SIST EN 14996:2006
(Main)Water quality - Guidance on assuring the quality of biological and ecological assessments in the aquatic environment
Water quality - Guidance on assuring the quality of biological and ecological assessments in the aquatic environment
This guidance standard defines activities appropriate for ensuring that the quality of ecological assessments in surface waters (including rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters and the open sea) and sediments meets specified requirements. This standard also covers hydromorphological aspects relevant to ecological assessment. While it has particular importance in relation to the assessment of ecological status in surface waters, it also applicable to other types of investigation and habitat.
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Qualitätssicherung biologischer und ökologischer Untersuchungsverfahren in der aquatischen Umwelt
Diese Anleitung legt Vorgehensweisen zur Qualitätssicherung biologischer und ökologischer Untersuchungs-verfahren für Oberflächengewässer (einschließlich Fließgewässer, Seen, Übergangs- und Küstengewässer) und Sedimente fest. Diese Norm deckt weiterhin hydromorphologische Aspekte ab, die für eine ökologische Bewertung von Bedeutung sind. Sie ist in Verbindung mit der Abschätzung des ökologischen Status für Oberflächengewässern besonders wichtig und auch für andere Untersuchungsarten und Habitat-Typen anwendbar.
Qualité de l'eau - Guide d'assurance qualité pour des évaluations biologiques et écologiques dans l'environnement aquatique
La présente norme guide définit les activités appropriées pour assurer que la qualité des évaluations
écologiques dans des eaux de surface (comprenant les rivieres, les lacs, les eaux de transition et côtieres et
la haute mer) et les sédiments satisfasse a des exigences spécifiques. Cette norme couvre également les
aspects hydromorphologiques relatifs aux évaluations écologiques dans des eaux de surface. Bien qu'elle soit
particulierement importante pour l'évaluation du statut écologique dans les eaux de surface, elle est
également applicable a d'autres types d'études et d'habitat.
Kakovost vode - Navodilo za zagotavljanje kakovosti biološkega in ekološkega ocenjevanja v vodnem okolju
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Water quality - Guidance on assuring the quality of biological and ecological assessments in the aquatic environmentKakovost vode - Navodilo za zagotavljanje kakovosti biološkega in ekološkega ocenjevanja v vodnem okoljuQualité de l'eau - Guide d'assurance qualité pour des évaluations biologiques et écologiques dans l'environnement aquatiqueWasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Qualitätssicherung biologischer und ökologischer Untersuchungsverfahren in der aquatischen UmweltTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14996:2006SIST EN 14996:2006en,fr,de13.060.70ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14996:200601-september-2006
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14996June 2006ICS 13.060.70 English VersionWater quality - Guidance on assuring the quality of biologicaland ecological assessments in the aquatic environmentQualité de l'eau - Guide d'assurance qualité pour desévaluations biologiques et écologiques dansl'environnement aquatiqueWasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Qualitätssicherungbiologischer und ökologischer Untersuchungsverfahren inder aquatischen UmweltThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 May 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14996:2006: E
EN 14996:2006 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.3 Introduction.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Principle.8 5 Design of biological and ecological studies.8 6 Surveys and sampling.9 7 Analysis.9 8 Performance characteristics.11 9 Validation of results.11 10 Measurement uncertainty.12 11 Interpretation and reporting.12 12 Training.12 Bibliography.14
EN 14996:2006 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14996:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2006. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS — Safety issues are paramount when surveying surface waters. Surveyors should conform to EU and national Health and Safety legislation and any additional guidelines appropriate for working in or near water. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 14996:2006 (E) 4 Introduction The importance of ecology in new legislation such as the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) means that ecological data from aquatic environments shall be of a known and verifiable quality. General guidelines on quality assurance are given in the EN ISO 9000 series and, especially, EN ISO/IEC 17025. This guidance standard is designed to complement these standards by providing advice specific to the quality assurance of ecological data collected from aquatic environments. The principles outlined in this standard are applicable to all field and laboratory work and to all organisations producing ecological data. According to the precise use to which this standard is to be put, it is essential for specifiers and users to agree on any necessary variations or optional procedural details prior to use.
EN 14996:2006 (E) 5 1 Scope This guidance standard defines activities appropriate for ensuring that the quality of ecological assessments in surface waters (including rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters and the open sea) and sediments meets specified requirements. This standard also covers hydromorphological aspects relevant to ecological assessment. While it has particular importance in relation to the assessment of ecological status in surface waters, it also applicable to other types of investigation and habitat. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 accuracy closeness of agreement between the result of a measurement and the true value of the measurand NOTE 1 Accuracy consists of bias (systematic error) and random error. NOTE 2 The true value is a value that would be obtained by a perfect measurement, thus true values cannot be determined and, consequently, accuracy is generally a hypothetical concept. In specific cases a ‘true’ value of a sample might be derived from interlaboratory studies as the mean value of all participants. This value should be regarded as a relative true value. For the purpose of this standard, accuracy can also refer to the application of the correct biological name to an organism. 3.2 bias errors that are consistent rather than random in nature. Average of an infinite number of measurements of the same measurand under the same conditions divided by the true value of the measurand NOTE 1 As only a limited number of measurements can be performed bias can only be estimated. NOTE 2 Often referred to as ‘systematic error’. 3.3 detection limit of discrete entities minimum number and/or size of a specific taxon or group of organisms in a sample at which its presence can be detected with a certain confidence 3.4 error difference between an individual result and the average (random error) 3.5 fitness for purpose extent to which the performance of a protocol matches the criteria that best describes the end-user's need NOTE Fitness should normally be assessed by a validation study.
EN 14996:2006 (E) 6 3.6 metadata summary information about data covering: how they were created, composition, limits of interpretation, quality of data, ownership and availability 3.7 measurand particular quantity subject to measurement NOTE In biological investigations, this refers to the number of organisms in a sample or percentage of covering of macrophytes. 3.8 performance characteristics characteristics of a specific method or protocol, which encompass qualitative and quantitative aspects of data such as detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility, precision, uncertainty, bias, method sensitivity, measurement range, interference and recovery 3.9 phenology study of changes in the morphology or physiology of organisms that occur over the course of a year in relation to internal or external stimuli (e.g. time of flowering in relation to climate) 3.10 precision closeness of agreement between independent results obtained under the same conditions NOTE Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors and does not relate to the true value or the specified value. 3.11 quality all the features and characteristics of a measurement result that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs 3.12 quality assurance all those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product will satisfy given requirements of quality NOTE This includes AQC, audit, training, documentation of methods, calibration schedules, etc. 3.13 quality control operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfil requirements for quality 3.14 random error difference between the result of a measurement and the average value obtained by an infinite series of measurements of the same measurand under the same conditions NOTE As only a limited number of measurements can be performed a random error can only be estimated. 3.15 recovery fraction of a measurement component that is detected by the analysis NOTE This is often determined after addition of a known quantity of the measurement component.
EN 14996:2006 (E) 7 3.16 reference collection collection of live or preserved specimens, whose identities have been confirmed independently, that is accessible to an analyst to aid in the identification and analysis of ecological samples NOTE A reference collection may also take the form of photographs or digital images. 3.17 repeatbility (of results of measurement) closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurement of the same measurand carried out under the same conditions of measurement 3.18 reproducibility (of results of measurement) closeness of the agreement between the results of measurement of the same measurand carried out under changed conditions of measurement. (observer, time, location, instruments etc.) 3.19 statistical power ability of a statistical procedure to distinguish a situation different from the null hypothesis (H0: no difference, no effect or no change) NOTE In statistical terms: statistical power = (1-β) in which β is the probability of failing to reject H0 when in fact H0 is false. 3.20 taxon (pl. taxa) group of organisms related at a particular taxonomic level 3.21 taxonomic expert individual recognised by his/her peers as having particular taxonomic skills or knowledge 3.22 taxonomic level precision with which an organism is defined, for example family, genus or species 3.23 uncertainty parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterises the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand NOTE Generally the parameter consists of a standard deviation. For most purposes an expanded uncertainty should be used obtained by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty by a coverage factor (k). For an approximate level of confidence of 95 %, k is 2 (n > 7, t-Statistics). The combined standard uncertainty is the result of a series of measurements in which the contribution of all relevant sources of uncertainty (both random and systematic) are combined. 3.24 validation (of a method) confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the requirements for a specific intended use or application are fulfilled 3.25 verification confirmation of an identification, e.g. by a qualified person or an independent expert
EN 14996:2006 (E) 8 3.26 voucher specimen sample of one or more taxa taken from a specific location at a specific time that is preserved in order to permit independent verification of their identity 4 Principle The validity of biological and ecological investigations depends on the accuracy and precision of all activities involved in the collection and analysis of data. Major variables include the characteristics of the taxonomic groups, the number of observations or measurements, their statistical distribution, the spatial or temporal representivity of samples, accuracy of identification guides, measuring devices or other methods, the skill of the surveyors or analysts in using these and the consistency of approach. This standard gives a general framework for ensuring the quality of biological and ecological investigations of aquatic environments. These procedures encompass study design, surveying and sampling, analysis and identification, validation, data interpretation and reporting, and training of personnel. 5 Design of biological and ecological studies 5.1 General aspects Biological and ecological assessments of aquatic environments should start with a clear statement of the qualitative and quantitative goals of the study. Methods chosen should be “fit for purpose” and should take account of their statistical power, in order to ensure that necessary spatial and temporal resolution is achievable and cost-effective. A written protocol for the method should be available. NOTE 1 Wherever possible, the method used should be derived from an International or European Standard. Biological and ecological analyses of aquatic environments should be performed within the context of programmes that recognise the complexity of ecological systems, including temporal and spatial variability. Those aspects of temporal and spatial variation which should be incorporated in the sampling regime will be determined by the objectives of the study. Efforts should be made to minimise the impact of spatial and temporal variation if they are no subjects of investigation. NOTE 2 In some cases, a pilot study may be necessary in order to optimise the design, justify the choice of method or to provide an estimate of error and uncertainty appropriate to the system under study. 5.2 Error assessment Users of a method should be aware of all likely sources of error associated with that method. As quantitative errors are additive (i.e. can be combined by standard addition rules) any attempt to reduce errors is desirable. Errors in identification may have an influence on the overall precision of a method, particularly when the error relates to a taxon that is abundant in a sample. The relative contribution of each source to the total error should be assessed before the method is adopted. Results from investigations should be accompanied by estimates or measurements of the major sources of error from sampling, sample preparation, sample analysis, data handling and data analysis. Information is required for every parameter used in the analysis for both precision and accuracy. Possible sources of bias need to be understood, and appropriate control measures described. The result of a measurement or assessment deviates from the true value because of the existence of a number of systematic and random errors. Important sources of random error in ecology are those introduced by the
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