ISO/TS 21911-2:2022
(Main)Solid recovered fuels — Determination of self-heating — Part 2: Basket heating tests
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of self-heating — Part 2: Basket heating tests
This document gives guidance on basket heating tests for characterization of self-heating properties of solid recovered fuels (SRFs). This document includes: a) a compilation of basket heating test methods; b) guidance on the applicability and use of basket heating tests for SRF; c) information on the application of basket heating test data for calculations of critical conditions in storage. Data on spontaneous heat generation determined using this document is only associated with the specific quality and age of the sample material. The information derived using this document is intended for use in quality control and in hazard and risk assessments related to the procedures given in ISO 21912.
Combustibles solides de récupération — Détermination de l'auto-échauffement — Partie 2: Essais utilisant la méthode du point de croisement
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 21911-2
First edition
2022-07
Solid recovered fuels — Determination
of self-heating —
Part 2:
Basket heating tests
Combustibles solides de récupération — Détermination de l'auto-
échauffement —
Partie 2: Essais utilisant la méthode du point de croisement
Reference number
© ISO 2022
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 2
5 Basket heating tests .3
6 Tests for product classification . 4
6.1 UN classification. 4
6.1.1 General . 4
6.1.2 Test method for self-heating substances – MTC Test N.4 . 4
6.1.3 Classification criteria — GHS . 4
6.2 Classification criteria — IMO . 5
6.3 Applicability of MTC Test N.4 for solid recovered fuels . 5
7 Tests for determination of reaction kinetics . 6
7.1 General . 6
7.2 Isoperibolic test methods . 6
7.2.1 General . 6
7.2.2 Test procedure. 6
7.2.3 Determination of reaction kinetics . 7
7.2.4 Applicability for solid recovered fuels . 7
7.3 Crossing-point method . 8
7.3.1 General . 8
7.3.2 Test procedure. 8
7.3.3 Determination of reaction kinetics . 9
7.3.4 Applicability for solid recovered fuels . 9
7.4 Adiabatic hot storage tests . 10
7.4.1 General . 10
7.4.2 Test procedure. 10
7.4.3 Determination of reaction kinetics . 11
7.4.4 Applicability for solid recovered fuels .12
8 Sample handling .12
8.1 General .12
8.2 Sampling . 13
8.3 Sample transport and storage .13
8.4 Sample preparation . 13
8.5 Sample disposal .13
9 Test report .13
Annex A (informative) Self-ignition behaviour of selected materials suitable to be used as
solid recovered fuels .15
Annex B (informative) Example of calculating kinetic parameters from crossing point
method tests .22
Annex C (normative) Use of data for calculations of critical conditions in storage .25
Bibliography .30
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 300, Solid recovered materials, including
solid recovered fuels, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 343, Solid recovered materials, including solid recovered fuels, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
A list of all parts in the ISO 21911 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
There is continuous global growth in trading and use of solid recovered fuels (SRFs). Therefore,
intensive investigations about the risk of fires within SRF production, handling and storing have been
conducted, see ÖNORM S 2098. Recommendations are given in ISO 21912.
Depending on the kind of input wastes, the treatment technology applied, the quality of the SRF
produced and the realized storage versions, SRFs can generate heat spontaneously by exothermic
biological, chemical and physical processes. The heat build-up can be significant in large storage
volumes if the heat conduction in the material is low. During some conditions the heat generation
can lead to pyrolysis and spontaneous ignition. The potential for self-heating varies considerably for
different types and qualities of SRF and it is important to be able to identify SRF fractions with high
heat generation potential to avoid fires in stored materials.
Avoiding fires throughout the production and supply chain will have positive consequences on the
acceptance of SRFs and the costs for insurance coverage,
Application of SRF standards and the use of dedicated standards for the determination of self-heating
will help to reduce the risk of fires and to develop tailor-made recommendations for SRF producers,
logistics providers, SRF users, equipment suppliers or manufacturers, consultants, authorities and
insurance providers.
As part of the determination and the assessment of risks for SRF, defined test methods and standards
are established or need to be developed. However, ageing and degradation due to handling and storage
of SRF in actual environments affects their characteristics, so safety margins should be established in
relation to actual analysis results.
Two intrinsically different types of test methods can be used to estimate the potential of self-heating;
1)
a) In the isothermal calorimetry method described in ISO 21911-1 , the heat flow generated from the
test portion is measured directly.
b) In the basket heating tests described in this document, the temperature of the test portion is being
monitored and the critical ambient temperature (CAT), where the temperature of the test portion
does not increase significantly due to self-heating, is used for indirect assessment of self-heating.
These two methods are applied at different analysis temperature regimes. The operating temperature
for an isothermal calorimeter is normally in the range 5 °C to 90 °C, whereas basket heating tests are
conducted at higher analysis (oven) temperatures.
NOTE 1 These two types of test methods do not measure heat production from physical processes, such as
transport of moisture.
NOTE 2 It is likely that oxidation reactions taking place in
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