
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
1)
IEC 60050-845:1987 , International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Lighting
1) IEC 60050-845:1987 is a joint publication with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). It is identical to
CIE 17.4:1987, International Lighting Vocabulary.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5-1, IEC 60050-845:1987⏐CIE 17.4:1987
and the following apply.
3.1
certified reference material
CRM
reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values are certified by a
procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the property values are
expressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence
NOTE Adapted from ISO Guide 30.
3.2
gloss suppression factor
P
numerical expression of the polarization efficiency of a densitometer with polarizing means
NOTE For a precise definition of P, see Annex D.
3.3
receiver
portion of the densitometer that senses the efflux, including the collection optics and detector
3.4
reflection density
D
R
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the reflectance factor
NOTE The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) designates the measurement referred to as “reflection
density” in ISO 5 as “reflectance factor density”. (See IEC 60050-845:1987⏐CIE 17.4:1987.)
[ISO 5-1:2009, definition 3.19]
3.5
reflectance factor
R
ratio of the reflected flux to the absolute reference reflected flux under the same geometrical and spectral
conditions of measurement
[ISO 5-1:2009, definition 3.17]
3.6
screen ruling
number of image elements, such as dots or lines, per unit of length in the direction which produces the highest
value
NOTE Adapted from ISO 12647-1.
3.7
screen width
reciprocal of screen ruling
NOTE Adapted from ISO 12647-1.
4 Coordinate system, terminology and symbols
The coordinate system, terminology and symbols described in ISO 5-1 are used in this part of ISO 5 as a
basis for specifying the geometric conditions for reflection density measurements.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
5 Distinction between ideal and realized parameters
The unambiguous definition of density requires that geometric, as well as spectral, parameters be exactly
specified. However, the practical design and manufacture of instruments require that reasonable tolerances
be allowed for physical parameters. The definition of ISO 5 standard reflection density shall be based on the
ideal value specifi
...
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