ISO/DIS 23043

Evaluation methods for industrial wastewater treatment reuse processes

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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 23043
ISO/TC 282/SC 4 Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-02-19 2020-05-13
Evaluation methods for industrial wastewater treatment
reuse processes
ICS: 13.030.20; 13.030.40
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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)
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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)
Contents

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................... v

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... vi

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ................................................................................................... 1

3.1 Terms and definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................................ 2

4 Evaluation principles ........................................................................................................................................... 2

4.1 Comprehensiveness .............................................................................................................................................. 2

4.2 Operability ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

4.3 Relevance .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

4.4 Transparency .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Evaluation procedure ........................................................................................................................................... 3

5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.2 Procedure description ......................................................................................................................................... 4

6 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

6.1 Evaluation indicators ........................................................................................................................................... 6

6.2 Evaluation method description ........................................................................................................................ 7

6.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

6.2.2 Evaluation steps ............................................................................................................................................... 7

6.2.3 Example evaluation table ............................................................................................................................. 9

Annex A (informative) List of evaluation indicators and sub-indicators .............................................. 12

A.1 Technology indicator ......................................................................................................................................... 12

A.1.1 Te1 Technology maturity ............................................................................................................................. 12

A.1.2 Te2 Equipment utilization ratio ................................................................................................................. 12

A.1.3 Te3 Equipment readiness ratio .................................................................................................................. 12

A.1.4 Te4 Stability ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

A.1.5 Te5 System management .............................................................................................................................. 13

A.1.6 Te6 Maintainability and complexity of implementation ................................................................... 13

A.2 Environment indicator ...................................................................................................................................... 13

A.2.1 En1 Conventional pollutants removal rate ............................................................................................ 13

A.2.2 En2 Other concerned pollutants removal rate ..................................................................................... 13

A.2.3 En3 Sludge production rate ......................................................................................................................... 13

A.2.4 En4 Total GHG emissions .............................................................................................................................. 13

A.2.5 En5 Energy sustainability index (ESI) ...................................................................................................... 14

A.2.6 En6 Odour control and ventilation ............................................................................................................ 14

A.3 Resource indicator .............................................................................................................................................. 14

A.3.1 Re1 Wastewater reuse rate .......................................................................................................................... 14

A.3.2 Re2 Resource recovery .................................................................................................................................. 15

A.3.3 Re3 Energy recovery....................................................................................................................................... 15

A.3.4 Re4 Energy consumption .............................................................................................................................. 15

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A.3.5 Re5 Chemicals consumption ........................................................................................................................ 15

A.4 Economy indicator .............................................................................................................................................. 15

A.4.1 Ec1 Capital cost ................................................................................................................................................. 15

A.4.2 Ec2 Operating cost ........................................................................................................................................... 15

A.4.3 Ec3 Disposal cost .............................................................................................................................................. 16

A.4.4 Ec4 Revenues ..................................................................................................................................................... 16

Annex B (informative) Quantify qualitative sub-indicators ...................................................................... 17

Annex C (informative) Determination of weights .......................................................................................... 18

C.1 Determine the indicator weight ..................................................................................................................... 18

C.2 Weight value questionnaire ............................................................................................................................. 20

Annex D (informative) Example of evaluation case ...................................................................................... 21

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 32

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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity

assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)

principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee [or Project Committee] ISO/TC

[or ISO/PC] 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 4, Industrial water reuse.

This second/third/… edition cancels and replaces the first/second/… edition (ISO 2020#:2020), which

has been technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— xxx xxxxxxx xxx xxxx
A list of all parts in the ISO 2020# series can be found on the ISO website.

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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)
Introduction

Reuse of industrial wastewater is an important strategy for reducing freshwater consumption and

[6, 9, 13]

wastewater generation. Treated industrial wastewater can be used for various purposes . The

dominant industrial applications are cooling water for power generation, boiler feed water, equipment

cleaning and general process water uses. Reused water may also be applied for non-industrial

[8, 12, 13]

applications most typically including toilet and urinal flushing, and landscape irrigation .

Currently, various methods are applied to evaluate the resource use, energy and environmental

performance respectively, which can be also used in industrial systems, including Life Cycle Assessment

(ISO 14040-2006), Environmental Risk Assessment (IEC ISO 31010-2009), Best Available Technology

(Directive 2010/75/EU), Ecological Footprint (ISO 14046-2014), Circular Economy (BS 8001:2017) and

[1-2,15-16]

other methods . The primary evaluation criteria selection for industrial wastewater treatment

reuse processes has historically been based on a cost-benefit analysis, however, economic factors are no

longer the main decision factor, nowadays, industries take into consideration a number of sustainable

[2,7-9,14-17]

factors, including economics, environment, social and technology characteristics .

The evaluation of wastewater treatment reuse processes requires systematic methods to evaluate the

[2, 9, 17]
performance expectations of alternative wastewater treatment reuse processes .

This document provides guidelines for assessing wastewater treatment reuse processes through

enhanced information analysis, to ensure protection of environmental and human health, to promote

the transition of the circular economy and improve water management.
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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)
Evaluation methods for industrial wastewater treatment reuse
processes
1 Scope

This document specifies the principles and framework for comprehensive evaluation of industrial

wastewater treatment reuse processes, including:

a) establishing goals and scope; b) illustrating the evaluation procedure; and c) determination of

evaluation indicators (technology indicator/sub-indicators, environment indicator/sub-indicators,

resource indicator/sub-indicators, economy indicator/sub-indicators).

This document describes how to comprehensively evaluate industrial wastewater treatment reuse

processes using the proposed calculation approaches and recommended indicators. It does not specify

methodologies for single evaluation indicators.

The document is intended to provide assistance to a broad range of industrial wastewater treatment and

reuse project stakeholders including professionals (planning, management, designers, and operators),

administrative agencies (monitoring, assessment, regulation and administration) and local authorities.

This document is applicable to

a) evaluating comparing and selecting industrial wastewater treatment reuse processes,

b) implementing continuous improvements,

c) upgrading processes and improving performance for existing treatment and reuse facilities.

The intended application of the comprehensive evaluation result is considered within the goal and scope

definition.
2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are

indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 20670:2018, Water reuse - Vocabulary.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20670 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
Delphi method

an information-gathering technique used as a way to reach consensus of experts on a subject.

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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)

Note 1: The Delphi method is applied as consensus tool for determining weights of indicators/sub-

indicators in this document.

Note 2: A facilitator uses a questionnaire to solicit ideas about the important project points related to the

subject. The responses are summarized and are then recirculated to the experts for further comment.

Consensus may be reached in a few rounds of this process.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017(en), 3.1102]
3.1.2
indicator
quantitative or qualitative measure of impacts.
[SOURCE: ISO 19208:2016(en), 3.8]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
BOD5 5-day biochemical oxygen demand
COD chemical oxygen demand
ELR environment load ratio
ESI energy sustainability index
EYR the energy yield ratio
GHG greenhouse gas
GWP global warming potential
LCY local currency
PAC poly-aluminum chloride
PAM polyacrylamide
TDS total dissolved solids
TSS total suspended solids
4 Evaluation principles
4.1 Comprehensiveness

The evaluation system provides a multi-criteria analysis framework to evaluate alternatives using

parameters that are relevant to the proposed processes. The analysis considers all attributes of multiple

indicators (technology, environment, resource, and economy) and address specific requirements by

using sub-indicators based on the evaluation indicators, which are consistent with factors involved in a

[2, 7]

Sustainability Analysis to a certain extent . Other social or political criteria can be taken into account

[8]
according to local policy or regulations .
a) Technology
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ISO/DIS 23043:2020(E)

Address the technological parameters of the industrial wastewater treatment processes applied for water

reuse.
b) Environment

Address the environmental parameters and impacts of the industrial wastewater treatment processes

applied for water reuse system.
c) Resource
Address the resource recovery, allocation and utilization for water reuse.
d) Economy

Address the economic impacts of the industrial wastewater treatment processes applied for water reuse.

4.2 Operability

The selection of evaluation indicators is general, reasonable and attainable, so that the evaluation

indicators are concise, clear and easy to get. It is also in line with the actual needs to manage the water

environment.
4.3 Relevance

The evaluation process and parameters of the industrial wastewater treatment reuse processes should

be extracted in a relevant manner and appropriately quantified.
4.4 Transparency

Due to the inherent complexity for evaluation, transparency is an important guiding principle to ensure

proper results. Calculating process of sub-indicators should be recorded and available for clarification

when requested.
5 Evaluation procedure
5.1 General
General framework sees Figure 1.

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Evaluation preparation
Request evaluation
Organize a project committee
Collect data
Preliminary evaluation
Evaluation
Technology Environment Resource Economy
Evaluation report
Figure 1 Framework of evaluation procedure
5.2 Procedure description
(1) Evaluation preparation
Step 1: Request evaluation

The enterprises, industry managers or related organizations develop evaluation requirements and

submit the relevant documents. The documents can include, but not limited to the following:

a) The basic information form, which includes:
— The actual position of enterprises;
— Major processes and equipment;
— Water quality parameters of industrial influents and effluents;
— Type of reuse and reuse demands;
b) Record files of major pollutants emissions;
c) Record files of resources and energy consumption;
d) Assessment reports of environmental impact;
e) Assessment reports of public safety impact;
f) Other essential documents.

Note: Data (list b, c) can be obtained from relevant research reports and references or statistics for new

projects without record files. Reports (list d) include the assessment of freshwater consumption and

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possible effects of respective direct reduction in the effluent quality, i.e., possible increase of pollutants

concentration.
Step 2: Organize a project committee

Establish a project committee which may be composed of experts, skilled operators, industrial

shareholders or managers, supervisors, etc. The project committee is asked to undertake the following

objectives, respectively.
a) Carry out the evaluation task;
b) Supervise field surveys and sampling tests;

c) Validate the integrity and accuracy of the data on the base of the statistical reports and original

records provided by the enterprises.
Step 3: Collect data

Collect raw and supporting data from related industries or enterprises via basic information surveys,

please refer to Table D.4 in Annex D. Field surveys, sample tests, and enterprises’ record files can be used

to collect data if evaluated processes have adequate operational recording data. Research reports and

references analysis also can be used to collect data if it is a new process and/or new project with little or

no existing operating record.

Note: Step 1, step 2 and step 3 are recommended steps of evaluation preparation whose main task is to

collect data. Other optional steps are also allowed to carry out the evaluation preparation as long as they

satisfy the need of collecting adequate information.
(2) Preliminary evaluation
The preliminary evaluation procedure is as following:

a) Analyze and summarize the existing treatment and reuse technologies globally according to the

category of industrial wastewater, and determine which technologies or processes are evaluated.

b) Make a simple primary selection of the above processes. The main considerations include:

— Whether the processes achieve the required constituent removal performance.
[9]

— According to "Guidelines for Water Reuse 2012" and relevant standards (e.g., ISO 20468-1) to

[2,3]

determine whether the technology can meet its corresponding reuse water quality requirements .

— Whether it is convenient for updating construction considering site, public facilities and other

conditions.
— Other necessary conditions and considerations.

c) The project committee (see step 2 in 5.2) combined with stakeholders, engineers, technicians and

relevant experts to discuss, and distinguish the two major categories: preliminary feasible processes and

infeasible processes based on the actual situation of the enterprises. The former processes are selected

for further evaluation.
(3) Evaluation

The preliminary feasible processes are comprehensively evaluated from four aspects: technology

indicator, environment indicator, resource indicator and economy indicator. See Clause 6.

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Note: Besides, it is out of the scope of this document, the social effects including education, cultural values,

operator training requirements, job creation and other social criteria should be taken into account

according to local policy or regulations.
(4) Evaluation report
Step 1: Evaluation results analysis

Compare the comprehensive scores of proposed evaluated processes. Then, make the evaluation report

by combining analysis of the evaluation results with consideration on the actual situation of the industrial

enterprise. The whole processes that meet the requirements are identified along with the recommended

processes, are referred as solutions available for users and decision makers.
Step 2: Prepare evaluation reports

The evaluation report should include the basic condition of the industrial enterprise, the relevant

technical conditions, the evaluation process and results, etc.
6 Evaluation
6.1 Evaluation indicators

The evaluation system consists of four primary indicators: technology, environment, resource and

economy. Each indicator category is divided into a few sub-indicators. The sub-indicators are refinement

of the primary indicators. The overall indicator framework of evaluation system is shown in Table 1. The

further details are given in Annex A; Calculation of the qualitative sub-indicators refers to Annex B.

Table 1 Example indicators of industrial wastewater treatment reuse processes
Note Related reference
Indicators Sub-indicators
Te1. Technology maturity Qualitative A.1.1
Te2. Equipment utilization ratio Quantitative A.1.2
Te3. Equipment readiness ratio Quantitative A.1.3
Te4. Stability Qualitative A.1.4
Technology
Te5. System management Qualitative A.1.5
Te6. Maintainability and complexity of Qualitative A.1.6
implementation
En1. Conventional pollutants removal rate Quantitative A.2.1
En2. Other concerned pollutants removal rate Quantitative A.2.2
Environment
En3. Sludge production rate Quantitative A.2.3
En4. Total GHG emissions Quantitative A.2.4
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En5. Energy sustainability index (ESI) Quantitative A.2.5
En6. Odour control and ventilation Qualitative A.2.6
Re1. Wastewater reuse rate Quantitative A.3.1
Re2. Resource recovery Quantitative A.3.2
Resource Re3. Energy recovery Quantitative A.3.3
Re4. Energy consumption Quantitative A.3.4
Re5. Chemicals consumption Quantitative A.3.5
Ec1. Capital cost Quantitative A.4.1
Ec2. Operating cost Quantitative A.4.2
Economy Ec3. Disposal cost Quantitative A.4.3
Ec4. Revenues Quantitative A.4.4

Note: Not all sub-indicators in Table 1 are mandatory in carrying out an evaluation. Other sub-

indicators (such as risk management, environmental and public safety, etc.) can be selected or added

depending on situation.
6.2 Evaluation method description
6.2.1 General

A step by step method is illustrated as the following steps (step 1~step 5) and a sample evaluation table

is given in Table 2.
6.2.2 Evaluation steps
Step 1: Individual evaluation of sub- indicators
[7]

To deal with sub-indicators through normalization, the values should be dimensionless .

Calculate the individual evaluated value, “I ”, expressed as dimensionless number, of the sub-indicators,

“i”, using formula (1) and (2).
For the higher value, the better indicators, using formula (1):
𝑆 −𝑆
𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐼 = (1)

𝑆 −𝑆
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛
For the lower value, the better indicators, using formula (2):
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