ISO 21100:2014
(Main)Air cargo unit load devices — Performance requirements and test parameters
Air cargo unit load devices — Performance requirements and test parameters
The purpose ISO 21100:2014 is to establish the minimum requirements for airworthiness approval of air cargo pallets, nets and containers, generally designated as air cargo unit load devices. ISO 21100:2014 defines the minimum performance requirements and test parameters for air cargo unit load devices requiring approval of airworthiness for installation in an approved aircraft cargo compartment and restraint system that complies with the cargo restraint and occupant protection requirements of EASA CS-25 or 14 CFR Part 25, except for the 9,0 g forward ultimate inertia force. ISO 21100:2014 applies to airworthiness approved air cargo unit load devices intended for carriage on board civil transport category airplanes type certificated under EASA CS-25 or 14 CFR Part 25. ISO 21100:2014 exclusively applies to unit load devices airworthiness approval and testing parameters. It does not apply to either aircraft design or aircraft operating requirements, which are provided by the approved Weight and Balance Manual for each aircraft type.
Unités de charge de fret aérien — Exigences de performances et paramètres d'essai
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21100
First edition
2014-09-01
Air cargo unit load devices —
Performance requirements and test
parameters
Unités de charge de fret aérien — Exigences de performances et
paramètres d’essai
Reference number
ISO 21100:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 References and terms and definitions . 2
2.1 Government regulations . 2
2.2 Normative references . 2
2.3 Terms and definitions . 2
3 Classification . 3
3.1 Types. 3
3.2 Sizes . 4
3.3 Configurations . 4
3.4 Forms . 5
3.5 Classification identifier . 5
4 Performance requirements . 5
4.1 Materials . 5
4.2 Fabrication methods and workmanship . 5
4.3 Protection . 5
4.4 Construction . 5
4.5 Marking . 5
4.6 Inspection provisions . 6
4.7 Fire protection . 6
4.8 Rapid decompression . 6
4.9 Dimensions and tolerances . 6
4.10 Strength . 6
4.11 Environmental degradation . 7
5 Tests . 8
5.1 Test requirements . 8
5.2 Test parameters . 8
5.3 Test methods . 8
5.4 Test results. 8
6 Additional . 8
6.1 Intended use . 8
6.2 Unit load device capacities . 8
6.3 Container contours . 9
6.4 Pallet configurations . 9
7 Unit load device configurations . 9
8 Testing restraint conditions .27
Bibliography .42
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 9, Air cargo and ground equipment.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21100:2014(E)
Air cargo unit load devices — Performance requirements
and test parameters
1 Scope
1.1 The purpose of this International Standard is to establish the minimum requirements for
airworthiness approval of air cargo pallets, nets and containers, generally designated as air cargo unit
load devices.
NOTE In all countries, standing Government regulations apply to air cargo unit load devices airworthiness
approval. This International Standard is intended to provide a uniform technical reference for air cargo unit load
devices approval, but does not, under any circumstance, supersede the requirements of applicable regulations or
the aircraft manufacturer’s Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual.
1.2 This International Standard defines the minimum performance requirements and test parameters
for air cargo unit load devices requiring approval of airworthiness for installation in an approved aircraft
cargo compartment and restraint system that complies with the cargo restraint and occupant protection
requirements of EASA CS-25 or 14 CFR Part 25, except for the 9,0 g forward ultimate inertia force of
§ 25.561(b) (3) (ii).
1.3 This International Standard applies to airworthiness approved air cargo unit load devices intended
for carriage on board civil transport category airplanes type certificated under EASA CS-25, “Certification
Specifications for Large Aeroplanes” or 14 CFR Part 25, “Airworthiness Standards - Transport Category
Airplanes”, or equivalent regulations.
1.4 It exclusively applies to unit load devices airworthiness approval and testing parameters. It does
not apply to either aircraft design or aircraft operating requirements, which are provided by the approved
Weight and Balance Manual for each aircraft type.
1.5 Other aspects that do not directly pertain to air cargo unit load devices airworthiness approval and
testing, e.g.:
— ULD design specifications,
— ULD in service damage limits,
— ULD restraint malfunction limitations,
— ULD test methods,
— ULD load distribution models,
— ULD maximum allowable contours,
— ULD C.G. location control means,
— ULD pressure equalization methods,
— ULD utilization guidelines,
are defined in other International Standards (see 2.2, Normative References and Bibliography).
1.6 Air cargo unit load devices qualified prior to publication of this specification were TSO (Technical
Standard Order) approved in accordance with the requirements of International Standard ISO 8097:2001.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
This International Standard is intended as a TSO approval reference for all new models of unit load devices
in the sizes or types it covers, in replacement of previously used ISO 8097.
NOTE ISO 8097 is based on USA National Aerospace Standard NAS 3610 revision 10:1990, Specification for
Cargo Unit Load Devices.
1.7 Air cargo unit load devices the size or type of which is not covered in this specification are to keep
being airworthiness approved in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8097:2011, if their size or type
is contained therein, or in accordance with other equivalent criteria, if not.
NOTE the requirements for cargo covers are not defined in this International Standard, except insofar as net
restraint is incorporated therein.
2 References and terms and definitions
2.1 Government regulations
The following government regulations are applicable to approval of transport aircraft cargo
compartments and therefore to air cargo unit load devices approval:
1)
— EU: European Aviation Safety Agency CS-25, Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes
2)
— Japan: Japanese Airworthiness Standard Part 3 (Civil Aeronautics Law Article 10 § 4)
— USA: Code of Federal Regulations Title 14 CFR Part 25 - Airworthiness Standards: Transport
3)
Category Airplanes
2.2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7166, Aircraft — Rail and stud configuration for passenger equipment and cargo restraint
ISO 8097:2001, Aircraft — Minimum airworthiness requirements and test conditions for certified air cargo
unit load devices
ISO 9788, Air cargo equipment — Cast components of double stud fitting assembly with a load capacity of
22 250 N (5 000 lbf), for aircraft cargo restraint
ISO 10046, Aircraft — Methodology of calculating cargo compartment volumes
ISO 11242, Aircraft — Pressure equalization requirements for cargo containers
2.3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:
1) EASA CS-25 constitutes the European governments transport aircraft airworthiness approval Regulations,
and can be obtained from: European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Otto Platz 1, Postfach 101253, D-50452 Cologne,
Germany, or at www.easa.europa.eu.
2) The Japanese Airworthiness Standard Part 3 (ISBN 4-89279-661-1) can be obtained from the Civil Aviation
Bureau (CAB) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Tourism and Transport, Tokyo, Japan, or at www.mlit.go.jp.en.
3) 14 CFR Part 25 constitutes the U.S.A. government transport aircraft airworthiness approval Regulations,
and can be obtained from :U.S. Government Printing Office, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington DC 20402-9328, or at www.
gpoaccess.gov.ec.fr.
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
2.3.1
container < air cargo — >
rigid structure which interfaces directly with the aircraft cargo handling and restraint system and
alone performs all the functions of a unit load device
2.3.2
cover < cargo — >
cover made of flexible material, used to protect cargo on a pallet
Note 1 to entry: It may or may not incorporate a pallet net or be permanently attached to one. If a net is
incorporated or permanently attached to the cover, the performance and testing requirements applicable to nets
in this specification are applicable to the net / cover assembly.
2.3.3
net < air cargo pallet — >
webbing or rope net for restraining load onto an air cargo pallet
2.3.4
numeric simulation
simulation of physical test condition and reaction of unit load device employing numerical analysis,
computational geometry and computer graphics to obtain proof support and design verification,
validated by demonstration that parameters, algorithms and analytical methods used provide results
of at least equivalent reliability to the outcome of a specified actual test
2.3.5
pallet < air cargo — >
unit load device consisting of a flat platform with flat undersurface of standard dimensions, on which
goods are assembled and secured by a net before being loaded as a unit onto the aircraft, and which
interfaces directly with the aircraft handling and restraint system
2.3.6
restraint system
equipment for supporting and restraining unit load devices in an aircraft against the ground/flight loads
Note 1 to entry: It usually consists of such items as rollers, side guides and locks for securing unit load devices to
the aircraft structure. It does not include unit load devices, barrier nets and tie-down straps.
2.3.7
unit load device
ULD
device for grouping, transferring and restraining cargo for transit
Note 1 to entry: It may consist of a pallet with a net or it may be a container.
3 Classification
3.1 Types
Type 1 (Reference only): Unit load devices (ULDs) designed for use in an approved aircraft restraint
system that conforms to all flight and ground cargo restraint and occupant protection requirements of
EASA CS-25 or 14 CFR Part 25, including the 9,0g forward ultimate inertia force of § 25.561 (b)(3)(ii).
NOTE Type 1 unit load devices (ULDs) are not shown in this specification. Refer to International Standard
ISO 8097:2001 (NAS 3610 revision 10).
Type 2 Unit load devices (ULDs) designed for use in an approved aircraft cargo compartment and restraint
system that conforms to the flight and ground cargo restraint and occupant protection requirements
of EASA CS-25 or 14 CFR Part 25, except for the 9,0g forward ultimate inertia force of § 25.561(b) (3)
(ii), which is complied with either by supplementary installation of a barrier net or bulkhead, or by
specifying an approved placement of the ULD in the aircraft.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
3.2 Sizes
This specification provides for the following sizes of unit load devices, expressed as nominal dimensions
in the overall plan form of a pallet or a container base, in mm (inches):
NOTE throughout this specification, dimensions are expressed in SI units, with inch/pound system values
additionally shown between brackets in order to conform to international air cargo industry usage.
Size Nominal dimension
A 2 235 × 3 175 mm (88 × 125 in)
B 2 235 × 2 743 mm (88 × 108 in)
G 2 438 × 6 058 mm (96 × 238,5 in)
K 1 534 × 1 562 mm (60,4 × 61,5 in)
L 1 534 × 3 175 mm (60,4 × 125 in)
M 2 438 × 3 175 mm (96 × 125 in)
N 1 562 × 2 438 mm (61,5 × 96 in)
P 1 198 × 1 534 mm (47 × 60,4 in)
Q 1 534 × 2 438 mm (60,4 × 96 in)
R 2 438 × 4 978 mm (96 × 196 in)
S 1 562 × 2 235 mm (61,5 × 88 in)
NOTE Size codes C, D, E, F, H, I, J, O have been intentionally omitted in this specification in order to be in
agreement with the industry’s (IATA ULD Regulations) identification coding system.
3.3 Configurations
3.3.1 This specification provides for variations of configuration among pallets, nets and containers
of the same type and size, specified in Clause 7 and listed in Table 1 hereafter. Variations in pallet/net
attachment and special interface requirements between components of unit load devices when affecting
airworthiness are specified by the configuration drawings. Configurations are denoted by sequence
number and are identified in accordance with Clause 3.5 hereafter.
3.3.2 The applicable restraint conditions to be used for testing each unit load device configuration are
specified in Clause 8 and listed in Table 2 hereafter, based on testing of worst case analysis.
3.3.3 The ULD restraint conditions and ultimate loads included herein are intended to represent a
worst case capability for the ULD. They are not intended to represent aircraft cargo handling system
restraint designs. Actual aircraft implementations may vary from the ULD test parameters stated herein
in such areas as number and spacing of restraints, among others, as long as they stay within the worst
case ULD capabilities.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
3.4 Forms
Form C = Container
Form N = Net
Form P = Pallet
3.5 Classification identifier
The pallets, nets and containers described in this specification shall be identified by the numbers derived
as shown. Types, sizes, configurations and forms shall be limited to those in configuration drawings.
“ISO 21100-2A7P” = Type 2, Size A (2 235 × 3 175 mm, 88 × 125 in), Configuration sequence A7, Pallet.
4 Performance requirements
4.1 Materials
The suitability and durability of materials used must be established on the basis of experience or tests.
Materials must conform to approved industry specifications that ensure their having the strength and
other properties specified in the design data.
4.2 Fabrication methods and workmanship
The methods of fabrication used shall produce a consistently sound structure. If the fabrication processes
(such as gluing or heat treatment) require close control to reach their objectives, the processes must be
performed under an approved process specification. Workmanship shall be consistent with high-grade
aircraft manufacturing practices.
4.3 Protection
All components of the unit load devices shall be suitably protected against deterioration or loss of
strength in service due to weathering, corrosion, abrasion or other causes where the type of material
used requires such protection. The unit load device shall have provisions for ventilation or drainage
where necessary for protection.
4.4 Construction
The unit load device shall be constructed to adequately encompass the cargo and shall provide for proper
support and restraint of the cargo. All components shall be designed to withstand rough handling. The
design shall minimize the possibility of improper installation. All pallet / net attachment devices shall
conform with ISO 7166 track and stud configuration, for single stud fittings, or ISO 9788 for double stud
fittings.
4.5 Marking
Each pallet, net, and container shall be legibly and permanently marked in an area clearly visible after
the article is loaded with cargo, with the following information:
a) Name and address of the manufacturer.
b) The weight of the article to the nearest kilogram or pound, with the applicable unit.
c) The serial number and date of manufacture.
d) The part number of the article and its identification in the code system set out in Clause 3.5.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
e) If the article is not omni-directional, the words “FORWARD”, “AFT”, and “SIDE” must be conspicuously
and appropriately placed.
f) The burning rate determined for the article under Clause 4.7.
g) The applicable TSO (Technical Standard Order) approval number.
h) Any limitations or restrictions.
4.6 Inspection provisions
There shall be means to allow close examination of each part requiring inspection, adjustment, or
lubrication.
4.7 Fire protection
The materials used in the construction of pallets, nets, and containers shall meet the appropriate
provisions set forth in EASA CS-25 or 14 CFR Part 25 Appendix F.
4.8 Rapid decompression
Unit load devices shall be designed to protect the airplane structure and the occupants as result of a
sudden release of pressure. The suitability of the design shall be established by analysis and / or tests or
numeric simulation. See ISO 11242 for guidance as to possible methods.
4.9 Dimensions and tolerances
Each pallet, net and container of a given configuration shall conform to the requirements specified by
the drawing for that configuration. General tolerances for all configuration drawings, unless otherwise
noted, are ± 0,01 mm for two places decimals, ± 0,1 mm for one place decimals, ± 1 mm without a decimal
(in inches: ± 0,01 for three place decimals, ± 0,03 for two place decimals, ± 0,1 for one place decimals).
4.10 Strength
4.10.1 Ultimate load criteria
4.10.1.1 Ultimate loads for each unit load device configuration are specified in the page defining that
configuration. These loads shall be considered as acting separately, except as noted, and shall be applied
in accordance with the specified centre of gravity limits, which shall be taken into account simultaneously.
4.10.1.2 Longitudinal eccentricity is expressed in percentage of the longitudinal dimension of a pallet or
container base, and it is measured from the lateral centerline of the pallet or container base. Longitudinal
dimensions correspond to the forward and aft directions specified by the plan views in applicable figures.
4.10.1.3 Lateral eccentricity is expressed in percentage of the lateral dimension of a pallet or container
base, and it is measured from its longitudinal centerline. Plus and minus signs indicate forward and aft
directions from the lateral centerline, and right and left directions from the longitudinal centerline of the
pallet or container base respectively.
4.10.1.4 Center of gravity height is expressed in mm (inches) above the bottom surface of pallet or
container base.
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 21100:2014(E)
4.10.2 Restraint criteria
Restraint system details for each restraint condition are specified by the figure referenced in restraint
drawing. Tolerances for the restraint system are the same as those specified in 4.9 for configuration
drawings.
4.10.3 Pallets and nets
4.10.3.1 If a pallet (or net) is to be substantiated individually, a qualified net (or pallet) of the same
configuration code may be assumed for analysis or used for test. A qualified and compatible net (or pallet)
of different configuration code may be used provided it equals or exceeds the strength requirements
of the pallet (or net) being substantiated. For substantiating a net, any net tensioning devices shall be
engaged: a pallet needs not be used for testing, provided that all net fittings are at the locations specified
in the unit load device configuration.
4.10.3.2 Pallet edge tracks and net fittings shall conform to the geometric and tolerance requirements
of ISO 7166 or, in the case of double stud fittings, ISO 9788, or equivalent with at least equal ultimate
strength.
4.10.3.3 All net fittings incorporating a single tie-down stud for attachment to pallets shall have a
minimum ultimate load capacity of 8 900 N (2 000 lb) in all directions, horizontal to vertical. Double stud
tie-down fittings shall have a minimum ultimate load capacity of 17 800 N (4 000 lb) in all directions,
horizontal to vertical. The load application point shall be 21 mm (0,83 in) or less from the head end of the
stud.
4.10.3.4 Except where otherwise stated, all track-type tie down receptacles incorporated in the pallet
construction shall have a minimum ultimate load capacity of 8 900 N (2 000 lb), or 17 800 N (4 000 lb)
for a double stud receptacle, in all directions, horizontal to vertical. The load application point shall be
23 mm (0,90 in) or more from the bottom of the track groove.
4.10.3.5 Pallet/net tie down fittings, other than stud and track type fittings, shall have a minimum
ultimate load capacity of 8 900 N (2 000 lb) in all directions, horizontal to vertical.
4.10.4 Base performance
4.10.4.1 Minimum base area loads for each unit load device configuration are specified in the page
defining that configuration. These loads shall be applicable to any area representing at least 10 % of
the total base area, while the unit load device is supported by the aircraft system. All unit load devices
2
(containers or pallets) bases shall have a minimum area load capacity of 10 kPa (209 lb/ft ).
7 2 6 2
4.10.4.2 All ULD base edges shall have a minimum vertical EI value of 5 × 10 N.cm (1.75 × 10 lb·in ).
4.10.4.3 The base edge profiles shall be rounded or chamfered in order to ensure a smooth interface
with aircraft unit load device conveyance and restraint systems.
4.11 Environmental degradation
The materials used in the construction of pallets, nets and containers shall take into account the effects
of environment conditions, such as temperature, humidity and U.V. degradation, expected in service.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserve
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.