kSIST FprEN 1561:2022
(Main)Founding - Grey cast irons
Founding - Grey cast irons
This document specifies the properties of unalloyed and low-alloyed grey cast irons used for castings, which have been manufactured in sand moulds or in moulds with comparable thermal behaviour.
NOTE This document can also be applicable to grey cast irons cast in permanent moulds, provided the related cast samples are casted under the same conditions as the castings.
This document specifies the characterizing properties of grey cast irons by either
a) the tensile strength of cast samples,
b) if agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the tensile strength of samples cut from a casting,
c) the hardness determined on the castings or on a cast-on knob.
If agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the combination of both tensile strength from option a) and hardness from option c) may be specified.
This document specifies six grades of grey cast iron by a classification based on tensile strength determined on machined test pieces prepared from cast samples (see Table 1) and six grades of grey cast iron by a classification based on Brinell hardness (see Table 2).
This document does not cover technical delivery conditions for iron castings; see EN 1559-1 [3] and EN 1559-3 [4].
This document does not apply to grey cast irons used for pipes and fittings according to EN 877 [5].
Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
Dieses Dokument legt die Eigenschaften von unlegiertem und niedrig legiertem Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit für Gussstücke fest, die in Sandformen oder Formen mit vergleichbarem thermischen Verhalten hergestellt wurden.
ANMERKUNG Dieses Dokument kann auch für im Kokillengießverfahren gegossenes Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit gelten, vorausgesetzt, die entsprechenden Probestücke wurden unter den gleichen Bedingungen wie die Gussstücke gegossen.
Dieses Dokument legt die kennzeichnenden Eigenschaften von Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit fest, hinsichtlich entweder
a) der Zugfestigkeit von gegossenen Probestücken,
b) wenn zwischen dem Hersteller und dem Käufer vereinbart, die Zugfestigkeit von aus einem Gussstück entnommenen Probestücken,
c) der Härte, gemessen am Gussstück oder an einem angegossenen Probestück.
Wenn zwischen dem Hersteller und dem Käufer vereinbart, kann eine Kombination aus Zugfestigkeit nach Möglichkeit a) und Härte nach Möglichkeit b) festgelegt werden.
Dieses Dokument legt sechs Sorten des Gusseisens mit Lamellengraphit fest, deren Klassifizierung auf der Zugfestigkeit beruht, die an bearbeiteten Proben aus gegossenen Probestücken gemessen wird (siehe Tabelle 1), und sechs Sorten des Gusseisens mit Lamellengraphit, deren Klassifizierung auf der Brinellhärte beruht (siehe Tabelle 2).
Dieses Dokument behandelt nicht die technischen Lieferbedingungen für Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit; siehe dafür EN 1559-1 [3] und EN 1559-3 [4].
Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit, das für Rohre und Formstücke nach EN 877 [5] verwendet wird.
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire
Le présent document spécifie les propriétés des fontes à graphite lamellaire non alliées et faiblement alliées, utilisées pour les pièces moulées qui ont été coulées dans des moules en sable ou des moules ayant un comportement thermique comparable.
NOTE Le présent document peut aussi s’appliquer aux fontes à graphite lamellaire en moules permanents, à condition que les échantillons coulés liés soient coulés dans les mêmes conditions que les pièces moulées.
Le présent document spécifie les propriétés permettant de caractériser les fontes à graphite lamellaire soit :
a) par la résistance à la traction des échantillons coulés,
b) après accord du fabricant et de l’acheteur, par la résistance à la traction des échantillons coupés dans une pièce moulée,
c) par la dureté déterminée sur des pièces ou sur un appendice attenant à la pièce.
Par accord entre le fabricant et l'acheteur, il est possible de spécifier la combinaison de résistance à la traction, à partir de l'option a) et de dureté, à partir de l'option c).
Le présent document spécifie six nuances de fonte à graphite lamellaire grâce à une classification basée sur la résistance à la traction déterminée sur des éprouvettes usinées, élaborées à partir d'échantillons coulés (voir Tableau 1) et six nuances de fonte à graphite lamellaire, grâce à une classification basée sur la dureté Brinell (voir Tableau 2).
Le présent document ne couvre pas les conditions techniques de fourniture des pièces moulées en fonte ; voir l’EN 1559 1 [3] et l’EN 1559 3 [4].
Le présent document ne s'applique pas aux fontes à graphite lamellaire utilisées pour les tuyaux et les raccords conformément à l'EN 877 [5].
Livarstvo - Siva litina (z lamelastim grafitom)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1561:2021
01-februar-2021
Livarstvo - Siva litina (z lamelastim grafitom)
Founding - Grey cast irons
Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1561
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
77.140.80 Železni in jekleni ulitki Iron and steel castings
oSIST prEN 1561:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 1561:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1561
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2020
ICS 77.080.10 Will supersede EN 1561:2011
English Version
Founding - Grey cast irons
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 190.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1561:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Designation . 8
5 Order information . 9
6 Manufacture . 9
7 Requirements . 9
7.1 Mechanical properties . 9
7.2 Tensile properties . 10
7.2.1 General. 10
7.2.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples . 10
7.2.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting . 10
7.3 Hardness properties . 12
7.4 Graphite structure . 13
8 Sampling . 13
8.1 General. 13
8.2 Samples for tensile test . 14
8.2.1 Size of cast samples . 14
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests . 14
8.2.3 Separately cast samples. 15
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples . 17
8.2.5 Cast-on samples . 17
8.2.6 Samples cut from a casting . 19
8.3 Samples for hardness test . 20
9 Test methods . 20
9.1 Tensile test . 20
9.2 Brinell hardness test. 21
9.3 Graphite structure . 22
9.4 Alternative test procedures . 22
10 Retests . 22
10.1 Need for retests . 22
10.2 Test validity . 22
10.3 Nonconforming test results . 22
10.4 Heat treatment of samples and castings . 22
11 Inspection documentation. 23
Annex A (informative) Additional information on mechanical and physical properties . 24
Annex B (informative) Comparison of grey cast iron material designations according to
EN 1560 and ISO/TR 15931 [12] . 28
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Annex C (informative) Additional information on the relationship between hardness and
tensile strength. 29
C.1 Introduction . 29
C.2 Relative hardness . 29
Annex D (informative) Additional information on the relationship between tensile strength,
hardness and wall thickness of grey iron castings . 31
Annex E (informative) Guidance values for tensile strength for test pieces machined from
samples cut from a casting . 34
Annex F (informative) Wedge penetration test . 36
F.1 General . 36
F.2 Principle . 36
F.3 Symbols . 36
F.4 Testing apparatus . 37
F.4.1 General . 37
F.4.2 Accuracy of testing apparatus . 37
F.4.3 Wedges . 37
F.5 Test piece . 37
F.6 Procedure . 38
F.7 Evaluation. 38
F.8 Correlation of wedge penetration strength with tensile strength . 38
Annex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this document and the
previous edition . 39
Bibliography . 41
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European foreword
This document (prEN 1561:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry
technology”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1561:2011.
Within its programme of work, Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 requested CEN/TC 190/WG 5 “Grey
cast iron and compacted graphite cast iron” to revise EN 1561:2011.
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Introduction
This document deals with the classification of grey cast irons, subdivided into two groups, specified by
their tensile strength or hardness, respectively.
The properties of grey cast iron depend on the form and distribution of the graphite and the structure
of the matrix, resulting from different cooling velocities in different wall thickness of the casting.
Section sensitivity is more pronounced for grey cast irons EN-GJL, compared to other cast iron
materials. When designating a grey cast iron material grade, section sensitivity needs consideration.
Table 1 defines material grades according to their mechanical properties, which is relevant for most EN-
GJL material orders.
1) Table 1 designates (verifies) the cast material in the foundry (process quality assurance). The
customer designates the material grade in view of requirements from component design. The
choice of cast samples is based on the relevant wall thickness to ensure comparability.
2) Table 1 defines minimum property values (ultimate tensile strength) for each material grade, based
on cast samples. For the casting itself, typical property values are given in Table E.1.
Table 2 defines material grades according to their maximum hardness, e.g. for wear resistance.
Cast iron materials are molten from steel scraps of different compositions (circular economy), pig iron,
alloying elements, carburizers, etc., neither using ready alloys nor applying secondary metallurgical
methods. Depending on the production route used, the chemical composition can vary (Clause 6). The
mechanical properties prevail.
Material designation.
The customer designates the material grade based on design requirements (load). In a casting with
complex shape and different wall thickness, property values can vary over the casting, due to section
sensitivity. An ‘over all’ designation of the entire casting by only one cast sample is not representative.
If only one cast sample is possible (e.g. due to cost reasons, space in the mould, or when cutting a
sample from the casting is not possible), then it represents the most interesting, relevant wall thickness.
Since EN 1561:2011, the material designation is based on cast samples with comparable solidification
as the casting (Table 3 specifies different sample sizes, representing different relevant wall thickness).
The 30 mm separately cast sample can still be used for designating the material grade, e.g. for simple
casting shapes. It cannot properly represent property values in heavier sections of the casting.
In case of an inappropriate material designation, the desired properties may not be reached locally, in
the most interesting, relevant section of the cast component.
EXAMPLE A heavy-wall casting from EN-GJL-250 is designated using the 30 mm separately cast sample, but
the relevant section of the component has 100 mm wall thickness. A minimum UTS of 250 MPa will not be reached
in the heavy section.
This can be avoided by co-operation of customer and foundry early in the design stage. The foundry can
control the solidification of the casting and thus fulfil locally required properties.
NOTE The designation system by number is based on the structure and rules of EN 10027-2 [2] and so
corresponds with the European numbering system for steel and other materials.
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Property values. The cast sample represents the properties in the relevant wall thickness section of
the casting, given by component design. Compared to EN 1561:2011, the minimum tensile properties to
be obtained in cast samples were slightly adapted to consider section sensitivity. They represent recent
process ability for all types of grey cast iron production (long-series with machine moulding, short-
series with hand moulding, with small to heavy wall thickness).
Anticipated values in the casting (Table E.1) have been adapted, using the finer wall thickness grading
(e.g. 6 steps for EN-GJL-250, with 4 steps < 40 mm). Property values were subsequently decreased with
increasing wall thickness.
The tensile test piece given in Figure 5 is used to achieve reproducible results. For serial production of
grey iron castings using statistical methods, the position of the scatter-band and its lower boundary
depends on wall thickness. Lower property values often do not result in poor process control but in
microstructural effects becoming less pronounced when using bigger test pieces.
The mechanical properties of the material can be evaluated on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples;
— side-by-side cast samples;
— cast-on samples;
— samples cut from a casting.
Hardness of the material can also be evaluated on the casting.
For many applications, tensile strength and hardness are not the only properties of interest to casting
designers. Other mechanical or physical properties can be decisive for the use of grey iron. For example:
— the thermal capacity and the thermal diffusivity for disc brakes;
— the damping capacity for engine blocks or machine beds;
— the thermocycle fatigue for exhaust manifolds or ingot moulds.
Therefore, Annex A (informative) provides additional information on mechanical and physical
properties.
Annex G, Table G.1 provides details of significant technical changes between this document and the
previous edition.
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1 Scope
This document specifies the properties of unalloyed and low-alloyed grey cast irons used for castings,
which have been manufactured in sand moulds or in moulds with comparable thermal behaviour.
NOTE This document can also be applicable to grey cast irons cast in permanent moulds, provided the related
cast samples are casted under the same conditions as the castings.
This document specifies the characterizing properties of grey cast irons by either
a) the tensile strength of cast samples,
b) if agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the tensile strength of samples cut from a casting,
c) the hardness determined on the castings or on a cast-on knob.
If agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the combination of both tensile strength from option
a) and hardness from option c) can be specified.
This document specifies six grades of grey cast iron by a classification based on tensile strength
determined on machined test pieces prepared from cast samples (see Table 1) and six grades of grey
cast iron by a classification based on Brinell hardness (see Table 2).
This document does not cover technical delivery conditions for iron castings; see EN 1559-1 [3] and
EN 1559-3 [4].
This document does not apply to grey cast irons used for pipes and fittings according to EN 877 [5].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
EN ISO 945-1, Microstructure of cast irons — Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1)
EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1)
EN ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
(ISO 6892-1)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform:
— available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
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3.1
grey cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar)
graphite particles
Note 1 to entry: Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite
cast iron.
Note 2 to entry: Graphite form, distribution and size are specified in EN ISO 945-1.
3.2
cast sample
quantity of material cast to represent the cast material, including separately cast sample, side by side
cast sample and cast-on sample
3.3
separately cast sample
sample cast in a separate sand mould under representative manufacturing conditions and material
grade
3.4
side-by-side cast sample
sample cast in the mould alongside the casting, with a joint running system
3.5
cast-on sample
sample attached directly to the casting
3.6
relevant wall thickness
wall thickness representative of the casting, defined for the determination of the size of the cast
samples to which the mechanical properties apply
4 Designation
The material shall be designated either by symbol or by number, as given in either Table 1 or Table 2.
NOTE 1 The designation system is given in EN 1560.
The number in position 3 of the designation in Table 1 is the minimum tensile strength of the grades as
determined on test pieces machined from 30 mm test bars (15 mm relevant wall thickness), separately
cast or cast side-by-side. The wall thickness range 10 mm to 20 mm is used for designation.
Alternatively, the designation may be based on cast-on samples. In this case, the minimum tensile
strength is lower due to cooling conditions. By comparing the values in the far-right column of Table 1
with the values from the separately cast test bar, the correct material designation can be obtained.
The number in position 3 of the designation in Table 2 is the maximum Brinell hardness value of the
grade for relevant wall thickness ≥ 50 mm. A designation based on thin walls does not reflect hardness
increase due to accelerated cooling.
In the case of samples cut from the casting the letter C is added at the end of the designation by symbol.
Guidance values anticipated in the casting are given in Table E.1. Those property values are not
intended for material designation.
NOTE 2 Comparison of EN 1561 grade designations to the grades from the ISO standard for grey cast irons
(ISO 185:2020 [6]) is given in Annex B.
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5 Order information
The order shall specify, in an unambiguous manner, whether the tensile strength measured on cast
samples, or the Brinell hardness determined on the casting, is the characterizing property. If it does not
do so, then the manufacturer shall characterize the material according to tensile strength.
The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser:
a) the number of this European standard;
b) the designation of the material;
c) the relevant wall thickness;
d) any special requirements.
All requirements shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser by the time of
acceptance of the order e.g. technical delivery conditions according to EN 1559-1 and EN 1559-3.
When specifying a combination of tensile strength and hardness, it is recommended to consult the
information in Annex C.
6 Manufacture
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the method of manufacture of grey cast irons to obtain the
specified mechanical properties and its chemical composition shall be left to the discretion of the
manufacturer.
The manufacturer shall ensure that the requirements defined in this document are met for the material
grade specified in the order.
All agreements between the manufacturer and the purchaser shall be made by the time of acceptance of
the order.
For grey cast irons to be used in special applications, the chemical composition and heat treatment may
be the subject of an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of acceptance
of the order.
7 Requirements
7.1 Mechanical properties
The order shall specify in an unambiguous manner whether the characterizing property is:
1) tensile strength determined on test pieces machined from separately cast or side-by-side cast
samples;
2) tensile strength determined on test pieces machined from cast-on samples;
3) tensile strength determined on test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting;
4) Brinell hardness determined on the casting;
5) a combination of both tensile strength and Brinell hardness.
If the order does not specify Brinell hardness, then the manufacturer shall characterize the material
according to tensile strength.
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7.2 Tensile properties
7.2.1 General
The property values apply to grey cast irons cast in sand moulds or moulds of comparable thermal
behaviour. Subject to amendments to be agreed upon in the order, they can apply to castings obtained
by alternative methods.
Tensile properties are wall thickness dependant as shown in Table 1.
NOTE Tensile testing requires sound test pieces in order to guarantee pure uni-axial stress during the test.
7.2.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples
The tensile properties of the six grades of grey cast irons specified by tensile strength, when determined
according to 9.1 using test pieces machined from cast samples according to Table 3, shall be in
accordance with the requirements of Table 1. The maximum tensile strength of the grade is the
minimum value plus 100 MPa. This shall ensure that the material is correctly designated.
For process quality assurance purposes, 30 mm test bars are commonly used.
7.2.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting
If applicable, the manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on:
— the location(s) on a casting where the sample(s) shall be taken;
— the minimum value, or allowable range of values, for the tensile properties (for information, see
Table E.1).
NOTE 1 The properties and the structure of castings are not uniform, depending on the complexity of the
castings and variation in their section thickness.
NOTE 2 Tensile properties for test pieces cut from a casting are affected not only by material properties
(subject of this standard) but also by the local casting soundness (not subject of this document).
Table 1 — Tensile properties of grey cast irons measured on test pieces machined from cast
samples
a
Tensile strength R
m
Material designation Relevant wall thickness
Mandatory values
in separately cast or side-by- in cast-on
side cast samples samples
t
mm MPa MPa
Symbol Number > min. min. ≤ min.
EN-GJL-100 5.1100 5 40 100 200 –
b
5 –
2,5
5 10 –
EN-GJL-150 5.1200 150 250
10 20 –
20 40 125
40 80 110
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a
Tensile strength R
m
Material designation Relevant wall thickness
Mandatory values
in separately cast or side-by- in cast-on
side cast samples samples
t
mm MPa MPa
Symbol Number > min. min. ≤ min.
80 150 100
150 300 90
b
5 –
2,5
5 10 –
10 20 –
EN-GJL-200 5.1300 200 300
20 40 170
40 80 155
80 150 140
150 300 130
b
10 –
5
10 20 –
20 40 210
EN-GJL-250 5.1301 250 350
40 80 190
80 150 170
150 300 160
b
20 –
10
20 40 250
EN-GJL-300 5.1302 300 400
40 80 225
80 150 210
150 300 190
For relevant wall thicknesses more than 300 mm, the manufacturer and the purchaser should agree on the type
and size of cast sample and the minimum values to be obtained.
NOTE 1 The designation is based on the 30 mm separately cast sample
NOTE 2 For high damping capacity and thermal conductivity, EN-GJL-100 (5.1100) is the most suitable material.
NOTE 3 The figures given in bold indicate the minimum tensile strength to which the material designation of the
grade is related. The values relate to an as-cast sample diameter corresponding to the applicable relevant wall
thickness range according to Table 3.
a
If tensile strength is specified as a characterizing property, the type of the sample (see 8.2) should also be stated in the
order. If not stated in the order, the type of sample is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
b
This value is included as the lower limit of the relevant wall-thickness range.
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7.3 Hardness properties
Clas
...
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