Additive manufacturing - Test artifacts - Geometric capability assessment of additive manufacturing systems (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)

Additive Fertigung - Testkörper - Geometrische Leistungsbewertung additiver Fertigungssysteme (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)

Dieses Dokument enthält die allgemeine Beschreibung von Prüfkörpergeometrien mit dem Ziel des Benchmarkings, gemeinsam mit an dem/den Benchmarking-Prüfkörper(n) vorzunehmenden quantitativen und qualitativen Messungen zur Bewertung der Leistung additiver Fertigungssysteme (AM-Systeme).
Diese Leistungsbewertung kann den beiden folgenden Zwecken dienen:
- der Fähigkeitsbewertung des AM-Systems;
- der Kalibrierung des AM-Systems.
Der Hauptverwendungszweck der/des Benchmarking-Prüfkörper(s) ist die quantitative Bewertung der geometrischen Leistungsfähigkeit eines AM-Systems. Das Dokument beschreibt einen Satz von Prüfgeometrien, die jeweils für die Untersuchung einer oder mehrerer Leistungsmetriken ausgelegt sind, sowie mehrere Beispielkonfigurationen dieser Geometrien im/in Prüfkörper(n). Es gibt zu messende Quantitäten und Qualitäten der Prüfgeometrien vor, schreibt aber keine spezifischen Messverfahren vor. Verschiedene Nutzeranwendungen können verschiedene Leistungsniveaus erfordern. Zur Veranschaulichung von Untersuchungen und für den Nachweis der Leistungsfähigkeit auf niedrigem und hohem Niveau erörtert dieses Dokument Beispiele für Merkmalskonfigurationen sowie Anforderungen an die Messunsicherheit. Dieses Dokument behandelt keine spezifischen Verfahrensweisen oder Maschineneinstellungen für die Prüfkörperherstellung.

Fabrication additive - Pièces types d'essais - Évaluation de la capacité géométrique des systèmes de fabrication additive (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)

Aditivna proizvodnja - Preskusna telesa - Geometrijske zmogljivosti aditivnih proizvodnih sistemov (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)

General Information

Status
Not Published
Public Enquiry End Date
02-Mar-2022
Technical Committee
Current Stage
4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
Start Date
07-Jan-2022
Due Date
27-May-2022
Completion Date
30-Mar-2022

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52902:2022
01-februar-2022
Aditivna proizvodnja - Preskusna telesa - Geometrijske zmogljivosti aditivnih
proizvodnih sistemov (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)

Additive manufacturing - Test artifacts - Geometric capability assessment of additive

manufacturing systems (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)
Additive Fertigung - Testkörper - Geometrische Leistungsbewertung additiver
Fertigungssysteme (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)

Fabrication additive - Pièces types d'essais - Évaluation de la capacité géométrique des

systèmes de fabrication additive (ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52902
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52902:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52902:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52902
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-12-13 2022-03-07
Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts — Geometric
capability assessment of additive manufacturing systems

Fabrication additive — Pièces types d'essai — Évaluation de la capacité géométrique des systèmes de

fabrication additive
ICS: 25.030
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2021
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52902:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.

ISO copyright office ASTM International
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Published in Switzerland
© ISO/ASTM International 2021 – All rights reserved
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Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Significance and use .........................................................................................................................................................................................1

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.2 Comparing results from one machine ............................................................................................................................... 2

5 General principles for producing test artefacts ................................................................................................................. 2

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.2 Need to use feedstock conforming to a material specification ................................................................... 2

5.3 Need to undertake artefact building according to a documented process

specification .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

5.4 File formats and preparation ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.5 Download files ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

5.6 Discussion of file conversion ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.7 AMF preferred (with conversion instructions/ resolutions) ........................................................................ 3

5.8 Need for test specification and test process ................................................................................................................ 3

5.9 Quantity of test artefacts .............................................................................................................................................................. 3

5.10 Position and orientation of test artefacts ....................................................................................................................... 3

5.11 Considerations for orientation ................................................................................................................................................. 3

5.12 Labelling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.13 Coverage ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.14 Arrays ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

5.15 Part consolidation ......... ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.16 Supports and post processing ................................................................................................................................................... 4

6 General principles for measuring artefacts ........................................................................................................................... 5

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.2 Measure parts as built ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.3 Measurement strategy .................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.4 Measurement uncertainty ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

7 Artefact geometries .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

7.2 Accuracy ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

7.2.1 Linear artefact ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6

7.2.2 Circular artefact .................................................................................................................................................................. 7

7.2.3 Z-axis artefact ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.3 Resolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11

7.3.1 Resolution pins.................................................................................................................................................................. 11

7.3.2 Resolution holes ...............................................................................................................................................................12

7.3.3 Resolution rib ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14

7.3.4 Resolution slot ................................................................................................................................................................... 16

7.4 Surface texture .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

7.4.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

7.4.2 Geometry ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18

7.4.3 Measurement ...................................................................................................................................................................... 19

7.4.4 Reporting ............................................................................................................................................................................... 20

7.4.5 Considerations ................................................................................................................................................................... 20

7.5 Labelling .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

7.5.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

7.5.2 Geometry ................................................................................................................................................................................ 21

7.5.3 Considerations ................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Annex A (informative) Example artefact configurations ...........................................................................................................23

iii
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Annex B (informative) Measurement techniques ...............................................................................................................................26

Annex C (informative) Measurement procedures ..............................................................................................................................30

Annex D (informative) List of specimen names and sizes..........................................................................................................36

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................38

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation

with ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership

agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM

standards on Additive Manufacturing.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/ASTM 52902:2019), which has been

technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:

— Addition of a test artefact for testing the performance of the Z-axis in an AM system.

— Changed dimensions in text and in drawing (Figure 3) of medium circular artefact such that the

description in the text matches the dimensions in the downloadable STEP file; Figure 3 was also re-

drawn to better depict the circular artefact geometry.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52902:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52902:2021(E)
Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts — Geometric
capability assessment of additive manufacturing systems
1 Scope

This document covers the general description of benchmarking test piece geometries along with

quantitative and qualitative measurements to be taken on the benchmarking test piece(s) to assess the

performance of additive manufacturing (AM) systems.
This performance assessment can serve the following two purposes:
— AM system capability evaluation;
— AM system calibration.

The benchmarking test piece(s) is (are) primarily used to quantitatively assess the geometric

performance of an AM system. This document describes a suite of test geometries, each designed

to investigate one or more specific performance metrics and several example configurations of

these geometries into test piece(s). It prescribes quantities and qualities of the test geometries to be

measured but does not dictate specific measurement methods. Various user applications can require

various grades of performance. This document discusses examples of feature configurations, as

well as measurement uncertainty requirements, to demonstrate low- and high-grade examination

and performance. This document does not discuss a specific procedure or machine settings for

manufacturing a test piece.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ASME B46.1, Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay)
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900 apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Significance and use
4.1 General

Measurements and observations described in this document are used to assess the performance of an

AM system with a given system set-up and process parameters, in combination with a specific feedstock

material.

The primary characterization of the AM system obtained by this document is via geometric accuracy,

surface finish and minimum feature sizes of the benchmarking test piece(s).
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4.2 Comparing results from one machine

The test piece(s) can be built and measured for example when the new machine is installed. The test

piece(s) may be used to periodically evaluate the performance or diagnose a fault in one AM system, for

example, after system maintenance or as defined by the requirements of a quality system.

The test piece(s) described in this test method may be used as a demonstration of capabilities for a

contract between a buyer and seller of AM parts or AM systems.

Data from the measurements described in this document can be used to gauge the impact of new

process parameters or material on the AM system performance.

Certain test geometries may be included with every build on a particular AM system to help establish

performance traceability. Depending on the needs of the end user, not all test artefacts need to be built,

and individual test artefacts can be built separately if required.
5 General principles for producing test artefacts
5.1 General

This clause outlines principles applicable for producing all of the test artefact geometries in this

document. Reporting requirements are previewed in connection with the production steps in this

clause, but more details about recording and reporting can be found with the individual artefact

descriptions given in Clause 7.
5.2 Need to use feedstock conforming to a material specification

In order to ensure repeatable results, the use of a quality feedstock material is needed. A feedstock

material specification should be selected or determined by the end user and the feedstock used for test

artefact trials should match said specification. For example, the specification may include the particulate

properties (particle size, size distribution, morphology) for powder feedstock, bulk properties (such as

flow) and chemical properties (such as chemical composition and level of contamination). Although the

details of the material specification shall not be disclosed (unless otherwise agreed between supplier

and purchaser), it should be documented by the producer and reported with a unique alphanumeric

designation as specified by ASTM F2971: 2013, Annex A1, element “B”. For powder-based processes, the

material specification should specifically address limitations of powder re-use and percent of virgin/

re-used powder.
5.3 Need to undertake artefact building according to a documented process
specification

The processing of the material in the AM system should be undertaken according to a documented

process specification/manufacturing plan, as specified by ASTM F2971: 2013, Annex A1, element “C”.

This may be a proprietary internal standard or external standard (subject to buyer/seller negotiations),

but the producer should document user-definable settings and conditions surrounding the building of

parts. For example, it should document the layer thickness, build strategies (e.g. scan path, tool path,

and/or scan parameters), temperatures, etc. used during the build. This process should be consistent

for all test artefacts produced within one build. These recommendations can be different for each use,

so the parameters in the process specification should be agreed between the vendor and end user.

5.4 File formats and preparation

The file formats used and steps of the digital file preparation including slice parameters should be

included in the process specification. Care shall be taken during the creation and transfer of data files

to avoid degradation of the model. Any discrepancy between these affects the outcome of tests on

the artefacts and for this reason, best practice for the control of the file formats and preparation is

discussed here.
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5.5 Download files

The 3D digital models for standard test artefact geometries can be downloaded in *.step format at

https:// standards .iso .org/ iso/ 52902/ ed -1/ en. For a complete list of available files, please see Annex D.

5.6 Discussion of file conversion

When a CAD model is converted to AMF, STL (or any intermediate file format), sufficient fidelity shall

be maintained to ensure that the test artefact produced from it fairly reflects the capabilities of the

AM system under assessment. The file conversion tolerance selected should ensure that the maximum

deviation of the data from the nominal CAD model is less than one quarter and, based on good

measurement practice, ideally less than one tenth of the expected accuracy of the AM system being

assessed. Currently, most additive manufacturing equipment cannot produce features with a resolution

better than 10 µm, therefore CAD models are saved to STL/AMF ensuring at least a 2,5 µm accuracy

or better. This is only general guidance and should be confirmed for the specific output system. It is

recommended that users check the maximum deviation and record the conversion parameters used, as

well as any maximum deviation (chord height and angular tolerance).

Files should not be scaled up or down either during conversion or afterward. Machine correction

factors (e.g. offsets, axis scaling, etc.) may be used and should be documented as part of the process

specification.
5.7 AMF preferred (with conversion instructions/ resolutions)

The AMF file format as defined by ISO/ASTM 52915 is the preferred model format for test artefact

geometry representation due to its ability to store high fidelity geometry with embedded units in an

intermediate file format.
5.8 Need for test specification and test process

This document forms the basis for the general Test Plan/Specification described in ASTM F2971: 2013,

Annex A1, element “D”, but specifics about its implementation need recording to accurately document

the Test Process (element “E” in Annex A1), used for producing the parts as discussed in Clause 6.

5.9 Quantity of test artefacts

For a complete test of machine performance, two things dictate the quantity of the test artefacts

produced. First, the Test Specification / Test Process shall ensure a quantity of samples, typically no

less than five, so that statistically significant measurements can be made. Second, sufficient coverage

(see 5.13) of the build platform needs to be made to account for variations in performance between

build locations. Fewer test artefacts with less complete coverage may be used for spot checks or limited

demonstrations, such as the example detailed in Annex A. The number of artefacts shall be agreed upon

between the buyer and seller and shall permit to perform at least 5 mesurements.
5.10 Position and orientation of test artefacts

As per ASTM F2971: 2013, Annex A1, element “F”, it is recommended to report results in combination

with the test artefacts’ build position and orientations according to the convention set forth in ISO/

ASTM 52921.
5.11 Considerations for orientation

Since these test artefacts are intended to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of additive building

techniques, there will be failed build geometries. It is worth considering which features are likely to

fail and place them in a position that minimizes the risk that this leads to an outright failure of the

features/parts/artefacts in the rest of the build. For example, in a powder bed process, it can be

advisable to position parts that are more likely to fail at a higher level in the overall build to reduce the

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risk that failed parts or sections of parts impinge on other components in the build or the AM machine

mechanism.
5.12 Labelling

It can be useful to add labels to parts to identify respective artefact orientations and positions in the

build. Labelling is summarized in 7.5.
5.13 Coverage

It is important that test artefacts be made with sufficient coverage of the build volume to get

representative data for where real parts are made. Coverage evaluates variability throughout the build

volume. This is best practice for all AM processes and is especially critical for processes that have a

“sweet spot” (for example, some galvanometric laser beam steering systems give more repeatable

results in the centre of the platform). The artefact distribution should span at least 80 % of the

machine’s build platform area. If build location effects are known or deemed irrelevant for the trial

being performed, then a single build location may be selected and used, as agreed between vendor and

user.

Long artefacts, which reach across the extents of the build volume, can be necessary to detect

corrections that are not linear or are periodic in nature.
5.14 Arrays

Geometry should not be scaled (since this affects the measurement outputs) but may be patterned in an

array to give larger coverage areas. See an example in Figure 2.
5.15 Part consolidation

When arrays of parts are needed for better coverage, it can be most practical to build a single combined

part instead of trying to build arrays of adjacent individual parts. This can be achieved by consolidating

adjacent AMF or STL files prior to slicing and other file preparation steps.

As AM most commonly is a layered process (in Z-direction) and often based on pixels (in X/Y-direction),

the exact position of the part in the build can affect the test significantly. This is especially true of

artefacts testing machine resolution. A minor translation of the part can influence rounding off issues

influencing whether a specific layer or pixel will build or not. This can be caused during prepara

...

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