SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023

Additive Manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Correlating of rotating drum measurement with powder spreadability in PBF-LB machines (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)

Granular materials and fine powders are widely used in industrial applications. To control and optimize processing methods, these materials have to be precisely characterized. The characterization methods are related either to the properties of the grains (granulometry, morphology, chemical composition, ...) and to the behaviour of the bulk powder (flowability, density, blend stability, electrostatic properties, ...). The complex behaviours of granular and powder material has motivated the development of additional techniques to obtain reproducible and interpretable results. Many industries are concerned in different fields: additive manufacturing, food processing, pharmaceuticals, bulk material handling. The present technical report is focused on additive manufacturing. Metallic powders are widely used in Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes involving powder bed likepowder bed fusion (LBM, EBM, ...) or binder jetting. During such operations, successive thin layers of powderare created with a ruler or with a rotating cylinder. Each layer is then partially sintered or melted with an energy beam or glue with binder to build the parts. The layer thickness defines the vertical resolution of the printer; a thin layer leads to a better resolution. In order to obtain a thin layer, the powder is as fine as possible. However, as the grain size decreases, cohesiveness typically increases and spreadability, as defined within ASTM F42 / ISO/TC 261, is likely to decrease. The quality of the parts build with AM is thus directly influenced by powder flow properties.
Visual observation of layer homogeneity is usually the only way for operators to quantify the spreadability of powders  during  recoating. However, relating the powder characteristics to its spreadability during there coating process before hand should provide a more cost-effective way to classify and select the optimal powder and recoating speed combinations.
The aim of this technical report is to present an example of how the characterization of the macroscopic properties of metallic powders can be related to their spreadability inside LBM printers. A new technique combining measurements inside a LBM printer and image processing have been developed to quantify the homogeneity of the powder bed layers during recoating. Moreover, the flowability of four metal powders has been investigated with an automated rotating drum method, whose dynamic cohesive index measurement has been shown to correlate with the spreadability of the powder during the recoating  process.Furthemore, the PSD and morphology of each powder was characterized for each batch before testing bystatic image analysis method (ISO_13322-1_2014). The general principle of the study is presented on Figure 1

Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Ausgangsmaterialien - Korrelation zwischen der Messung der rotierenden Trommel und der Pulververteilbarkeit in PBF-LB-Maschinen (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)

Dieses Dokument enthält ein Beispiel für den Zusammenhang zwischen der Charakterisierung bestimmter makroskopischer Eigenschaften von Metallpulvern und deren Auftragsfähigkeit bei PBF-LB-/M-AM-Maschinen.
Dieser Zusammenhang basiert auf einem neuen Verfahren, das Messungen innerhalb von PBF-LB-/M-Maschinen und Bildverarbeitung kombiniert und entwickelt wurde, um die Homogenität der Pulverbettschichten während des Auftrags zu quantifizieren.
In diesem Dokument wird in einem Verfahren mit automatisierter Drehtrommel das Fließverhalten von fünf Metallpulvern untersucht, dessen Messung des dynamischen Kohäsionsindex nachweislich einen Zusammenhang mit der Auftragsfähigkeit des Pulvers während des Schichtauftrags herstellt. Zudem wird vor der Prüfung mittels eines statischen Bildanalyseverfahrens (nach ISO 13322 1) die Teilchengrößenverteilung (PSD) und Morphologie jedes Pulvers charakterisiert.
Das Grundprinzip des Verfahrens ist in Bild 1 dargestellt.

Fabrication additive de métaux - Matières premières - Corrélation de la mesure du tambour rotatif avec la capacité d'étalement de la poudre dans les machines PBF-LB (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)

Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Surovine - Korelacija med meritvami rotirajočega bobna in raztresljivostjo prahu v strojih za lasersko spajanje prahu v postelji (PBF-LB) (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)

Zrnati materiali in fini prah se pogosto uporabljajo pri industrijskih načinih uporabe. Za nadzor in optimizacijo predelovalnih metod je treba natančno opredeliti lastnosti teh materialov. Metode karakterizacije so povezane z lastnostmi zrn (granulometrija, morfologija, kemična sestava itn.) in obnašanjem razsutega prahu (sipkost, gostota, stabilnost mešanice, elektrostatične lastnosti ipd.). Kompleksno obnašanje zrnatega in prašnatega materiala je spodbudilo razvoj dodatnih tehnik za pridobivanje ponovljivih rezultatov, ki jih je mogoče interpretirati. To se nanaša na različna področja več industrijskih panog: aditivna proizvodnja, predelava hrane, farmacevtski izdelki, ravnanje z razsutim materialom. To tehnično poročilo se osredotoča na aditivno proizvodnjo. Kovinski prah se pogosto uporablja v postopkih aditivne proizvodnje (AM), ki vključujejo spajanje prahu v postelji (LBM, EBM ipd.) ali brizganje veziva. Med takšnim delovanjem se z ravnilom ali z rotirajočim valjem ustvarjajo zaporedne tanke plasti prahu. Vsaka plast se nato delno sintra ali tali z energijskim žarkom ali zlepi z vezivom, da se izdelajo deli. Debelina plasti določa navpično ločljivost tiskalnika; tanka plast omogoča boljšo ločljivost. Prah je čim bolj fin, da lahko nastane tanka plast. Pri manjših velikostih zrn se običajno povečuje povezanost in verjetno se zmanjšuje raztresljivost, kot je določena v standardu ASTM F42/ISO/TC 261. Na kakovost delov, izdelanih z aditivno proizvodnjo, tako neposredno vplivajo lastnosti sipkosti prahu.
Vizualno opazovanje homogenosti plasti je običajno edini način, da lahko upravljavci med ponovnim nanašanjem plasti količinsko opredelijo raztresljivost prahu. Vendar pa naj se ob upoštevanju lastnosti prahu glede na njegovo raztresljivost med nanašanjem plasti vnaprej zagotovi stroškovno učinkovitejši način razvrščanja in izbire optimalnih kombinacij prahu in hitrosti ponovnega nanašanja plasti.
Cilj tega tehničnega poročila je predstaviti primer, kako je mogoče karakterizacijo makroskopskih lastnosti kovinskega prahu povezati z njihovo raztresljivostjo v tiskalnikih s spajanjem prahu v postelji (LBM). Razvita je bila nova tehnika, ki združuje meritve znotraj tiskalnika s spajanjem prahu v postelji in obdelavo slik za količinsko opredelitev homogenosti plasti prahu v postelji med ponovnim nanašanjem plasti. Poleg tega je bila raziskana sipkost štirih vrst kovinskega prahu z avtomatizirano metodo rotirajočega bobna, pri kateri se je izkazalo, da je dinamično merjenje indeksa kohezije soodvisno od raztresljivosti prahu med ponovnim nanašanjem plasti. Poleg tega sta bila pred preskusom PSD in morfologija vsake vrste prahu za vsako serijo opredeljena z metodo analize statičnih slik (ISO_13322-1_2014). Splošno načelo raziskave je predstavljeno na sliki 1.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 02-May-2023
• Publication Date: 17-Aug-2023
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: VAR - Welding
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 17-Jul-2023
• Due Date: 21-Sep-2023
• Completion Date: 18-Aug-2023
• Ref Project: CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023 - Additive Manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Correlating of rotating drum measurement with powder spreadability in PBF-LB machines (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
01-september-2023
Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Surovine - Korelacija med meritvami rotirajočega
bobna in raztresljivostjo prahu v strojih za lasersko spajanje prahu v postelji (PBF-
LB) (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)
Additive Manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Correlating of rotating drum
measurement with powder spreadability in PBF-LB machines (ISO/ASTM TR
52952:2023)
Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Ausgangsmaterialien - Korrelation zwischen der
Messung der rotierenden Trommel und der Pulververteilbarkeit in PBF-LB-Maschinen
(ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Matières premières - Corrélation de la mesure du
tambour rotatif avec la capacité d'étalement de la poudre dans les machines PBF-LB
(ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023


CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952
TECHNICAL REPORT

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

July 2023
TECHNISCHER REPORT
ICS 25.030
English Version

Additive Manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials -
Correlating of rotating drum measurement with powder
spreadability in PBF-LB machines (ISO/ASTM TR
52952:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Matières premières - Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Ausgangsmaterialien
Corrélation de la mesure du tambour rotatif avec la - Korrelation zwischen der Messung der rotierenden
capacité d'étalement de la poudre dans les machines Trommel und der Pulververteilbarkeit in PBF-LB-
PBF-LB (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023) Maschinen (ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023)


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 13 June 2023. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 438.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023 (E)
European foreword
This document (CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
261 "Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
without any modification.


3

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM TR
REPORT 52952
First edition
2023-06
Additive manufacturing of metals —
Feedstock materials — Correlating
of rotating drum measurement with
powder spreadability in PBF-LB
machines
Fabrication additive de métaux — Matières premières — Corrélation
de la mesure du tambour rotatif avec la capacité d'étalement de la
poudre dans les machines PBF-LB
Reference number
ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2023

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publica
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
01-april-2023
Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Surovine - Korelacija med meritvami rotirajočega
bobna in raztresljivostjo prahu v strojih za PBF-LB (ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023)
Additive Manufacturing of metals - Feedstock materials - Correlating of rotating drum
measurement with powder spreadability in PBF-LB machines (ISO/ASTM DTR
52952:2023)
Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Ausgangsmaterialien - Korrelation zwischen der
Messung der rotierenden Trommel und der Pulververteilbarkeit in PBF-LB-Maschinen
(ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Matières premières - Corrélation de la mesure du
tambour rotatif avec la capacité d'étalement de la poudre dans les machines PBF-LB
(ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR en,fr,de
52952:2023
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
FINAL
TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM
DRAFT
REPORT DTR
52952
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing of metals —
Secretariat: DIN
Feedstock materials — Correlating
Voting begins on:
2023-02-17 of rotating drum measurement with
powder spreadability in PBF-LB
Voting terminates on:
2023-05-12
machines
Fabrication additive de métaux — Matières premières — Corrélation
de la mesure du tambour rotatif avec la capacité d'étalement de la
poudre dans les machines PBF-LB
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO/ASTM International 2023

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023(E)
FINAL
TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM
DRAFT
REPORT DTR
52952
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing of metals —
Secretariat: DIN
Feedstock materials — Correlating
Voting begins on:
of rotating drum measurement with
powder spreadability in PBF-LB
Voting terminates on:
machines
Fabrication additive de métaux — Matières premières — Corrélation
de la mesure du tambour rotatif avec la capacité d'étalement de la
poudre dans les machines PBF-LB
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
DOCUMENTATION.
Fax: [phone]
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: [e-mail] Email: [e-mail]
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
  © ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO/ASTM International 2023

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/ASTM TR 52952:2023
ISO/ASTM DTR 52952:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope .
...