ISO 17887:2025
(Main)Traceability of rare earths in the supply chain from separated products to permanent magnets
Traceability of rare earths in the supply chain from separated products to permanent magnets
This document specifies ways in which rare earths can be traced as they move through the supply chain between the separated products to rare earth permanent magnets, or otherwise to be further processed. The documented traceability information is applicable to purchasers, suppliers, and users of rare earth permanent magnets to identify parties in the supply chain who have processed a given shipment of rare earth material, the location of that rare earth material as it passes between supply chain nodes. The documented traceability information is also applicable to supply chain actors and end users who use this information to check the validity of any claims made on the rare earth permanent magnets concerning sustainability, environmental impact, or recycled material content.
Traçabilité des terres rares dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement, des produits séparés aux aimants permanents
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 17887
First edition
Traceability of rare earths in
2025-08
the supply chain from separated
products to permanent magnets
Traçabilité des terres rares dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement,
des produits séparés aux aimants permanents
Reference number
© ISO 2025
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ii
Contents Page
Forward .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Planning a traceability system . 5
4.1 General .5
4.2 Documented information .5
4.3 Counterparties.6
4.4 Unique identifier (UI) .6
5 Operation of traceability system . 6
5.1 General .6
5.2 Chain of custody .7
5.2.1 General .7
5.2.2 Chain of custody requirements .7
5.3 Identification .8
6 Distributed-ledger-based traceability platform . 9
6.1 Fundamental attributes .9
6.2 Basic support.9
6.3 Supply chain node .9
6.4 Transaction .9
6.5 Context .10
6.5.1 General .10
6.5.2 Trusted supply chain nodes .10
6.5.3 Other supply chain nodes .10
6.5.4 Other contextual data .10
6.6 Events .10
6.7 Transformation .10
6.8 Data privacy and security.11
6.8.1 Privacy .11
6.8.2 Security . . .11
6.9 Interoperability.11
7 Performance evaluation .12
8 Improvement .12
8.1 General . 12
8.2 Nonconformity and corrective actions . 12
Annex A (informative) Supply chain nodes with and without transformations .13
Bibliography .16
iii
Forward
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 298, Rare earth.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
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iv
Introduction
0.1 General
The adoption of a traceability system is a strategic decision for an organization that can assist in
understanding the supply chain of its goods, products and services. A traceability system is a useful tool
to assist an organization operating within a rare earth supply chain to allow traceability, i.e., between its
original material source and its final product manufacturing destination including recycling, and to achieve
defined goals and objectives within their overall material management system(s). The design of a traceability
system is influenced by regulations, product characteristics, and end-user expectations. The complexity of
the traceability system varies depending on the nature of the product(s) within the supply chain, the sources
of inputs, and the objectives to be achieved.
While implementation of materials traceability is legally mandatory in many countries, the implementation
of a traceability system by an organization also depends on:
— technical limits inherent to the supply chain organization and products (i.e., nature of the materials, size
of the lots, collection and transport procedures, processing, and packaging methods);
— the cost and benefits of applying such a system;
— the characteristics of processing;
— the environmental impact, waste treatment and disposal processing.
The potential benefits of implementing a traceability system based on this document are:
— the ability to trace rare earth materials and products between separated products and permanent
magnet products;
— the premium value of being able to demonstrate product quality through credible evidence of, for example,
production with verifiable sustainability claims as provided by a trustworthy traceability system;
— to reduce and prevent pollution;
— promotion of environmentally responsible and production with verifiable sustainability claims of rare
earths permanent magnet products including through the circular economy;
— to align a rare earth supply chain with sustainable development goals;
— to provide better service for users and customers by supplying quality products.
This document can be used by all participants in the rare earth supply chain. However, it is not the intent of
this document to specify the need for:
— complete uniformity in the structure of traceability systems for different rare earth supply chains;
— alignment of documentation to the clause structure of this document;
— use of the specific terminology of this document within the rare earth supply chain.
This document specifies factors enabling the traceability of rare earths in the supply chain between
separated products to permanent magnets.
In this document:
— “shall” indicates a requirement;
— “should” indicates a recommendation;
— “may” indicates a permission;
— “can” indicates a possibility or a capability.
v
Information marked “NOTE” is for guidance in understanding or clarifying the associated requirement.
0.2 Description
This document describes a traceability system covering the rare earth supply chain between separated
rare earth products and rare earth permanent magnets. This document specifies standards for digital
traceability systems enabling supply chain members to access digitally verifiable information relating to
rare earth materials or products as they pass through the supply chain. This information includes the digital
identity of each product manufacturer in the supply chain which has handled the rare earth material, product
shipment, or production, or both, and recycling. This document thereby makes it possible for the purchasers
of rare earth permanent magnets or magnet-making precursor to identify the product manufacturers in the
supply chain that were involved in either the production or recycling processes, or both.
This document is an extension of the traceability of rare earths in the supply chain from mine to separated
products (see ISO 23664). This extension beyond the separated products is important to provide assurance
to consumers that their products contain traceable rare earths and to align the entire rare earth supply
chain between mine and finished goods with sustainable development goals in mind. Although it is not a
requirement to link the requirements in this document with ISO 23664, it can be useful to do so if the goal is
to define a traceability system that spans the entire supply chain from mine to permanent magnet.
The types of businesses in the rare earth supply chain that are considered in this document are the following:
a) Separation production — In which mixed rare earth products from hydrometallurgical plants are
separated into one or more relatively pure products each containing one or more specific rare earths to
the substantial exclusion of other rare earths.
b) Metal production — Process in which the separated rare earth products such as rare earth oxides are
reduced to rare earth metals.
c) Master alloy production — Process in which a rare earth metal is alloyed with one or more elements
to provide a master alloy of the required chemical composition that is a suitable precursor for the
manufacture of a rare earth permanent magnet(s).
d) Magnet production — Process in which the rare earth master alloy is transformed into a rare earth
permanent magnet, with suitable material properties and technologically useful magnetic properties
e.g., remanence, coercivity, Curie temperature etc, for use in applications e.g., electric motors, wind
turbine generators etc.
e) Traders, brokers, and wholesalers — Entities that handle rare earths products, generally the materials
such as oxides, metals, and alloys, possibly re-package or blend powdery material, but otherwise do not
change the chemical or physical nature of the rare earth-bearing material,
f) Recycler — Entities that collect, sort, and extract rare-earth-containing materials such as swarf, magnet
scrap, and other rare-earth-containing materials that can be reinserted at different points of the rare
earth supply chain.
g) Transporters —Businesses that move rare earth products between different businesses in the rare
earth supply chain.
h) Downstream users — Businesses or manufacturers that use rare earth permanent magnets to produce
downstream products such as cell phones, electrical machinery, vehicles, etc.
The connections between the businesses in the rare earth supply chain for separated oxide products to
permanent magnets using NdPrFeB magnets as an example are illustrated in Figure 1.
vi
Key
1 vertical dashed lines denote a demarcation between different nodes in supply chain
Figure 1 — Overview of traditional rare earth supply chain for separated oxide products to
permanent magnets using NdPrFeB magnets as an example.
NOTE 1 Although not illustrated in Figure 1, recycled rare earth materials can be inputs, outputs, or both, at all
supply chain steps.
NOTE 2 A different configuration of supply chain nodes is applicable for the SmCo permanent magnet supply chain.
Some business entities conduct more than one of these activities either at a single site or at multiple sites.
For example, it is possible for a company to perform one or all the process steps within one organization.
It can be possible for a separation plant to operate a metal refinery, so its product is an upgraded metal
rather than a separated oxide. It is also possible for a metal refinery to own and operate a master alloy plant
to process its metal and then ship a master alloy product to a magnet producer or a trader. Traders can be
involved in the supply chain, as indicated, but also in the marketing of different products along the REE
permanent magnet supply chain.
Recycled rare earth materials can serve as inputs at several points in the supply chain model described in
Figure 1. Recyclers can include both waste collectors and recyclers who extract the rare earth elements by
applying metallurgical techniques. Recycling also can comprise significant inputs or outputs from certain
rare earth supply chain nodes. Thus, recycling can be considered as part of the full waste hierarchy including
both prevention, reuse, recovery, and disposal.
By their nature, it is often difficult to trace the origin of the rare earths in recycled materials, since the
recycled material can include end-of-life material from products produced many years earlier. Consequently,
it is possible that a variable percentage of the material in the supply chain will not be traceable back to a
source. If recycling is an important input or output for a supply chain, it is the responsibility of the supply
chain partners to define and disclose how recycling will be handled to meet the overall objectives of the
traceability system (see 4.1).
0.3 Mass balance
The scheme specified in this document does not provide specific technical guidance on how to account for
supply chain mass balance (see 5.2). The methodology for determining mass balance can be unique to each
rare earth supply chain. It is anticipated that some of the methodologies developed in standards covering
chain of custody will give insight into how mass balance is defined and addressed in the context of this
traceability standard. Examples of how chain of custody – mass balance models have been applied include:
plastics, battery chemicals (e.g., manganese), agricultural products (e.g., cocoa, biofuels), amongst other
examples. Until an International Standard on mass balance is published, it is the responsibility of the rare
earth supply chain participants to provide the framework and justification for the use of a chain of custody
model (e.g., mass balance) and their mass balance calculations that support any traceability claims that
follow the end product.
vii
0.4 Distributed ledger technology
Traceability of rare earths in the supply chain, between separated oxides and permanent magnets can
be possible through a range of methods tracking chain of custody (such as those detailed in ISO 22095).
However, distributed ledger technology (DLT) can enhance traceability in the rare earth supply chain
between separated oxides and permanent magnets. DLT can enable this for the following reasons: secured
information sharing, facilitates product monitoring and control, real-time data acquisition, tool that can
be used to enhance the transparency in rare earth permanent magnet supply chains, build trusts amongst
supply chain actors through the sharing of verifiable data. However, this technology does not replace the
need for individual nodes in the supply chain to share reliable information on rare earth properties or the
need to conduct due diligence on supply chain actors and transactions. Reliable information on rare earth
properties includes, for example, the tonnage of rare earth concentrate from a mine X sold to a refinery Y,
or the purity of a rare-earth concentrate sold from a mine or processing company A to a refinery B, or Nd
tonnage and concentration sold from a refinery C to a magnet manufacturer D.
A traceability system using DLT can deliver the following benefits:
— Anti-counterfeiting: each batch or lot of permanent magnets is identifiable by a unique code, which
enables identification of each distinct batch of permanent magnets;
— Trusted lifecycle tracking: the information throughout the circulation of permanent magnets is written
into the distributed ledger, which is tamper-resistant, and the associated identities cannot be denied;
— Supply chain collaboration: the traceability data is sharable among supply chain partners with verified
identities by leveraging distributed databases, records, or ledgers to achieve unified credentials, based
on confidentiality considerations, and need-to-know;
— Sustainability: the traceability platform provides credentials for sustainability tracking of permanent
magnet end-products.
There are many different types of distributed ledger structures. Blockchains are one type of distributed
ledger technology where blocks of transactions are organized in an append-only sequential chain using
cryptographic links (see ISO 22739: 2024). The ledger structure is one list, but nodes are part of a peer-
to-peer network. While "public-permissionless" blockchains and DLTs offer security and the greatest
transparency, "private-permissioned" blockchains and DLTs offer a different degree of commercial
sensitivity, transparency, and security. However, not all supply chain consortiums are using a blockchain-
type distributed ledger technology.
In contrast to a distributed ledger that is shared across all the DLT nodes in a supply chain, a supply chain can
set up multiple physical or logical ledgers. In this setup, each ledger is accessible only to the specific nodes
that are members of that ledger, allowing them to view only the transactions between the parties involved.
For instance, an actor in the rare earth supply chain can create a pairwise ledger with its supplier (i.e., one-
step up actor) and another pairwise ledger with its customer (i.e., one-step down actor). This arrangement
ensures that transactions involving the one-step up actor are concealed from the one-step down actor, and
vice versa. Multi-ledger designs are probable in a global supply chain as they offer enhanced commercial
sensitivity and transparency trade-offs, compliance with regulatory boundaries, vendor choices, and the
ability to repurpose existing supply chain information systems. Nevertheless, such a design must address
challenges related to data integration and interoperability across DLT systems (for practical standards on
DLT detailing integration and interoperability principles, see the bibliography).
The multiple distributed ledger-based traceability platform is proposed in this document for rare earth
permanent magnet supply chains. This configuration aims to link all trusted data series of materials and
products during the whole lifecycle of their either circulation or processing, or both; and uses international
standardization, either data elements, processes, or both, for their traceability. It is anticipated that
distributed ledger technology that is both private and permissioned is the easiest for supply chain
participants to both regulate and maintain the highest degree of confidentiality for supply chain sensitive
data. When supply chain data is captured, one-step up and one-step down transactions must be considered
at every step of the supply chain. To maintain commercial sensitivity, shared access beyond parties involved
in a transaction can be undesirable. Thus, input and output transactions can be segregated in separate
distributed ledgers among different subsets of parties (e.g., separate ledger as discussed above) to retain
the desirable properties of blockchains (such as transparency, immutability, nonrepudiation, and data
viii
validation) between node pairs that have access to the same ledger (e.g., Figure 2). However, to regain a
holistic view of the supply chain, an integration system(s) is(are) necessary to connect multiple ledgers,
which can calculate product characteristics (e.g., recycled content) and check for supply chain mass balance.
Key
1 virgin material
2 magnet product
3 end user
4 recycled content
5 inputs
6 outputs
7 pairwise ledgers
8 supply chain integrator
Note Arrows indicate digital transactions
Figure 2 — Separated distributed ledger capturing the percentage of recycled content data for the
end product
Clause 5 describes the elements of the traceability process and gives the minimum required elements for
data sharing and transfer using distributed ledger technology.
0.5 Verifiable Sustainability claims
Although not a requirement of this standard, an achievable output of a traceability system covering the
rare earth supply chain between separated rare earth products and rare earth permanent magnets can be
considered as a system which provides the end users of permanent magnets the confidence that products
produced under the traceability system can support verifiable sustainability claims about their product.
ix
Verifiable sustainability claims made on permanent magnet products can communicate environmental,
social, economic, or ethical claims. Environmental claims communicate how a product has specific and
quantifiable environmental or sustainability benefits; e.g. CO emissions. Social claims communicate
the responsibility of a producer for the impacts of its decision and activities on society. Economic claims
can communicate the circularity of the product in course of its lifecycle; e.g., recyclability. Ethical claims
communicate the behaviour of producer in accordance with accepted principles of right or good conduct in
the context of a particular situation and consistency with widely shared expectations about what constitutes
appropriate behaviour among governments and certain non-state actors at the international level. When
verifiable sustainability claims are connected to a particular product using traceability and chain of custody
processes as discussed in this standard, they can be referred to as products with verifiable sustainability
claims. The objective is to have verifiable sustainability claims on permanent magnet products without
allowing for possibility of “green-washing”.
Products with verifiable sustainability claims are those made in accord with the principles of sustainable
development encompassing environmental, social and economic aspects, in which “the needs of the present
are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs"(See World Commission
on Environment and Development (1987)). Products with verifiable sustainability claims are either
sustainability sourced, manufactured, or processed and provide environmental, social and economic benefits
while protecting public health and the environment over their life cycle, from the mining of materials, until
the final disposal or recycling. Traceability systems such as the requirements described herein are key tools
for generating digital product passports, by tracing the origins of materials and components, as well as
details about the suppliers involved in the sourcing process. Tracking these types of data provides invaluable
insights into a product’s supply chain, enabling businesses to ensure transparency and accountability in
their operations, and allowing end users confidence in the sustainability, environmental impact (e.g., carbon
footprint), and recyclability of the products they purchase.
0.6 Bidirectionality
Traceability can also be viewed as bidirectional. Although the scheme specified in this document focuses
on the traceability of rare earths from separated rare earth products to rare earth permanent magnets,
there can be circumstances in which the backward flow of traceability information from downstream
to upstream can be advantageous. Reverse information flows from downstream users to suppliers can
include information on the distribution of rare earths in different supply chain channels and downstream
use applications. The bidirectional flow of traceability information benefits the downstream users by
providing provenance information on the rare earths incorporated into their products, while upstream
suppliers benefit through better connections with the downstream users which can allow the supplier to
provide better products and services to meet the downstream demand. Bidirectionality is conveyed in this
document using the terminology, rare earth supply chain between separated rare earth products and rare
earth permanent magnets.
0.7 Limitations
The scheme specified in this document does not demand perfect traceability but rather provides general
guidelines on technically feasible rare earth mass balancing using models and digital data-sharing
methodologies. There will be occasions where whole chain traceability of rare earth materials and
products is challenging, or not commercially practical. Also, some supply chains focus on specific rare earth
elements rather than on the full suite of rare earth elements. For example, the focus can be on neodymium-
praseodymium oxide (or NdPr oxides) which is a precursor material for neodymium iron boron (NdFeB)
magnets versus total rare earth oxides (TREOs). Rather than providing full traceability for all the rare earth
elements, some supply chains can choose to focus on one or more subsets. These limitations and choices
must be recognized and must not be taken as a nonconformity of an otherwise conforming rare earth supply
chain traceability system. It is generally advisable and more practical to focus on digital traceability via
mass balancing of the manufactured and sold products (e.g., by digital links between mass balancing and
accounting of sold products) throughout the supply chain including their manufacturer identities, rather
than seeking full traceability of the full rare earth element suite.
It is the responsibility of the user of this document to determine the regulations that apply for rare earth
supply chains operating within and between different countries. While numerous countries are currently
standardizing and harmonizing supply chain information for transparent traceability (e.g., via a digital
battery or product passports), a measure of flexibility is given for supply chain businesses to record further
x
supplementary transaction information in their non-standardized format but following the same transaction
information requirements specified in this document.
The possibility to trace rare earths in the supply chain from separated products to permanent magnets can
be possible not only through digital solutions but also by including material fingerprint techniques. Although
not included in this document, such solutions can be considered in the scope of traceability solutions for
permanent magnets [for example, see Reference 19].
xi
International Standard ISO 17887:2025(en)
Traceability of rare earths in the supply chain from separated
products to permanent magnets
1 Scope
This document specifies ways in which rare earths can be traced as they move through the supply chain
between the separated products to rare earth permanent magnets, or otherwise to be further processed.
The documented traceability information is applicable to purchasers, suppliers, and users of rare earth
permanent magnets to identify parties in the supply chain who have processed a given shipment of rare earth
material, the location of that rare earth material as it passes between supply chain nodes. The documented
traceability information is also applicable to supply chain actors and end users who use this information
to check the validity of any claims made on the rare earth permanent magnets concerning sustainability,
environmental impact, or recycled material content.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 22444-1, Rare earth — Vocabulary — Part 1: Minerals, oxides and other compounds
ISO 22444-2, Rare earth — Vocabulary — Part 2: Metals and their alloys
ISO 23664:2021, Traceability of rare earths in the supply chain from mine to separated products
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9000, ISO 22444-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
attribution
assignment of specified characteristics to outputs or part of the outputs
3.2
chain of custody
process by which inputs and outputs and associated information are transferred, monitored and controlled
as they move through each step in the relevant supply chain
[SOURCE: ISO 22095:2020, 3.1.1]
3.3
chain of custody model
approach taken to control inputs and outputs and associated information in a particular chain of custody
(3.2) system
Note 1 to entry: A chain of custody model is typically designed to preserve a set of specified characteristics (3.4).
[SOURCE: ISO 22095: 2020, 3.1.3, modified — Note 2 to entry has been deleted.]
3.4
characteristic
distinguishing feature of a material or product
Note 1 to entry: Examples include recycled content; greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (or product carbon footprint);
human, social, economic, or environmental factors; or other such characteristics as defined by the supply chain
consortium (3.14).
Note 2 to entry: A characteristic (e.g., for a product or material) can be qualitative or quantitative.
[SOURCE: ISO 22095: 2020, 3.2.4, modified — Added “of a material or product”, Note 1 to entry has been
added, and Note 2 to entry has been added.]
3.5
controlled blending model
chain of custody model (3.3) in which materials or products with a set of specified characteristics (3.4)
are mixed or co-processed according to certain criteria with materials or products without that set of
characteristics (3.4) resulting in a known proportion of the specified characteristics (3.4) in the final output
[SOURCE: ISO 22095: 2020, 3.3.3, modified — Note 1 entry has been deleted.]
3.6
distributed ledger
ledger that is shared across a set of supply chain nodes (3.16) and synchronized between the supply chain
nodes (3.16) using a consensus mechanism
Note 1 to entry: A distributed ledger is designed to be tamper resistant, append-only and immutable containing
confirmed and validated transactions (3.21).
Note 2 to entry: A consensus mechanism is a protocol that brings all nodes of a distributed ledger network into
agreement on a single data set and acts as the verification standards through which each distributed ledger transaction
(3.21) gets approved.
[SOURCE: ISO 22739: 2024, 3.23, modified — “DLT nodes” has been replaced by “supply chain nodes”, Note 1
to entry has been shortened, and Note 2 to entry has been added.]
3.7
distributed ledger technology
DLT
technology that enables the operation and use of distributed ledgers (3.6)
Note 1 to entry: Unlike traditional databases, distributed ledgers (3.6) have no central data store or administration
functionality.
Note 2 to entry: DLT is a digital system for recording the transaction (3.21) of materials or products in which the
transactions (3.21) and their details are recorded at multiple nodes at the same time.
[SOURCE: ISO 22739: 2024, 3.25, modified — Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry have been added.]
3.8
governance structure
mechanisms to make decisions on project direction, ongoing updates, and to ensure that the underlying
protocol and ecosystem of the distributed ledger (3.6) runs smoothly and efficiently
Note 1 to entry: The governance structure can include provisions such as non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) between
supply chain nodes (3.16) to ensure the confidentiality of certain sensitive information.
Note 2 to entry: The governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among the different
participants in the supply chain consortium (3.14); and lays down the rules and procedures for decision-making and
the operation of the traceability system, including the distributed ledger (3.6) systems.
3.9
interoperability
ability of two or more systems or applications to exchange information and to mutually use the information
that has been exchanged
Note 1 to entry: IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 27790:2009, 3.39, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.10
mass balance model
chain of custody model (3.3) in which materials or products with a set of specified characteristics (3.4)
are mixed or co-processed according to defined criteria with materials or products without that set of
characteristics
Note 1 to entry: The proportion of the input with specified characteristics (3.4) might only match the initial proportions
on average and will typically vary across different outputs.
Note 2 to entry: Materials or products include rare earth concentrate, refined product, or magnet.
Note 3 to entry: The proportion of the input with specified characteristics (3.4) might only match the initial proportions
on average and will typically vary across different outputs.
Note 4 to entry: Mass balance model helps to establish a distribution and connect inputs with outputs via an allocation
model when molecular flows cannot be physically or chemically traced.
[SOURCE: ISO 22095:2020, 3.3.4, modified — Note 2 to entry has been added, Note 3 to entry has been added,
and Note 4 to entry has been added.]
3.11
material fingerprint
unique material identifiers which can be used as markers to trace the origin of a material to its source
Note 1 to entry: Unique material identifiers are, for example, unclonable and tamper resistant.
3.12
ownership
legal right of possession, including the right of disposition, and sharing in all the risks and profits
commensurate with the degree of ownership interest or shareholding, as demonstrated by an examination
of the substance, rather than the form, of ownership arrangements
Note 1 to entry: The ownership and responsibility of a reported product property in a supply chain lies with the
producer.
[SOURCE: ISO 10845-5:2011, 2.12 modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.13
rare earth materials
separated rare earth oxides, rare earth metals, rare earth alloys, rare earth permanent magnets
Note 1 to entry: Separated rare earth oxides include neodymium oxide, neodymium/praseodymium oxide, samarium
oxide, dysprosium oxide, terbium oxide, samarium oxide.
Note 2 to entry: Rare earth metals include neodymium metal, didymium metal, terbium metal, dysprosium metal,
samarium metal.
Note 3 to entry: Rare earth alloys include neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) and samarium cobalt (SmCo).
3.14
supply chain consortium
collaborative arrangement between two or more supply chain nodes (3.16) that combine their requirements
for traceability, chain of custody (3.2), distributed ledger technology (3.7), and sustainability (3.17) accounting
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, the consortium can be formal, private, and share specific supply chain
goals and objectives. The consortium can also be structured to be open to outside supply chain nodes (3.16) that meet
specified criteria agreed by the supply chain consortium (3.14).
3.15
supply chain elements
possible individual activities conducted by a supply chain node (3.16) such as production, processing,
recycling, transportation, or trading of rare earth containing materials
3.16
supply chain node
any product manufacturer, individual or business entity in the supply chain that produces, transports,
trades, processes, or recycles rare earth materials (3.13)
3.17
sustainability
state of the global system, including environmental, social and economic aspects, in which the needs of the
present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Note 1 to entry: The environmental, social and economic aspects interact, are interdependent and are often referred
to as the three dimensions of sustainability.
Note 2 to entry: Sustainability is the goal of sustainable development.
[SOURCE: ISO Guide 82: 2019, 3.1]
3.18
sustainability claim
claim which indicates the sustainability (3.17) aspects of goods or services
Note 1 to entry: A claim can take the form of a label, declaration, statement, symbol or graphic on a product or package
label, in product literature, in technical bulletins, in advertising or in publicity, amongst other things.
[SOURCE: ISO 20400:2017, 3.35]
3.19
syste
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