SIST EN ISO 15535:2007
(Main)General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases (ISO 15535:2006)
General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases (ISO 15535:2006)
This International Standard specifies general requirements for anthropometric databases and their associated reports that contain measurements taken in accordance with ISO 7250. It provides necessary information, such as characteristics of the user population, sampling methods, measurement items and statistics, to make international comparison possible among various population segments. The population segments specified in this International Standard are people who are able to hold the postures specified in ISO 7250.
Allgemeine Anforderungen an die Einrichtung anthropometrischer Datenbanken (ISO 15535:2006)
Diese Internationale Norm legt allgemeine Anforderungen an anthropometrische Datenbanken und die dazu¬gehörigen Berichte fest, die nach ISO 7250 vorgenommene Messungen enthalten.
Sie liefert notwendige Angaben, wie Merkmale der Nutzer-Bevölkerung, Verfahren der Stichprobenziehung, Maße und statistische Verfahren, um einen internationalen Vergleich zwischen unterschiedlichen Bevöl¬kerungsgruppen zu ermöglichen. Die in dieser Internationalen Norm festgelegten Bevölkerungsgruppen sind Menschen, die in der Lage sind, die in ISO 7250 festgelegten Körperhaltungen einzunehmen.
ANMERKUNG Die in ISO 7250 definierte traditionelle Anthropometrie ist als eine notwendige Ergänzung der in einigen Ländern entwickelten dreidimensionalen Verfahren zu betrachten. Es ist wichtig, dass die erfassten Daten nach den in ISO 7250 angegebenen Begriffen verifiziert werden (siehe ISO 20685). Eine auf dem neuesten Stand der Technik befindli¬che Software ermöglicht eine Einbeziehung der traditionellen anthropometrischen Maße in diejenigen, die mit drei¬dimensionaler Darstellung erzielt wurden.
Exigences générales pour la création de bases de données anthropométriques (ISO 15535:2006)
L'ISO 15535:2006 spécifie les exigences générales relatives aux bases de données anthropométriques qui contiennent des mesures prises conformément à l'ISO 7250:1996 et aux rapports qui leur sont associés. Elle fournit les informations nécessaires telles que caractéristiques de la population utilisatrice, méthodes d'échantillonnage, éléments mesurés et statistiques afin de rendre la comparaison possible à l'échelle internationale parmi diverses tranches de populations. Les tranches de population spécifiées dans l'ISO 15535:2006 concernent des personnes qui sont à même de tenir les postures spécifiées dans l'ISO 7250:1996.
Splošne zahteve za ustanovitev banke antropometričnih podatkov (ISO 15535:2006)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 15535:2007
01-april-2007
6SORãQH]DKWHYH]DXVWDQRYLWHYEDQNHDQWURSRPHWULþQLKSRGDWNRY ,62
General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases (ISO 15535:2006)
Allgemeine Anforderungen an die Einrichtung anthropometrischer Datenbanken (ISO
15535:2006)
Exigences générales pour la création de bases de données anthropométriques (ISO
15535:2006)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 15535:2006
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN ISO 15535:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 15535
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2006
ICS 13.180 Supersedes EN ISO 15535:2003
English Version
General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases
(ISO 15535:2006)
Exigences générales pour la création de bases de données Allgemeine Anforderungen an die Einrichtung
anthropométriques (ISO 15535:2006) anthropometrischer Datenbanken (ISO 15535:2006)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 November 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 15535:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN ISO 15535:2006 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 15535:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
159 "Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007.
This document supersedes EN ISO 15535:2003.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 15535:2006 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 15535:2006 without any
modifications.
2
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15535
Second edition
2006-12-01
General requirements for establishing
anthropometric databases
Exigences générales pour la création de bases de données
anthropométriques
Reference number
ISO 15535:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Data collection design. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Definitions, techniques and conditions of measurement. 2
4.3 Sampling techniques. 3
5 Data collection requirements . 3
5.1 Basic demographic description of subjects . 3
5.2 Detection and treatment of measurement errors . 3
5.3 Instrument accuracy. 3
5.4 Sample composition. 3
5.5 Sample size. 4
5.6 Data-storage system. 4
5.7 Type of clothing . 4
5.8 Measurer training and quality control . 4
6 Database format. 4
7 Database contents. 5
7.1 Required background data . 5
7.2 Recommended background data. 5
7.3 Anthropometric data. 5
7.4 Complementary data . 5
8 Anthropometric data sheets . 5
9 Statistical processing. 5
Annex A (normative) Method for estimating the number of subjects needed on a sample. 7
Annex B (normative) Anthropometric data sheet . 10
Annex C (informative) Example of anthropometric data sheet. 11
Annex D (informative) Method of calculating decimal-notation date and age . 13
Annex E (normative) Age stratification at specified growth period. 15
Annex F (normative) Procedure for preparing data and statistics . 16
Annex G (informative) Recommended scientific and technical objectives for setting up
internationally compatible databases. 18
Annex H (informative) Application of measurements. 19
Bibliography . 20
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15535 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3,
Anthropometry and biomechanics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 15535:2003), Clauses 1 and 2, subclauses 3.1,
3.5, 4.3.1, 5.1, 5.5, 7.1.7 and 7.2, Annexes B and C, and Table C.1 of which have been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
Introduction
The well-being of people is very much dependent on their proportional and geometric relationship with several
factors, such as growth, design principles for clothing, transportation, workplace and homes, as well as
sporting and recreational activities. Implementation of databases on body dimensions of a population supports
essential health and safety requirements, as well as International Standards in the field of machinery safety
and personal protective equipment, and has acquired importance in the devising of computer-generated
manikins of the human body.
One of the major difficulties in formulating international databases on anthropometry is that the numerous
existing studies of peoples are rarely comparable in the strictest sense. Difficulties arise in comparing one
study with another because either the methods used differ or they are not sufficiently well described. The
anthropometric standards used for the data collection are fundamental to setting up any anthropometric
databases.
This International Standard is intended to be used in close conjunction with ISO 7250. The ultimate goal is
that a database developed by one researcher could be easily used by other researchers. This would be in a
form that is readily accessible by those responsible for developing standards in support of good design and
health and safety requirements (e.g. ISO 15534 and ISO 14738). To achieve this goal, it has been necessary
to develop an appropriate International Standard to ensure that anthropometric databases and their
associated reports are internationally compatible.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15535:2006(E)
General requirements for establishing anthropometric
databases
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies general requirements for anthropometric databases and their associated
reports that contain measurements taken in accordance with ISO 7250.
It provides necessary information, such as characteristics of the user population, sampling methods,
measurement items and statistics, to make international comparison possible among various population
segments. The population segments specified in this International Standard are people who are able to hold
the postures specified in ISO 7250.
NOTE The traditional anthropometry defined in ISO 7250 is considered to be a necessary complement to 3-D
methods which are being developed in some countries. It is important that scanned data are verified according to the
definitions given in ISO 7250 (see ISO 20685). State-of-the-art software allows integration of traditional anthropometric
measures with those obtained by 3-D imaging.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3166-1, Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 1: Country
codes
ISO 7250:1996, Basic human body measurements for technological design
ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and
times
ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1:
Latin alphabet No. 1
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
population segment
group of people having one or more common background characteristics that influence their anthropometric
distributions
3.2
user population
population segment or segments for whom a technological design is intended
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
3.3
random sample
sample established by following a set of procedures to ensure that each and every individual in the population
has an equal chance of being selected
3.4
stratified sample
sample established by a procedure in which the population is divided into sub-populations (strata), each one
of which contributes with a specified number of randomly selected individuals
3.5
demographic data
background information (such as sex, dwelling or working place, occupation, education) used to describe
members of the user population and/or population segments
3.6
anthropometry
study and measurement of the physical dimensions and mass of the human body and its constituent (external)
parts
NOTE Taken from the Greek word anthropos (human being or Man) and metron, to measure.
3.7
anthropometric data
dimensional measurements (such as heights, lengths, depths, breadths and circumferences) of the human
body and its component parts
3.8
anthropometric database
collection of individual body measurements (anthropometric data) and background information (demographic
data) recorded on a group of people (the sample)
3.9
anthropometric report
technical report describing the origin, contents, methods, and statistical characteristics of an anthropometric
database
4 Data collection design
4.1 General
The following methods shall be used in assembling internationally compatible anthropometric databases.
4.2 Definitions, techniques and conditions of measurement
4.2.1 The measuring methods given in ISO 7250 shall be used. Any deviation from this shall be indicated in
the anthropometric report. It is anticipated that items other than those specified by ISO 7250 will be measured
according to the purpose of the investigation. In such cases, definitions, methods, instruments and
measurement units shall be clearly indicated in the report.
4.2.2 When a measurement can be taken on both the left and right sides of the human body, the report
shall clearly indicate on which side the measurement has been taken.
4.2.3 Photographs or detailed sketches of the measurements taken should be provided and the
measurement procedures should be documented.
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
4.2.4 The subject shall be nude or wearing minimal clothing, shall be bareheaded and without shoes. The
type of clothing, if relevant, shall be coded on the anthropometric data sheet.
4.2.5 The measurement conditions shall be documented, together with the numerical results of any survey.
4.3 Sampling techniques
4.3.1 The demographic characteristics of the population shall be indicated as clearly as possible in the
report. In the event that the population is divided into several subgroups, e.g. exam location and dwelling
location for either sampling or statistical reporting, this shall be stated in the report.
4.3.2 It is desirable that random or stratified random sampling methods be used. However, if this is
impossible, the report shall indicate the sampling method used.
4.3.3 It is desirable that the number of subjects needed for a database be established using a statistical
power formula based on the accuracy of results desired by the investigator (see Annex A). However, in reality,
the selection of subjects is often influenced by various factors, such as population size, number of people who
agree to participate, and cost and period of time required for the investigation.
5 Data collection requirements
5.1 Basic demographic description of subjects
Biographic questionnaires shall be filled out to provide information that includes sex, date of birth, date of
examination, and exam location. Other demographic information may be included on the questionnaire
depending upon the purposes of the study.
5.2 Detection and treatment of measurement errors
The editing of obvious anomalies during data collection should be carried out using, for example, computer
software specifically written for the purpose of detecting figures that lie outside any reasonable range of data
given for that dimension (see Annex F).
5.3 Instrument accuracy
Anthropometric instruments for taking linear and circumferential measures shall measure to the nearest
millimetre. Instruments for measuring body mass shall weigh to the nearest 500 g.
5.4 Sample composition
The following shall always be taken into account during planning of data collection:
⎯ age;
⎯ sex.
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
5.5 Sample size
The sample size shall be sufficient to estimate the value of the given measurement in a specified group. For
example, the sample size should be sufficient to estimate the true population mean of stature within ± 10 mm
for women who are between 30 years and 34 years of age.
Where appropriate, the following may also be taken into account for sample size determination:
⎯ geographical location;
⎯ socio-economic status;
⎯ educational level;
⎯ occupation;
⎯ other demographic variables that influence anthropometric distributions.
5.6 Data-storage system
All biographical and subject data should be recorded on digital media compatible with widespread digital
systems, whenever possible.
5.7 Type of clothing
The type of clothing shall be coded and identified (e.g. nude = 0, underwear = 1, light clothing = 2, other
clothing as specified = 3) for analysis purposes.
5.8 Measurer training and quality control
Frequent and regular measurer training and quality control shall be carried out by persons experienced in
anthropometry, in order to ensure acceptable standards of accuracy. Repeated measurement data should be
recorded. Inter- and intra-measurer standard error of measurement, or mean absolute difference, shall be
calculated and recorded for all anthropometric variables, in order that random checks can be carried out on
the measuring teams during the survey.
6 Database format
6.1 The ASCII code, according to ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, shall be used.
6.2 Each data item shall be separated by a tab.
6.3 The contents of rows in the database is given in 6.3.1 to 6.3.3.
6.3.1 The data shall be entered in English.
6.3.2 The name of each data item shall be shown in the first row of the database using the designated
English words and appropriate labels in other language(s), if needed. Item code numbers and acronyms
should not be used in row 1 instead of English names, as they may cause confusion.
6.3.3 The second and subsequent rows of the database shall contain actual data from subjects with each
data item in the same order as its name is listed in row 1.
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
EXAMPLE
Subject number Sex Exam location Exam data Body mass Stature
0001 M GB/London 2000-05-23 78,5 1756
6.4 All body measurements shall be recorded in millimetres (mm) or kilograms (kg) (SI units).
6.5 Missing data shall be recorded as 9999.
7 Database contents
The following data items shall be included in the database.
7.1 Required background data
7.1.1 Item 1 Number of the subject.
7.1.2 Item 2 Sex: M for male subjects, F for female subjects.
7.1.3 Item 3 Exam location: country, ISO 3166-1 and location.
rd
7.1.4 Item 4 Exam date: ISO 8601 method yyyy-mm-dd (for example, 2003-05-23 for 23 of May, 2003).
th
7.1.5 Item 5 Birth date: ISO 8601 method yyyy-mm-dd (for example, 2003-04-05 for 5 of April, 2003).
7.1.6 Item 6 Decimal age: subject’s age calculated after the exam in accordance with the method
described in Annex D.
7.2 Recommended background data
Additional background data items such as birthplace, school, occupation or population segment may also be
included, depending upon the purposes of the study.
7.3 Anthropometric data
In accordance with ISO 7250, anthropometric data shall be recorded as Items 11 to 56. In the event that some
variables in ISO 7250 are not measured, or if there are missing data, these shall be recorded as 9999.
7.4 Complementary data
In the event that additional body measurements not present in ISO 7250 are measured, these data shall be
recorded as data items 57 and higher, in alphabetical order.
8 Anthropometric data sheets
Biographical data and measurements of each subject shall be recorded on electronic forms or data sheets
(see Annex C).
9 Statistical processing
9.1 Before calculating statistical values, irregular values shall be detected and reviewed (see Annex F).
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
9.2 The age of each subject shall be calculated by decimal notation (see Annex D).
9.3 In the event that subjects are in the growth period, their measurements shall be tabulated for each
one-year age interval, as given in Table E.1.
9.4 It is recommended that the data be tabulated for adult subjects in groups of 5 year division (see
Annex E). If that is impossible, for example when sample sizes are small, 10 year divisions or 20 year
divisions as given in Table E.2 shall be used. It is desirable to tabulate data for the adult male and adult
female samples. It is also desirable to tabulate data for a combined sex sample. For the combined sample,
data shall be weighted to account for unequal sample sizes.
9.5 Information on the presentation of data and interpretation of statistics is given in Annex F.
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Method for estimating the number of subjects needed on a sample
The sample size shall be estimated to be sufficient for the purposes of investigation. In most cases,
th th
anthropometric data for technological design are of interest at the 5 and 95 percentiles.
The method given below is one way of estimating the sample size required to have a particular confidence at
th th
5 and 95 percentiles.
th
A.1 The minimum number of randomly sampled subjects, N, needed to ensure that a database 5 and
th th th
95 percentile estimates the true population 5 and 95 percentiles with 95 % confidence and a percentage
of relative accuracy is calculated using the following formula:
2
1,96× CV
⎛⎞
2
N=× 1,534 (A.1)
⎜⎟
a
⎝⎠
where
1,96 is the critical value (z value) from a standard normal distribution for a 95 % confidence interval;
CV is the coefficient of variation
SD
CV=× 100
x
where x is the mean and SD is the standard deviation of the population for the body dimension in
question;
a is the percentage of relative accuracy desired.
A.2 The equation for minimum sample size presented in A.1 is derived as follows.
The 95 % confidence interval for a percentile is given by the expression
PS±×1,96 (A.2)
P
where
P is the percentile estimate;
S is the standard error of this percentile.
P
It is desired that the confidence interval is to be no larger than ± some percentage (a) of the mean. Therefore,
a sample size is required sufficient to ensure that
ax
1,96× S u (A.3)
P
100
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
th
To solve this equation, an expression for S is needed — in this case, the standard error for a 5 or
P
th
95 percentile:
222
SS=+ 1,645×S (A.4)
Px
s
x
where
S is the standard error of the mean;
x
S is the standard error of the standard deviation.
s
x
Equation (A.4) can be simplified, however, because both S and S are functions of s , the standard
x x
s
x
deviation:
2
s
x
S = (A.5)
x
n
2
s
x
S = (A.6)
s
x
2n
th th
Therefore, the standard error of a 5 or 95 percentile in Equation (A.4) can be expressed as
22
s s
x 2 x
S=+ 1,645× (A.7)
P
nn2
And it can be further reduced algebraically as follows:
2
ss1,645
xx
S=+11=×,534 (A.8)
P
2
nn
Substituting Equation (A.8) into Equation (A.3), we have the following:
s
ax
x
1,96×× 1,534u (A.9)
100
n
And rearranging algebraically, we have
100s
x
1,96×× 1,534u n (A.10)
ax
However, the coefficient of variation is defined as follows:
s
x
CV=× 100 (A.11)
x
Therefore, Equation (A.10) can be further reduced to
CV
1,96×× 1,534u n (A.12)
a
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ISO 15535:2006(E)
And solved for n:
2
CV
⎛⎞
2
nW 1,96×× 1,534
⎜⎟
a
⎝⎠
2
⎛⎞CV
nW 3,006× (A.13)
⎜⎟
a
⎝⎠
A.3 In practice, the true mean and standard deviation of the population are usually unknown, so these
values are estimated by using the results of a previous study on a similar population.
A.4 Because each body dimension in a study will have a different coefficient of variation (CV), each will
require a slightly different minimum sample size to ensure that its percentile value will estimate the population
th th
5 and 95 percentiles with a certain percentage precision and 95 % confidence. In practice, however, it is
desirable to calculate the minimum sample size for a study using the body dimension having the largest CV.
When this approach is taken, the calculated sample size will be sufficient for a certain percentage of relative
accuracy and 95 % confidence in the worst case, and it will be more than sufficient for all the other body
dimensions.
th
A.5 For example, suppose an investigator wishes the study sample to approximate that true population 5
...
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