SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
Fire protection -- Automatic sprinkler systems -- Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
Fire protection -- Automatic sprinkler systems -- Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
This part of ISO 6182 specifies performance and marking requirements and test methods for conventional,
spray, flat spray, and sidewall sprinklers. It is not applicable to sprinklers having multiple orifices.
NOTE The requirements for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers are in ISO 6182-7; the
requirements for domestic sprinklers are in ISO 6182-10; and the requirements for extended coverage (EC)
sprinklers are under development.
Protection contre l'incendie -- Systèmes d'extinction automatiques du type sprinkler -- Partie 1: Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai des sprinklers
Požarna zaščita - Avtomatski sprinklerski sistemi - 1. del: Zahteve in preskusne metode za sprinklerje
Ta del standarda ISO 6182 določa zahteve za zmogljivost in označevanje ter preskusne metode za običajne, ploske in stenske sprinklerje. Ne uporablja se za sprinklerje z več odprtinami.
OPOMBA Zahteve za sprinklerje ESFR (early suppression fast response) so zajete v standardu ISO 6182-7; zahteve za sprinklerje za gospodinjstva so zajete v standardu ISO 6182-10; zahteve za sprinklerje EC (extended coverage) so v pripravi.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
01-oktober-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 6182-1:1995
3RåDUQD]DãþLWD$YWRPDWVNLVSULQNOHUVNLVLVWHPLGHO =DKWHYHLQSUHVNXVQH
PHWRGH]DVSULQNOHUMH
Fire protection -- Automatic sprinkler systems -- Part 1: Requirements and test methods
for sprinklers
Protection contre l'incendie -- Systèmes d'extinction automatiques du type sprinkler --
Partie 1: Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai des sprinklers
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 6182-1:2014
ICS:
13.220.20 3RåDUQD]DãþLWD Fire protection
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6182-1
Third edition
2014-01-15
Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler
systems —
Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for
sprinklers
Protection contre l’incendie — Systèmes d’extinction automatiques du
type sprinkler —
Partie 1: Prescriptions et méthodes d’essai des sprinklers
Reference number
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Types of sprinkler according to type of heat-responsive element . 2
3.3 Types of sprinkler according to type of water distribution . 2
3.4 Types of sprinkler according to position . 3
3.5 Special types of sprinkler . . 3
3.6 Types of sprinkler according to sprinkler sensitivity . 5
4 Product consistency . 5
4.1 Quality control program . 5
4.2 Leak resistance testing . 6
4.3 Glass bulb integrity test . 6
5 Product assembly. 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Dynamic O-ring seals . 6
5.3 Rated pressure . 6
5.4 Dry sprinklers . 6
6 Requirements . 6
6.1 Dimensions . 6
6.2 Temperature ratings and colour coding . 7
6.3 Operating temperature (see 7.4) . 7
6.4 Water flow and distribution . 8
6.5 Function (see 7.7) . 9
6.6 Service load and strength of sprinkler body (see 7.8) . 9
6.7 Strength of heat-responsive element (see 7.9) . 9
6.8 Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength (see 7.10) .10
6.9 Heat exposure (see 7.11) .10
6.10 Thermal shock for glass bulb sprinklers (see 7.12) .11
6.11 Corrosion (see 7.13) .11
6.12 Coated sprinklers (see 7.14) .12
6.13 Water hammer (see 7.15) .13
6.14 Dynamic heating (see 7.16) .13
6.15 Resistance to heat (see 7.17) .13
6.16 Vibration (see 7.18) .13
6.17 Impact (see 7.19) .13
6.18 Rough usage (see 7.20) .13
6.19 Crib fire performance (see 7.21) .14
6.20 Lateral discharge (see 7.22) .14
6.21 Thirty-day leakage resistance (see 7.23) .14
6.22 Vacuum resistance (see 7.24).14
6.23 Water shield angle of protection (see 7.25) .14
6.24 Water shield rotation (see 7.26) .15
6.25 Thermal response of concealed and recessed sprinklers (see 7.27) .15
6.26 Freezing test (see 7.28) .16
6.27 Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading (see 7.29) .16
6.28 Dry sprinkler air tightness (see 7.30) .16
6.29 Protective covers (see 7.31) .16
6.30 Dezincification of brass parts (see 7.32) .17
6.31 Stress corrosion — magnesium chloride (see 7.33) .17
7 Test methods .17
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
7.1 General .17
7.2 Preliminary examination . .17
7.3 Visual examination .17
7.4 Operating temperature test (see 6.3) .18
7.5 Water flow constant (see 6.4.1) .20
7.6 Water distribution tests (see 6.4.2) .20
7.7 Functional test (see 6.5).29
7.8 Service load and strength of sprinkler body test (see 6.6) .32
7.9 Strength of heat-responsive element test (see 6.7).34
7.10 Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength tests (see 6.8) .34
7.11 Heat exposure test (see 6.9) .35
7.12 Thermal shock test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.10) .36
7.13 Corrosion tests (see 6.11) .36
7.14 Tests for sprinkler coatings .39
7.15 Water hammer test (see 6.13) .39
7.16 Dynamic heating test (see 6.14) .39
7.17 Heat resistance test (see 6.15) .41
7.18 Vibration test (see 6.16) .41
7.19 Impact test (see 6.17) .41
7.20 Rough usage test (see 6.18) .43
7.21 Crib fire test (see 6.19) .43
7.22 Lateral discharge test (see 6.20) .46
7.23 Thirty-day leakage test (see 6.21) .47
7.24 Vacuum test (see 6.22) .47
7.25 Water shield angle of protection (see 6.23) .48
7.26 Water shield rotation test (see 6.24) .48
7.27 Thermal response of concealed and recessed sprinklers test (see 6.25).48
7.28 Freezing test (see 6.26) .54
7.29 Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading test (see 6.27) .54
7.30 Dry sprinkler air tightness test (see 6.28) .54
7.31 Protective cover impact test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.29) .55
7.32 Dezincification of brass parts test (see 6.30) .56
7.33 Stress corrosion — magnesium chloride test (see 6.31) .57
8 Marking .58
8.1 Sprinklers .58
8.2 Sprinkler housings and concealed-sprinkler cover plates .59
8.3 Protective covers .60
9 Manufacturer’s installation instructions .60
Annex A (informative) Analysis of the strength test for release elements .61
Annex B (informative) Statistical tolerance limits .62
Annex C (normative) Tolerances .64
Annex D (normative) Tolerance limit calculation methods for strength distribution .65
Bibliography .68
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting,
Subcommittee SC 5, Fixed firefighting systems using water.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6182-1:2004), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
ISO 6182 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler
systems:
— Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
— Part 2: Requirements and test methods for wet alarm valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
— Part 3: Requirements and test methods for dry pipe valves
— Part 4: Requirements and test methods for quick-opening devices
— Part 5: Requirements and test methods for deluge valves
— Part 6: Requirements and test methods for check valves
— Part 7: Requirements and test methods for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers
— Part 8: Requirements and test methods for pre-action dry alarm valves
— Part 9: Requirements and test methods for water mist nozzles
— Part 10: Requirements and test methods for domestic sprinklers
— Part 11: Requirements and test methods for pipe hangers
— Part 12: Requirements and test methods for grooved-end components for steel pipe systems
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v
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SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
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SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler systems —
Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
1 Scope
This part of ISO 6182 specifies performance and marking requirements and test methods for conventional,
spray, flat spray, and sidewall sprinklers. It is not applicable to sprinklers having multiple orifices.
NOTE The requirements for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers are in ISO 6182-7; the
requirements for domestic sprinklers are in ISO 6182-10; and the requirements for extended coverage (EC)
sprinklers are under development.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7-1:1994, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions,
tolerances and designation
ISO 49, Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1
ISO 65, Carbon steel tubes suitable for screwing in accordance with ISO 7-1
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General
3.1.1
assembly load
force exerted on the sprinkler body excluding hydrostatic pressure
3.1.2
average design strength
glass bulb supplier’s specified and assured lowest average axial design strength of any batch of 50 bulbs
3.1.3
design load
force exerted on the release element at the service load of the sprinkler
3.1.4
housing assembly/escutcheon
ornamental or protective component(s) around the hole from which the sprinkler penetrates the plane
of the ceiling or the wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of this part of ISO 6182, housing applies to recessed and concealed sprinklers.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.1.5
response time index
RTI
measure of sprinkler sensitivity
RTIt= u
where
t is equal to the time constant, expressed in seconds, of the heat-responsive element;
u is the gas velocity, expressed in meters per second.
0,5
Note 1 to entry: The response time index is expressed in units of (m∙s) .
3.1.6
service load
combined force exerted on the sprinkler body by the assembly load of the sprinkler and the equivalent
force of the rated pressure on the inlet
3.1.7
sprinkler
thermosensitive device designed to react at a predetermined temperature by automatically releasing a
stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and quantity over a designated area
3.1.8
standard orientation
orientation that produces the shortest response time with the axis of the sprinkler inlet perpendicular
to the airflow
Note 1 to entry: In the case of symmetrical heat-responsive elements, standard orientation is with the airflow
perpendicular to both the axis of the waterway and the plane of the frame arms; in the case of non-symmetrical
heat-responsive elements, it is with the airflow perpendicular to both the waterway axis and the plane of the
frame arms which produces the shortest response time.
3.2 Types of sprinkler according to type of heat-responsive element
3.2.1
fusible element sprinkler
sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the melting of a component
3.2.2
glass bulb sprinkler
sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the bursting of the glass bulb through pressure
resulting from expansion of the fluid enclosed therein
3.3 Types of sprinkler according to type of water distribution
3.3.1
conventional sprinkler
C
sprinkler giving spherical water distribution directed downward and at the ceiling for a definite
protection area such that 40 % to 60 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.3.2
flat spray sprinkler
F
sprinkler giving water distribution directed downward for a definite protection area, such that 85 %
to 100 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward with a wider spray angle than expected
with a spray sprinkler
Note 1 to entry: This type of sprinkler is used in storage racks and other shallow areas in some countries.
3.3.3
sidewall sprinkler
W
sprinkler giving a one-sided water distribution over a definite protection area
3.3.4
spray sprinkler
S
sprinkler giving paraboloid water distribution directed downward for a definite protection area such
that 80 % to 100 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward
3.4 Types of sprinkler according to position
3.4.1
horizontal sprinkler
H
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed horizontally against the distribution plate
3.4.2
pendent sprinkler
P
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed downwards against the distribution plate
3.4.3
upright sprinkler
U
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed upwards against the distribution plate
3.5 Special types of sprinkler
3.5.1
coated sprinkler
sprinkler that has a factory-applied coating for corrosion protection
Note 1 to entry: For this part of ISO 6182, coated sprinkler does not include coatings intended for aesthetic
purposes.
3.5.2
concealed sprinkler
recessed sprinkler having a cover plate
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Key
1 ceiling
2 housing assembly
3 cover plate
Figure 1 — Flushed, concealed, and recessed sprinklers
3.5.3
dry sprinkler
assembly comprising of a sprinkler mounted at the outlet of a special extension with a seal at the inlet
that prevents water from entering the extension until it is released by operation of the sprinkler
Note 1 to entry: These sprinklers may consist of pendent, sidewall, or other types.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.5.4
flush sprinkler
for pendent sprinklers, all or part of the body is mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling, but all of
the heat-responsive collector is below the lower plane of the ceiling; for sidewall sprinklers, the sprinkler
is within the wall, but the heat-responsive collector projects into the room beyond the plane of the wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: These are not typically frame arm sprinklers.
3.5.5
multiple orifice sprinkler
MO
sprinkler having two or more outlet orifices arranged to distribute the water discharge in a specified
pattern and quantity for a definite protection area
Note 1 to entry: Multiple orifice sprinklers are excluded from this part of ISO 6182 in the scope.
3.5.6
recessed sprinkler
sprinkler of which all or part of the body, other than the thread, is mounted within a recessed housing
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5.7
sprinkler with water shield
sprinkler, intended for use in ra
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6182-1
Third edition
2014-01-15
Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler
systems —
Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for
sprinklers
Protection contre l’incendie — Systèmes d’extinction automatiques du
type sprinkler —
Partie 1: Prescriptions et méthodes d’essai des sprinklers
Reference number
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Types of sprinkler according to type of heat-responsive element . 2
3.3 Types of sprinkler according to type of water distribution . 2
3.4 Types of sprinkler according to position . 3
3.5 Special types of sprinkler . . 3
3.6 Types of sprinkler according to sprinkler sensitivity . 5
4 Product consistency . 5
4.1 Quality control program . 5
4.2 Leak resistance testing . 6
4.3 Glass bulb integrity test . 6
5 Product assembly. 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Dynamic O-ring seals . 6
5.3 Rated pressure . 6
5.4 Dry sprinklers . 6
6 Requirements . 6
6.1 Dimensions . 6
6.2 Temperature ratings and colour coding . 7
6.3 Operating temperature (see 7.4) . 7
6.4 Water flow and distribution . 8
6.5 Function (see 7.7) . 9
6.6 Service load and strength of sprinkler body (see 7.8) . 9
6.7 Strength of heat-responsive element (see 7.9) . 9
6.8 Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength (see 7.10) .10
6.9 Heat exposure (see 7.11) .10
6.10 Thermal shock for glass bulb sprinklers (see 7.12) .11
6.11 Corrosion (see 7.13) .11
6.12 Coated sprinklers (see 7.14) .12
6.13 Water hammer (see 7.15) .13
6.14 Dynamic heating (see 7.16) .13
6.15 Resistance to heat (see 7.17) .13
6.16 Vibration (see 7.18) .13
6.17 Impact (see 7.19) .13
6.18 Rough usage (see 7.20) .13
6.19 Crib fire performance (see 7.21) .14
6.20 Lateral discharge (see 7.22) .14
6.21 Thirty-day leakage resistance (see 7.23) .14
6.22 Vacuum resistance (see 7.24).14
6.23 Water shield angle of protection (see 7.25) .14
6.24 Water shield rotation (see 7.26) .15
6.25 Thermal response of concealed and recessed sprinklers (see 7.27) .15
6.26 Freezing test (see 7.28) .16
6.27 Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading (see 7.29) .16
6.28 Dry sprinkler air tightness (see 7.30) .16
6.29 Protective covers (see 7.31) .16
6.30 Dezincification of brass parts (see 7.32) .17
6.31 Stress corrosion — magnesium chloride (see 7.33) .17
7 Test methods .17
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
7.1 General .17
7.2 Preliminary examination . .17
7.3 Visual examination .17
7.4 Operating temperature test (see 6.3) .18
7.5 Water flow constant (see 6.4.1) .20
7.6 Water distribution tests (see 6.4.2) .20
7.7 Functional test (see 6.5).29
7.8 Service load and strength of sprinkler body test (see 6.6) .32
7.9 Strength of heat-responsive element test (see 6.7).34
7.10 Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength tests (see 6.8) .34
7.11 Heat exposure test (see 6.9) .35
7.12 Thermal shock test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.10) .36
7.13 Corrosion tests (see 6.11) .36
7.14 Tests for sprinkler coatings .39
7.15 Water hammer test (see 6.13) .39
7.16 Dynamic heating test (see 6.14) .39
7.17 Heat resistance test (see 6.15) .41
7.18 Vibration test (see 6.16) .41
7.19 Impact test (see 6.17) .41
7.20 Rough usage test (see 6.18) .43
7.21 Crib fire test (see 6.19) .43
7.22 Lateral discharge test (see 6.20) .46
7.23 Thirty-day leakage test (see 6.21) .47
7.24 Vacuum test (see 6.22) .47
7.25 Water shield angle of protection (see 6.23) .48
7.26 Water shield rotation test (see 6.24) .48
7.27 Thermal response of concealed and recessed sprinklers test (see 6.25).48
7.28 Freezing test (see 6.26) .54
7.29 Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading test (see 6.27) .54
7.30 Dry sprinkler air tightness test (see 6.28) .54
7.31 Protective cover impact test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.29) .55
7.32 Dezincification of brass parts test (see 6.30) .56
7.33 Stress corrosion — magnesium chloride test (see 6.31) .57
8 Marking .58
8.1 Sprinklers .58
8.2 Sprinkler housings and concealed-sprinkler cover plates .59
8.3 Protective covers .60
9 Manufacturer’s installation instructions .60
Annex A (informative) Analysis of the strength test for release elements .61
Annex B (informative) Statistical tolerance limits .62
Annex C (normative) Tolerances .64
Annex D (normative) Tolerance limit calculation methods for strength distribution .65
Bibliography .68
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting,
Subcommittee SC 5, Fixed firefighting systems using water.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6182-1:2004), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
ISO 6182 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler
systems:
— Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
— Part 2: Requirements and test methods for wet alarm valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
— Part 3: Requirements and test methods for dry pipe valves
— Part 4: Requirements and test methods for quick-opening devices
— Part 5: Requirements and test methods for deluge valves
— Part 6: Requirements and test methods for check valves
— Part 7: Requirements and test methods for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers
— Part 8: Requirements and test methods for pre-action dry alarm valves
— Part 9: Requirements and test methods for water mist nozzles
— Part 10: Requirements and test methods for domestic sprinklers
— Part 11: Requirements and test methods for pipe hangers
— Part 12: Requirements and test methods for grooved-end components for steel pipe systems
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler systems —
Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
1 Scope
This part of ISO 6182 specifies performance and marking requirements and test methods for conventional,
spray, flat spray, and sidewall sprinklers. It is not applicable to sprinklers having multiple orifices.
NOTE The requirements for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers are in ISO 6182-7; the
requirements for domestic sprinklers are in ISO 6182-10; and the requirements for extended coverage (EC)
sprinklers are under development.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7-1:1994, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions,
tolerances and designation
ISO 49, Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1
ISO 65, Carbon steel tubes suitable for screwing in accordance with ISO 7-1
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General
3.1.1
assembly load
force exerted on the sprinkler body excluding hydrostatic pressure
3.1.2
average design strength
glass bulb supplier’s specified and assured lowest average axial design strength of any batch of 50 bulbs
3.1.3
design load
force exerted on the release element at the service load of the sprinkler
3.1.4
housing assembly/escutcheon
ornamental or protective component(s) around the hole from which the sprinkler penetrates the plane
of the ceiling or the wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of this part of ISO 6182, housing applies to recessed and concealed sprinklers.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.1.5
response time index
RTI
measure of sprinkler sensitivity
RTIt= u
where
t is equal to the time constant, expressed in seconds, of the heat-responsive element;
u is the gas velocity, expressed in meters per second.
0,5
Note 1 to entry: The response time index is expressed in units of (m∙s) .
3.1.6
service load
combined force exerted on the sprinkler body by the assembly load of the sprinkler and the equivalent
force of the rated pressure on the inlet
3.1.7
sprinkler
thermosensitive device designed to react at a predetermined temperature by automatically releasing a
stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and quantity over a designated area
3.1.8
standard orientation
orientation that produces the shortest response time with the axis of the sprinkler inlet perpendicular
to the airflow
Note 1 to entry: In the case of symmetrical heat-responsive elements, standard orientation is with the airflow
perpendicular to both the axis of the waterway and the plane of the frame arms; in the case of non-symmetrical
heat-responsive elements, it is with the airflow perpendicular to both the waterway axis and the plane of the
frame arms which produces the shortest response time.
3.2 Types of sprinkler according to type of heat-responsive element
3.2.1
fusible element sprinkler
sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the melting of a component
3.2.2
glass bulb sprinkler
sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the bursting of the glass bulb through pressure
resulting from expansion of the fluid enclosed therein
3.3 Types of sprinkler according to type of water distribution
3.3.1
conventional sprinkler
C
sprinkler giving spherical water distribution directed downward and at the ceiling for a definite
protection area such that 40 % to 60 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.3.2
flat spray sprinkler
F
sprinkler giving water distribution directed downward for a definite protection area, such that 85 %
to 100 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward with a wider spray angle than expected
with a spray sprinkler
Note 1 to entry: This type of sprinkler is used in storage racks and other shallow areas in some countries.
3.3.3
sidewall sprinkler
W
sprinkler giving a one-sided water distribution over a definite protection area
3.3.4
spray sprinkler
S
sprinkler giving paraboloid water distribution directed downward for a definite protection area such
that 80 % to 100 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward
3.4 Types of sprinkler according to position
3.4.1
horizontal sprinkler
H
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed horizontally against the distribution plate
3.4.2
pendent sprinkler
P
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed downwards against the distribution plate
3.4.3
upright sprinkler
U
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed upwards against the distribution plate
3.5 Special types of sprinkler
3.5.1
coated sprinkler
sprinkler that has a factory-applied coating for corrosion protection
Note 1 to entry: For this part of ISO 6182, coated sprinkler does not include coatings intended for aesthetic
purposes.
3.5.2
concealed sprinkler
recessed sprinkler having a cover plate
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Key
1 ceiling
2 housing assembly
3 cover plate
Figure 1 — Flushed, concealed, and recessed sprinklers
3.5.3
dry sprinkler
assembly comprising of a sprinkler mounted at the outlet of a special extension with a seal at the inlet
that prevents water from entering the extension until it is released by operation of the sprinkler
Note 1 to entry: These sprinklers may consist of pendent, sidewall, or other types.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.5.4
flush sprinkler
for pendent sprinklers, all or part of the body is mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling, but all of
the heat-responsive collector is below the lower plane of the ceiling; for sidewall sprinklers, the sprinkler
is within the wall, but the heat-responsive collector projects into the room beyond the plane of the wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: These are not typically frame arm sprinklers.
3.5.5
multiple orifice sprinkler
MO
sprinkler having two or more outlet orifices arranged to distribute the water discharge in a specified
pattern and quantity for a definite protection area
Note 1 to entry: Multiple orifice sprinklers are excluded from this part of ISO 6182 in the scope.
3.5.6
recessed sprinkler
sprinkler of which all or part of the body, other than the thread, is mounted within a recessed housing
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5.7
sprinkler with water shield
sprinkler, intended for use in racks or beneath open grating, which is provided with a water shield
mounted above the heat-responsive element to protect it from water discharged by sprinklers at higher
elevations
Note 1 to entry: Sprinklers with water shields may be a single unit that is assembled by the manufacturer or a
combination of sprinkler and water shield (which in some countries are evaluated separately from the sprinkler
approval) assembled on site.
3.6 Types of sprinkler according to sprinkler sensitivity
3.6.1
fast-response sprinkler
0,5
sprinkler having a response time index (RTI) ≤50 (m∙s) as determined in 6.14 or for concealed and
recessed sprinklers, a maximum response time of 75 s as determined in 6.25
3.6.2
special-response sprinkler
0,5 0,5
sprinkler having an average response time index (RTI) of between 50 (m∙s) and 80 (m∙s)
3.6.3
standard-response sprinkler
0,5 0,5
sprinkler having a response time index (RTI) of between 80 (m∙s) and 350 (m∙s) or for concealed
and recessed sprinklers, a maximum response time as determined in 6.25
4 Product consistency
4.1 Quality control program
It shall be the responsibility of the ma
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
01-september-2018
3RåDUQD]DãþLWD$YWRPDWVNLVSULQNOHUVNLVLVWHPLGHO =DKWHYHLQSUHVNXVQH
PHWRGH]DVSULQNOHUMH
Fire protection -- Automatic sprinkler systems -- Part 1: Requirements and test methods
for sprinklers
Protection contre l'incendie -- Systèmes d'extinction automatiques du type sprinkler --
Partie 1: Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai des sprinklers
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 6182-1:2014
ICS:
13.220.20 3RåDUQD]DãþLWD Fire protection
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
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oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6182-1
Third edition
2014-01-15
Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler
systems —
Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for
sprinklers
Protection contre l’incendie — Systèmes d’extinction automatiques du
type sprinkler —
Partie 1: Prescriptions et méthodes d’essai des sprinklers
Reference number
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Types of sprinkler according to type of heat-responsive element . 2
3.3 Types of sprinkler according to type of water distribution . 2
3.4 Types of sprinkler according to position . 3
3.5 Special types of sprinkler . . 3
3.6 Types of sprinkler according to sprinkler sensitivity . 5
4 Product consistency . 5
4.1 Quality control program . 5
4.2 Leak resistance testing . 6
4.3 Glass bulb integrity test . 6
5 Product assembly. 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Dynamic O-ring seals . 6
5.3 Rated pressure . 6
5.4 Dry sprinklers . 6
6 Requirements . 6
6.1 Dimensions . 6
6.2 Temperature ratings and colour coding . 7
6.3 Operating temperature (see 7.4) . 7
6.4 Water flow and distribution . 8
6.5 Function (see 7.7) . 9
6.6 Service load and strength of sprinkler body (see 7.8) . 9
6.7 Strength of heat-responsive element (see 7.9) . 9
6.8 Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength (see 7.10) .10
6.9 Heat exposure (see 7.11) .10
6.10 Thermal shock for glass bulb sprinklers (see 7.12) .11
6.11 Corrosion (see 7.13) .11
6.12 Coated sprinklers (see 7.14) .12
6.13 Water hammer (see 7.15) .13
6.14 Dynamic heating (see 7.16) .13
6.15 Resistance to heat (see 7.17) .13
6.16 Vibration (see 7.18) .13
6.17 Impact (see 7.19) .13
6.18 Rough usage (see 7.20) .13
6.19 Crib fire performance (see 7.21) .14
6.20 Lateral discharge (see 7.22) .14
6.21 Thirty-day leakage resistance (see 7.23) .14
6.22 Vacuum resistance (see 7.24).14
6.23 Water shield angle of protection (see 7.25) .14
6.24 Water shield rotation (see 7.26) .15
6.25 Thermal response of concealed and recessed sprinklers (see 7.27) .15
6.26 Freezing test (see 7.28) .16
6.27 Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading (see 7.29) .16
6.28 Dry sprinkler air tightness (see 7.30) .16
6.29 Protective covers (see 7.31) .16
6.30 Dezincification of brass parts (see 7.32) .17
6.31 Stress corrosion — magnesium chloride (see 7.33) .17
7 Test methods .17
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
7.1 General .17
7.2 Preliminary examination . .17
7.3 Visual examination .17
7.4 Operating temperature test (see 6.3) .18
7.5 Water flow constant (see 6.4.1) .20
7.6 Water distribution tests (see 6.4.2) .20
7.7 Functional test (see 6.5).29
7.8 Service load and strength of sprinkler body test (see 6.6) .32
7.9 Strength of heat-responsive element test (see 6.7).34
7.10 Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength tests (see 6.8) .34
7.11 Heat exposure test (see 6.9) .35
7.12 Thermal shock test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.10) .36
7.13 Corrosion tests (see 6.11) .36
7.14 Tests for sprinkler coatings .39
7.15 Water hammer test (see 6.13) .39
7.16 Dynamic heating test (see 6.14) .39
7.17 Heat resistance test (see 6.15) .41
7.18 Vibration test (see 6.16) .41
7.19 Impact test (see 6.17) .41
7.20 Rough usage test (see 6.18) .43
7.21 Crib fire test (see 6.19) .43
7.22 Lateral discharge test (see 6.20) .46
7.23 Thirty-day leakage test (see 6.21) .47
7.24 Vacuum test (see 6.22) .47
7.25 Water shield angle of protection (see 6.23) .48
7.26 Water shield rotation test (see 6.24) .48
7.27 Thermal response of concealed and recessed sprinklers test (see 6.25).48
7.28 Freezing test (see 6.26) .54
7.29 Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading test (see 6.27) .54
7.30 Dry sprinkler air tightness test (see 6.28) .54
7.31 Protective cover impact test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.29) .55
7.32 Dezincification of brass parts test (see 6.30) .56
7.33 Stress corrosion — magnesium chloride test (see 6.31) .57
8 Marking .58
8.1 Sprinklers .58
8.2 Sprinkler housings and concealed-sprinkler cover plates .59
8.3 Protective covers .60
9 Manufacturer’s installation instructions .60
Annex A (informative) Analysis of the strength test for release elements .61
Annex B (informative) Statistical tolerance limits .62
Annex C (normative) Tolerances .64
Annex D (normative) Tolerance limit calculation methods for strength distribution .65
Bibliography .68
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting,
Subcommittee SC 5, Fixed firefighting systems using water.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6182-1:2004), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
ISO 6182 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler
systems:
— Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
— Part 2: Requirements and test methods for wet alarm valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
— Part 3: Requirements and test methods for dry pipe valves
— Part 4: Requirements and test methods for quick-opening devices
— Part 5: Requirements and test methods for deluge valves
— Part 6: Requirements and test methods for check valves
— Part 7: Requirements and test methods for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers
— Part 8: Requirements and test methods for pre-action dry alarm valves
— Part 9: Requirements and test methods for water mist nozzles
— Part 10: Requirements and test methods for domestic sprinklers
— Part 11: Requirements and test methods for pipe hangers
— Part 12: Requirements and test methods for grooved-end components for steel pipe systems
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
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oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler systems —
Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
1 Scope
This part of ISO 6182 specifies performance and marking requirements and test methods for conventional,
spray, flat spray, and sidewall sprinklers. It is not applicable to sprinklers having multiple orifices.
NOTE The requirements for early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers are in ISO 6182-7; the
requirements for domestic sprinklers are in ISO 6182-10; and the requirements for extended coverage (EC)
sprinklers are under development.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7-1:1994, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions,
tolerances and designation
ISO 49, Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1
ISO 65, Carbon steel tubes suitable for screwing in accordance with ISO 7-1
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General
3.1.1
assembly load
force exerted on the sprinkler body excluding hydrostatic pressure
3.1.2
average design strength
glass bulb supplier’s specified and assured lowest average axial design strength of any batch of 50 bulbs
3.1.3
design load
force exerted on the release element at the service load of the sprinkler
3.1.4
housing assembly/escutcheon
ornamental or protective component(s) around the hole from which the sprinkler penetrates the plane
of the ceiling or the wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of this part of ISO 6182, housing applies to recessed and concealed sprinklers.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.1.5
response time index
RTI
measure of sprinkler sensitivity
RTIt= u
where
t is equal to the time constant, expressed in seconds, of the heat-responsive element;
u is the gas velocity, expressed in meters per second.
0,5
Note 1 to entry: The response time index is expressed in units of (m∙s) .
3.1.6
service load
combined force exerted on the sprinkler body by the assembly load of the sprinkler and the equivalent
force of the rated pressure on the inlet
3.1.7
sprinkler
thermosensitive device designed to react at a predetermined temperature by automatically releasing a
stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and quantity over a designated area
3.1.8
standard orientation
orientation that produces the shortest response time with the axis of the sprinkler inlet perpendicular
to the airflow
Note 1 to entry: In the case of symmetrical heat-responsive elements, standard orientation is with the airflow
perpendicular to both the axis of the waterway and the plane of the frame arms; in the case of non-symmetrical
heat-responsive elements, it is with the airflow perpendicular to both the waterway axis and the plane of the
frame arms which produces the shortest response time.
3.2 Types of sprinkler according to type of heat-responsive element
3.2.1
fusible element sprinkler
sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the melting of a component
3.2.2
glass bulb sprinkler
sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the bursting of the glass bulb through pressure
resulting from expansion of the fluid enclosed therein
3.3 Types of sprinkler according to type of water distribution
3.3.1
conventional sprinkler
C
sprinkler giving spherical water distribution directed downward and at the ceiling for a definite
protection area such that 40 % to 60 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.3.2
flat spray sprinkler
F
sprinkler giving water distribution directed downward for a definite protection area, such that 85 %
to 100 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward with a wider spray angle than expected
with a spray sprinkler
Note 1 to entry: This type of sprinkler is used in storage racks and other shallow areas in some countries.
3.3.3
sidewall sprinkler
W
sprinkler giving a one-sided water distribution over a definite protection area
3.3.4
spray sprinkler
S
sprinkler giving paraboloid water distribution directed downward for a definite protection area such
that 80 % to 100 % of the total water flow is initially directed downward
3.4 Types of sprinkler according to position
3.4.1
horizontal sprinkler
H
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed horizontally against the distribution plate
3.4.2
pendent sprinkler
P
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed downwards against the distribution plate
3.4.3
upright sprinkler
U
sprinkler arranged such that the water stream is directed upwards against the distribution plate
3.5 Special types of sprinkler
3.5.1
coated sprinkler
sprinkler that has a factory-applied coating for corrosion protection
Note 1 to entry: For this part of ISO 6182, coated sprinkler does not include coatings intended for aesthetic
purposes.
3.5.2
concealed sprinkler
recessed sprinkler having a cover plate
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
Key
1 ceiling
2 housing assembly
3 cover plate
Figure 1 — Flushed, concealed, and recessed sprinklers
3.5.3
dry sprinkler
assembly comprising of a sprinkler mounted at the outlet of a special extension with a seal at the inlet
that prevents water from entering the extension until it is released by operation of the sprinkler
Note 1 to entry: These sprinklers may consist of pendent, sidewall, or other types.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 6182-1:2018
ISO 6182-1:2014(E)
3.5.4
flush sprinkler
for pendent sprinklers, all or part of the body is mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling, but all of
the heat-responsive collector is below the lower plane of the ceiling; for sidewall sprinklers, the sprinkler
is within the wall, but the heat-responsive collector projects into the room beyond the plane of the wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: These are not typically frame arm sprinklers.
3.5.5
multiple orifice sprinkler
MO
sprinkler having two or more outlet orifices arranged to distribute the water discharge in a specified
pattern and quantity for a definite protection area
Note 1 to entry: Multiple orifice sprinklers are excluded from this part of ISO 6182 in the scope.
3.5.6
recessed sprinkler
sprinkler of which all or part of the body, other than the thread, is mounted within a recessed housing
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5.7
sprinkler with water shield
sprinkler, intended for use in racks or beneath open grating, which is pr
...
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