SIST EN 61703:2002
(Main)Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
Provides mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support measures. - Non-repaired items and - repaired items with zero and non-zero time to restoration are considered separately in this standard.
Mathematische Ausdrücke für Begriffe der Funktionsfähigkeit, Verfügbarkeit, Instandhaltbarkeit und Instandhaltungsbereitschaft
Expressions mathématiques pour les termes de fiabilité, de disponibilité, de maintenabilité et de logistique de maintenance
Fournit des expressions mathématiques pour les caractéristiques liées à la fiabilité, à la disponibilité, à la maintenabilité et à la logistique de maintenance. - Les entités non réparées et - les entités réparées à temps de panne nul et non nul sont traitées séparément dans la présente norme.
Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms (IEC 61703:2001)
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61703:2002
01-september-2002
Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and
maintenance support terms (IEC 61703:2001)
Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance
support terms
Mathematische Ausdrücke für Begriffe der Funktionsfähigkeit, Verfügbarkeit,
Instandhaltbarkeit und Instandhaltungsbereitschaft
Expressions mathématiques pour les termes de fiabilité, de disponibilité, de
maintenabilité et de logistique de maintenance
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61703:2002
ICS:
01.040.07 Matematika. Naravoslovne Mathematics. Natural
vede (Slovarji) sciences (Vocabularies)
07.020 Matematika Mathematics
21.020 =QDþLOQRVWLLQQDþUWRYDQMH Characteristics and design of
VWURMHYDSDUDWRYRSUHPH machines, apparatus,
equipment
SIST EN 61703:2002 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 61703:2002
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SIST EN 61703:2002
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61703
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2002
ICS 03.120.30;21.020
English version
Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability,
maintainability and maintenance support terms
(IEC 61703:2001)
Expressions mathématiques pour Mathematische Ausdrücke für Begriffe
les termes de fiabilité, de disponibilité, der Funktionsfähigkeit, Instandhaltbarkeit
de maintenabilité et de logistique und Verfügbarkeit
de maintenance (IEC 61703:2001)
(CEI 61703:2001)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2001-12-04. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2002 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 61703:2002 E
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SIST EN 61703:2002
EN 61703:2002 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 56/747/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 61703, prepared by IEC TC 56,
Dependability, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as
EN 61703 on 2001-12-04.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2002-09-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2004-12-01
Annexes designated "normative" are part of the body of the standard.
Annexes designated "informative" are given for information only.
In this standard, annex ZA is normative and annexes A, B, C and D are informative.
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61703:2001 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
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SIST EN 61703:2002
- 3 - EN 61703:2002
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any
of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or
revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including
amendments).
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-191 1990 International Electrotechnical --
Vocabulary (IEV)
Chapter 191: Dependability and quality
of service
ISO 3534-1 1993 Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols--
Part 1: Probability and general statistical
terms
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SIST EN 61703:2002
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SIST EN 61703:2002
NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
61703
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
2001-09
Expressions mathématiques pour les termes
de fiabilité, de disponibilité, de maintenabilité
et de logistique de maintenance
Mathematical expressions for reliability,
availability, maintainability and
maintenance support terms
IEC 2001 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, Switzerland
Telefax: +41 22 919 0300 e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http://www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
XA
PRICE CODE
International Electrotechnical Commission
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION .9
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references. 11
3 Definitions. 13
4 Glossary of symbols and abbreviations . 15
4.1 Non-repaired items . 15
4.2 Repaired items with zero time to restoration . 17
4.3 Repaired items with non-zero time to restoration . 19
5 Assumptions . 25
5.1 General remarks . 25
5.2 Assumptions for non-repaired items. 25
5.3 Assumptions for repaired items. 27
6 Mathematical expressions. 33
6.1 Non-repaired items . 33
6.1.1 Presentation . 33
6.1.2 Reliability [191-12-01] . 33
6.1.3 Instantaneous failure rate [191-12-02]. 35
6.1.4 Mean failure rate [191-12-03] . 37
6.1.5 Mean time to failure [191-12-07] . 39
6.2 Repaired items with zero time to restoration . 41
6.2.1 Presentation . 41
6.2.2 Reliability [191-12-01] . 41
6.2.3 Instantaneous failure intensity [191-12-04]. 43
6.2.4 Mean failure intensity [191-12-05] . 45
6.2.5 Mean time to failure [191-12-07] . 47
6.2.6 Mean time between failures [191-12-08]. 47
6.2.7 Mean operating time between failures [191-12-09] . 49
6.2.8 Mean up time [191-11-11] . 49
6.3 Repaired items with non-zero time to restoration . 49
6.3.1 Presentation . 49
6.3.2 Reliability [191-12-01] . 51
6.3.3 Instantaneous failure intensity [191-12-04]. 53
6.3.4 Mean failure intensity [191-12-05] . 59
6.3.5 Mean time to failure [191-12-07] . 61
6.3.6 Mean time between failures [191-12-08]. 63
6.3.7 Mean operating time between failures [191-12-09] . 63
6.3.8 Instantaneous availability [191-11-01] . 65
6.3.9 Instantaneous unavailability [191-11-02] . 67
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61703 © IEC:2001 – 5 –
6.3.10 Mean availability [191-11-03] . 69
6.3.11 Mean unavailability [191-11-04] . 71
6.3.12 Asymptotic availability [191-11-05]. 73
6.3.13 Asymptotic unavailability [191-11-07] . 75
6.3.14 Mean up time [191-11-11] . 75
6.3.15 Mean down time [191-11-12]. 77
6.3.16 Maintainability [191-13-01] . 79
6.3.17 Mean repair rate [191-13-03]. 81
6.3.18 Mean repair time [191-13-05] . 83
6.3.19 Mean active corrective maintenance time [191-13-07] . 85
6.3.20 Mean time to restoration [191-13-08]. 87
6.3.21 Mean administrative delay [191-13-11]. 89
6.3.22 Mean logistic delay [191-13-13]. 89
Annex A (informative) Performance aspects and descriptors . 93
Annex B (informative) Summary of measures related to time to failure . 95
Annex C (informative) Comparison of some dependability measures for
continuously operating items . 99
Annex D (informative) Software dependability aspects . 101
Bibliography . 103
Figure 1 – Sample realization of a non-repaired item. 27
Figure 2 – Sample realization of a repaired item with zero time to restoration. 29
Figure 3 – Sample realization of a repaired item with non-zero time to restoration. 31
Figure 4 – Comparison of an up time for a COI and an IOI . 33
Figure A.1 – Performance aspects and descriptors. 93
Table B.1 – Relations among functional measures of time to failure of continuously
operating items . 95
Table B.2 – Summary of measures for some probability distributions of time to failure
of continuously operating items . 97
Table C.1 – Comparison of some dependability measures of continuously operating
items with constant failure rate λ and restoration rate μ . 99
R
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR RELIABILITY,
AVAILABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY AND
MAINTENANCE SUPPORT TERMS
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61703 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 56:
Dependability.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
56/747/FDIS 56/771/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Annexes A, B, C and D are for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged
until 2006. At this date, the publication will be
reconfirmed;
withdrawn;
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 9 –
INTRODUCTION
Part 1 of IEC 60050-191 provides definitions for dependability and its influencing factors,
reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support, together with definitions of many
other terms commonly used in this field. Some of these terms relate to specific measures of the
individual performance characteristics, which can be expressed mathematically.
This standard, used in conjunction with IEC 60050-191, provides practical guidance essential
for the quantification of those performance measures. For those requiring further information,
for example on detailed statistical methods, reference should be made to the IEC 60605
series of standards.
Annex A provides a diagrammatic explanation of the relationships between some basic
mathematical terms, related random variables, probabilistic descriptors and measures.
Annex B provides a summary of measures related to time to failure.
Annex C compares some dependability measures for continuously operating items.
Annex D explains some of the software dependability aspects.
The bibliography gives references for the mathematical basis of this standard.
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 11 –
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR RELIABILITY,
AVAILABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY AND
MAINTENANCE SUPPORT TERMS
1 Scope
This International Standard provides mathematical expressions for reliability, availability,
maintainability and maintenance support measures defined in IEC 60050-191. The following
classes of items are considered separately in this standard:
– non-repaired items;
– repaired items with zero time to restoration;
– repaired items with non-zero time to restoration.
In order to keep the mathematical formulae as simple as possible, the following basic
mathematical models are used to quantify dependability measures:
– random variable (time to failure) for non-repaired items;
– simple (ordinary) renewal process for repaired items with zero time to restoration;
– simple (ordinary) alternating renewal process for repaired items with non-zero time to
restoration.
To facilitate location of the full definition, the IEC 60050-191 reference for each term is shown
(in parenthesis) immediately following each term, for example:
mean time to restoration [191-13-08]
The application of each dependability measure is illustrated by means of a simple example.
NOTE This standard is mainly applicable to hardware dependability, but many terms and their definitions may be
applied to items containing software. Some of the software dependability aspects are explained in annex D.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to
agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of IEC
and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60050-191:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 191:
Dependability and quality of service
ISO 3534-1:1993, Statistics – Vocabulary and symbols – Part 1: Probability and general
statistical terms
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61703 © IEC:2001 – 13 –
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this International Standard, the terms and definitions of IEC 60050-191
and ISO 3534-1 apply. In addition, the following terms and definitions are used.
3.1
instantaneous restoration intensity v(t)
limit, if it exists, of the quotient of the mean number of restorations of a repaired item in the
time interval (t, t + Δt) and the duration of this interval, Δt, when the duration of the time
interval tends to zero
NOTE The instantaneous restoration intensity is expressed by the formula as
[ ]
E N (t + Δt) − N (t)
R
R
v(t) = lim
Δt →0+ Δt
where
N (t) is the number of restorations in the time interval (0, t);
R
E denotes the expectation.
3.2
asymptotic failure intensity z(∞)
for modelling purposes, limit, if it exists, of the instantaneous failure intensity z(t), when time t
tends to infinity
3.3
up-time distribution function F (t)
U
function giving, for every value of t, the probability that an up time will be less than, or equal
to, t
3.4
complement to the up-time distribution function R (t)
U
function giving, for every value of t, the probability that an up time will be greater than t
For convenience, this function is referred to as the up-time survival function in this
standard.
NOTE 1 R (t) = 1 − F (t).
U U
NOTE 2 If the up time is exponentially distributed, then
R (t) = exp(−t/MUT)
U
where MUT is the mean up time.
In this case, the reciprocal of MUT is denoted by λ :
U
λ = 1/MUT
U
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 15 –
4 Glossary of symbols and abbreviations
NOTE The symbols given below are widely used and recommended but are not mandatory.
4.1 Non-repaired items
COI Continuously operating item
IOI Intermittently operating item
MTTF Mean time to failure
∧
MTTF Point estimate of the mean time to failure
R(t) Reliability function, i.e. the probability of survival until time t:
R(t) = R(t , t ) for t = 0 and t = t
1 2 1 2
Rt() Point estimate of the reliability function at time t
R(t , t ) Reliability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2 1 2
R(t, t + x | t) Conditional reliability for the time interval (t, t + x), assuming that the
item survived to time t
TTF Observed time to failure of item i
i
f(t) Probability density function of the (operating) time to failure
ˆ
f (t)
Point estimate of the probability density function of the (operating) time
to failure at time t
n Number of (non-repaired) items in the population that are operational at
the instant of time t = 0
n (t) Number of (non-repaired) items that are still operational at the instant of
S
time t (n (0) = n)
S
n (t) − n (t + Δt) Number of items that fail in the time interval (t, t + Δt)
S S
λ
Constant failure rate, i.e. the reciprocal of the mean time to failure
(MTTF) when the times to failure are exponentially distributed
ˆ
λ
Point estimate of the constant failure rate
λ
(t) Instantaneous failure rate
ˆ
λ(t)
Point estimate of the instantaneous failure rate at time t
λ (t , t )
Mean failure rate for the time interval (t , t )
1 2 1 2
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 17 –
4.2 Repaired items with zero time to restoration
COI Continuously operating item
IOI Intermittently operating item
MTBF Mean operating time between failures
MTTF Mean time to failure
∧
MTTF Point estimate of the mean time to failure
MUT Mean up time
N(t) Number of failures in the time interval (0, t)
R(t) Reliability function, i.e. the probability of survival until time t:
R(t) = R(t , t ) for t = 0 and t = t
1 2 1 2
R (t)
Up-time survival function, i.e. the distribution function of the up times is
U
1 − R (t)
U
R(t , t ) Reliability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2 1 2
ˆ Point estimate of the reliability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2
R(t , t )
1 2
Z(t) Expected number of failures in the time interval (0, t)
Z(t) = E[N(t)], where E denotes the expectation
f(t) Probability density function of the (operating) times to failure
f (t) Probability density function of the up times
U
NOTE For COIs, f (t) = f(t).
U
(n)
Probability density function of calendar time to the nth failure, n ≥ 1
h (t)
CTTF
k Number of failures during a given period of observation
F
n
Number of items in the population
n (t, t + Δt) Number of failures observed in the time interval (t, t + Δt)
F
n (t , t ) Number of failures observed in the time interval (t , t )
F 1 2 1 2
n (t , t ) Number of items that were operational at the instant of time t and
S 1 2 1
operated without failure during the time interval (t , t )
1 2
z(t) Instantaneous failure intensity
z(∞) Asymptotic failure intensity
Point estimate of the instantaneous failure intensity at time tzt()
Mean failure intensity for the time interval (t , t )
z(t , t ) 1 2
1 2
ˆ Point estimate of the mean failure intensity for the time interval (t , t )
1 2
z(t , t )
1 2
Constant failure rate, i.e. the reciprocal of the mean time to failure
λ
(MTTF) when the times to failure are exponentially distributed
Constant rate of transition from an up state to a down state, i.e. the
λ
U
reciprocal of the mean up time (MUT) when the up time is exponentially
distributed
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SIST EN 61703:2002
61703 © IEC:2001 – 19 –
4.3 Repaired items with non-zero time to restoration
A Asymptotic availability
A(t) Instantaneous availability (availability function), i.e. the probability of the
item being in an up state at the instant of time t
A(t ,t ) Mean availability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2
1 2
ˆ
A(t ,t ) Point estimate of the mean availability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2
1 2
COI Continuously operating item
G (t) Distribution function of the times to restoration
R
IOI Intermittently operating item
M(t) Maintainability function, i.e. the probability of completing active
maintenance action within time t: M(t) = M(t , t ) for t = 0 and t = t
1 2 1 2
M(t , t ) Maintainability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2 1 2
N(t) Number of failures occurring in the time interval (0, t)
N (t) Number of restorations occurring in the time interval (0, t)
R
R(t) Reliability function, i.e. the probability of survival until time t
R(t) = R(t , t ) for t = 0 and t = t
1 2 1 2
R (t) Up-time survival function, i.e. the distribution function of the up times is
U
1 − R (t)
U
R(t , t ) Reliability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2 1 2
MACMT Mean active corrective maintenance time, i.e. the expectation of the
active corrective maintenance time
∧
MACMT Point estimate of the mean active corrective maintenance time
MAD Mean administrative delay
∧
MAD Point estimate of the mean administrative delay
MADT Mean accumulated down time
∧
MADT Point estimate of the mean accumulated down time
MAMT Mean active maintenance time, i.e. the expectation of the active
maintenance time
MCMT Mean corrective maintenance time, i.e. the expectation of the corrective
maintenance time
MDT Mean down time
∧
MDT Point estimate of the mean down time
MLD Mean logistic delay
∧
MLD Point estimate of the mean logistic delay
MRT Mean repair time
∧
MRT Point estimate of the mean repair time
MTBF Mean operating time between failures
MTD Mean technical delay, i.e. the expectation of the technical delay
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61703 © IEC:2001 – 21 –
MTTF Mean time to failure
∧
MTTF Point estimate of the mean time to failure
MTTR Mean time to restoration
∧
MTTR Point estimate of the mean time to restoration
MUFT Mean undetected fault time, i.e. the expectation of the undetected fault
time
MUT Mean up time
∧
MUT Point estimate of the mean up time
U Asymptotic unavailability
U(t) Instantaneous unavailability (unavailability function)
U (t ,t ) Mean unavailability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2
1 2
ˆ
U (t ,t ) Point estimate of the mean unavailability for the time interval (t , t )
1 2
1 2
Z(t) Expected number of failures in the time interval (0, t) Z(t) = E[N(t)], where E
denotes the expectation
f(t) Probability density function of the (operating) times to failure
f (t) Probability density function of the up times
U
f (t) Probability density function of the sum of the up times and the corres-
U+R
ponding times to restoration
g (t) Probability density function of the active corrective maintenance times
ACM
g (t) Probability density function of the administrative delays
AD
g (t) Probability density function of the active maintenance times
AM
g (t) Probability density function of the down times
D
g (t) Probability density function of the logistic delays
LD
g (t) Probability density function of the times to restoration
R
g (t) Probability density function of the repair times
Rep
(n)
h (t) Probability density function of calendar time to the nth failure, n ≥ 1
CTTF
k Number of active corrective maintenance actions during a given period of
ACM
observation
k Number of administrative delays during a given period of observation
AD
k Number of down times during a give
...
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