SIST EN 50400:2006

Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service

This basic standard applies to Base Stations as defined in Clause 4, operating in the frequency range 110 MHz to 40 GHz. The objective of this basic standard is to specify, for such equipment and when it is put into service in its operational environment, the methods to assess the value of the Total Exposure Ratio or to establish whether the Total Exposure Ratio is less than or equal to one in relevent areas where the general public has access.

Grundnorm zum Nachweis der Übereinstimmung von stationären Einrichtungen für Funkübertragungen (110 MHz bis 40 GHz), die zur Verwendung in schnurlosen Telekommunikationsnetzen vorgesehen sind, bei ihrer Inbetriebnahme mit den Basisgrenzwerten oder den Referenzwerten bezüglich der Exposition der Allgemeinbevölkerung gegenüber hochfrequenten elektromagnetischen Feldern

Diese Grundnorm gilt für Basisstationen entsprechend der Definition in Abschnitt 4, die im Frequenzbereich 110 MHz bis 40 GHz betrieben werden. Zweck dieser Grundnorm ist, für die Inbetriebnahme dieser Geräte und Einrichtungen in ihrer Betriebsumgebung das Verfahren festzulegen, nach dem der Wert des Gesamtexpositionsverhältnisses bewertet wird oder nach dem ermittelt wird, ob das Gesamtexpositionsverhältnis in zu berücksichtigenden Bereichen, zu denen die Algemeinbevölkerung Zugang hat, kleiner oder gleich 1 ist.

Norme de base pour démontrer la conformité des équipements fixes de transmission radio (110 MHz - 40 GHz) destinés à une utilisation dans les réseaux de communication sans fil, aux restrictions de base ou aux niveaux de référence relatives à l'exposition des personnes aux champs électromagnétiques de fréquence radio, lors de leur mise en service

La présente norme de base s’applique aux stations de base radio telles que définies dans l’Article 4, opérant dans la gamme de fréquence de 110 MHz à 40 GHz. L’objectif de cette norme est de spécifier pour de tels équipements et lors de leur mise en service dans leur environnement opérationnel, les méthodes pour évaluer la valeur du ratio d’exposition totale (TER) ou pour établir si le ratio d’exposition totale est inférieur ou égal à un dans les zones pertinentes auxquelles le public a accès.

Osnovni standard za prikaz skladnosti stacionarne opreme za radijski prenos (110 MHz–40 GHz), namenjene za uporabo v brezžičnih telekomunikacijskih omrežjih z osnovnimi ali izvedenimi mejnimi vrednostmi v povezavi z izpostavljenostjo prebivalstva elektromagnetnim sevanjem

Ta osnovni standard velja za bazne postaje, kot je določeno v točki 4, ki delujejo v frekvenčnem razponu od 110 MHz do 40 GHz. Cilj tega osnovnega standarda je za tako opremo, kadar je dana v uporabo v svojem delovnem okolju, določiti metode za ocenitev vrednosti celotnega razmerja izpostavljenosti ali ugotoviti, ali je celotno razmerje izpostavljenosti manjše ali enako tistemu v ustreznih področjih, kamor ima dostop širša javnost.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2006
• ICS: 17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities
• ICS: 33.070.01 - Mobile services in general
• Technical Committee: INIR - Electromagnetic fields in human enviornment
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Due Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Completion Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Mandate: M/305 - Standardization mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in the field of electrotechnology, information technology and telecommunications
• Ref Project: EN 50400:2006 - Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service

Relations

• Replaced By: SIST EN 62232:2019 - Determination of rf field strength, power density and sar in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
• Effective Date: 07-Jun-2022
• Amended By: SIST EN 50400:2006/A1:2014 - Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service
• Effective Date: 07-Jun-2022
• Amended By: SIST EN 50400:2006/AC:2012 - Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2012
• Corrected By: SIST EN 50400:2006/AC:2012 - Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service
• Effective Date: 28-Feb-2012
• Revised: SIST EN 50400:2006/A1:2014 - Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz) intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to general public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, when put into service
• Effective Date: 21-Sep-2010

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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 50400
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2006
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.220.20; 33.070.01
English version
Basic standard to demonstrate the compliance of fixed equipment
for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz)
intended for use in wireless telecommunication networks
with the basic restrictions or the reference levels
related to general public exposure to radio frequency
electromagnetic fields, when put into service

Norme de base pour démontrer la Grundnorm zum Nachweis der

conformité des équipements fixes de Übereinstimmung von stationären
transmission radio (110 MHz - 40 GHz), Einrichtungen für Funkübertragungen
destinés à une utilisation dans les réseaux (110 MHz bis 40 GHz), die zur Verwendung
de communication sans fil, aux restrictions in schnurlosen Telekommunikationsnetzen
de base ou aux niveaux de référence vorgesehen sind, bei ihrer Inbetriebnahme
relatives à l'exposition des personnes mit den Basisgrenzwerten oder den
aux champs électromagnétiques Referenzwerten bezüglich der Exposition
de fréquence radio, lors de leur der Allgemeinbevölkerung gegenüber
mise en service hochfrequenten elektromagnetischen
Feldern
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2005-12-06. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 50400:2006 E
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by Technical Committee CENELEC TC 106X,
Electromagnetic fields in the human environment.
The text of the draft was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as
EN 50400 on 2005-12-06.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2007-01-01

– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2009-01-01
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the
European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.

- 3 - EN 50400:2006
Contents
1 Scope.6
2 Normative references .6
3 Physical quantities, units and constants .6
3.1 Quantities.6
3.2 Constants.7
4 Terms and definitions .7
5 General process .12
5.1 Alternative routes to determine the total exposure ratio where the general public
has access .12
5.2 General method.12
5.2.1 Description of the general method .12
5.2.2 Comprehensive total exposure ratio assessment .14
5.3 Pre-analysis method.15
6 Determination of domains and relevant sources .16
6.1 Principle of relevance.16
6.2 Determination of domains.16
6.2.1 Relevant domain.16
6.2.2 Scatter domain .16
6.2.3 Domain of investigation .17
6.3 Determination of relevant sources .17
7 Calculation specifications .18
7.1 General .18
7.2 Calculation methods .19
7.2.1 Definition of equivalent free space conditions .19
7.2.2 Calculation methods in equivalent free space conditions .19
7.2.3 Calculation methods when equivalent free space conditions do not apply.19
7.3 Summation of exposure ratio estimated using calculation .22
8 Measurement specifications .22
8.1 General requirement .22
8.2 Exposure ratio measurement.23
8.2.1 Basic requirements.23
8.2.2 Conditions for the use of broadband measurements .23
8.2.3 Conditions for the use of frequency selective measurement.24
8.3 Summation of exposure ratios estimated using measurement.24
8.4 Uncertainty.24
9 TER assessment .25
10 Exposure assessment report .26
Annex A (informative) Examples of pre-analysis design guidelines .27
A.1 Purpose .27
A.2 Installations designed inclusive of a specified exposure ratio allowance for other
radio sources .27
A.3 Combined compliance boundaries .28
A.4 Installation designed so that a minimum build height is maintained at all
distances from the antenna less than the compliance boundary distance.33
A.5 Equipment Under Test with less than 10 W average EIRP .34

Annex B (informative) Simplified procedure to determine scatter domain and relevant
domain boundaries .36
B.1 Introduction .36
B.2 Analysis .36
Annex C (informative) Calculations under non-equivalent free space conditions .38
C.1 Introduction .38
C.2 Determination if an object is a significant reflector.39
C.3 Determination of power density multiplication factor in several domains .39
C.3.1 No line of sight from the radio source to the point of investigation .39
C.3.2 Reflecting surface to the side of the direct path from radio source to
point of investigation .40
C.3.3 Reflecting surface below the direct path from source to point of
investigation .40
C.3.4 Point of investigation between the radio source and reflecting surface.41
C.3.5 Radio source between reflecting surface and the point of investigation.42
C.3.6 Power density multiplication factor for use in summing multiple bands.42
C.4 Establishing total exposure ratio from a set of transmissions on different
frequencies .42
Annex D (informative) Selection of points of investigation for distant radio sources.44
D.1 Objective.44
D.2 Principles .44
D.3 Establish δr with respect to distance to radio source .44
D.3.1 Consider change of field strength with distance .44
D.3.2 Consider variation of field strength due to antenna directivity .45
D.3.3 Example 1 .45
D.3.4 Example 2 .46
D.4 Selecting points of investigation .46
Annex E (informative) A-deviations .47
Figures
Figure 1 – Alternative routes to determine the total exposure ratio where the general
public has access .12
Figure 2 – Overview of the general method to estimate the total exposure ratio .13
Figure 3 – Borders of a restricted area located in the domain of investigation .14
Figure 4 – Location of the three assessments for each point of investigation .15
Figure 5 – Representation of the relevant domain, domain of investigation, scatter domain
and the compliance boundary surrounding the antenna.17
Figure 6 – Calculation methodology .18
Figure 7 – Configurations used to identify positions of reflectors.20
Figure 8 – Establishing the PDMF.21
Figure A.1 – Compliance boundary extension due to proximity of other RF sources .29
Figure A.2 – Compliance boundaries merging due to proximity of other RF sources.29
Figure A.3 – Combined compliance boundaries around antennas on a head frame. .30
Figure A.4 – Significant parameters relating to antenna positioning and orientation .33
Figure B.1 – Relative field and exposure ratio relationships near an emitting antenna .36
Figure C.1 – Relative magnitude of reflected ray for polarisation normal and parallel to
reflecting surface .39

- 5 - EN 50400:2006
Figure D.1 - Change of field strength with distance .44
Figure D.2 - Variation of field strength due to antenna directivty .45
Tables
Table 1 – Maximum sampling step versus frequency.14
Table 2 – Uncertainty assessment .25
Table A.1 – Table of figures showing minimum distances separation multipliers .32
Table A.2 – Values for the compliance boundary factor and exposure ratios .35

1 Scope
This basic standard applies to Base Stations as defined in Clause 4, operating in the frequency
range 110 MHz to 40 GHz.
The objective of this basic standard is to specify, for such equipment and when it is put into
service in its operational environment, the methods to assess the value of the Total Exposure
Ratio or to establish whether the Total Exposure Ratio is less than or equal to one in relevent
areas where the general public has access.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the
general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)
(Official Journal L 199 of 30 July 1999)
EN 50383, Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength
and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for
wireless telecommunication systems (110 MHz - 40 GHz)
EN ISO/IEC 17025:2000, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:1999)
ISO “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement”: Ed.1 1995
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (1998), Guidelines for limiting
exposure in time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)
Health physics 74, 494-522
3 Physical quantities, units and constants
3.1 Quantities
The internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the standard.
Quantity Symbol Unit Dimensions

Electric field strength E volt per meter V/m
Electric flux density D coulomb per square meter C/m
Frequency f hertz Hz
Magnetic field strength H ampere per meter A/m
Magnetic flux density B tesla (Vs /m) T
Mass density ρ kilogram per cubic meter kg/m
Permeability µ Henry per meter H/m
Permittivity ε farad per meter F/m
Specific absorption rate SAR watt per kilogram W/kg
Wavelength λ meter m
- 7 - EN 50400:2006
3.2 Constants
Physical constant Symbol Magnitude
Speed of light in a vacuum c 2,997 x 10 m/s
-12
Permittivity of free space ε 8,854 x 10 F/m
-7
Permeability of free space µ 4 π x 10 H/m
Impedance of free space η 120 π Ω (approx. 377 Ω)
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
antenna
device that serves as a transducer between a guided wave (e.g. coaxial cable) and a free space wave, or
vice versa. It can be used either to emit or to receive a radio signal. In the present standard, if not
mentioned, the term antenna is used only for emitting antenna(s)
4.2
average emitted power
the average emitted power is the time-averaged rate of energy transfer defined by
t
P = P(t)dt
aep
∫
t − t
2 1
t
where
t – t is the averaging time, t defined as a function of frequency in the Council Recommendation
avg
2 1
1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999;
P(t) is the power radiated by the antenna at the maximum duty cycle of the equipment
4.3
average equivalent isotropic radiated power (average EIRP)
the product of the power supplied to the antenna and the maximum antenna gain relative to an isotropic
antenna
P = P *G
aEIRP aep
where
P is the average emitted power;
aep
G is the maximum gain of the antenna relative to an isotropic antenna
4.4
base station (BS)
fixed equipment for radio transmission used in cellular communication and/or wireless local area
networks. Point-to-point communication and point-to-multipoint communication equipment integral to the
above networks are also included. For the purpose of this standard, the term base station includes the
radio transmitter(s) and the associated antenna(s)

4.5
basic restriction
restrictions on exposure to time - varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields that are based
directly on established health effects. Depending upon the frequency of the field, the physical quantities
used to specify these restrictions are current density (J), specific absorption rate (SAR) and power density
(S)
4.6
compliance boundary (CB)
the compliance boundary is defined according to EN 50383
4.7
domain of investigation (DI)
sub-domain of relevant domain where the general public may have access when the base station is put
into service
4.8
electric field strength (E)
the magnitude of a field vector at a point that represents the force (F) on a small test charge (q) divided
by the charge
F
E =
q
Electric field strength is expressed in units of volt per meter (V/m)
4.9
equipment under test (EUT)
base station that is the subject of the specific test investigation being described
4.10
equivalent free space conditions (EFSC)
conditions allowing re-use of free space methods defined in EN 50383
4.11
equivalent plane wave power density
the power per unit area normal to the direction of propagation of a plane wave in free space is related to
the electric and magnetic fields by the expression
E
S = =120π * H
120π
4.12
exposure ratio (ER)
the assessed exposure parameter at a specified location for each operating frequency of a radio source,
expressed as the fraction of the related limit
For assessment against the basic restrictions
Between 100 kHz and 10 GHz:
SARwb SARpb
 
ER = MAX ,
 
SARWBL SARPBL
 
Between 10 GHz and 40 GHz:
S
 
ER =
 
SL
 
- 9 - EN 50400:2006
For assessments against reference levels:
Between 100 kHz and 40 GHz:
2 2
 
E H
   
ER = MAX ,
    
EL HL
   
 
 
or between 10 MHz and 40 GHz:
 S 
ER =
 
SL
 
where
ER is the exposure ratio at each operating frequency for the source;
EL is the investigation E-field limit at frequency f;
HL is the investigation H-field limit at frequency f;
SARWBL is the SAR whole body limit at frequency f;
SARPBL is the SAR partial body limit at frequency f;
SL is the equivalent plane wave power density limit at frequency f;
E is the assessed E-field at frequency f for the source;
H is the assessed H-field at frequency f for the source;
SARwb is the assessed whole body SAR at frequency f for the source (EN 50383);
SARpb is the assessed partial body SAR at frequency f for the source (EN 50383);
S is the assessed equivalent plane wave power density at frequency f for the source;
f is each operating frequency of the source.
ER is applicable to limits based on ICNIRP principles
4.13
intrinsic impedance (of free space η ) η
the ratio of the electric field strength to the magnetic field strength of a propagating electromagnetic wave.
The intrinsic impedance of a plane wave in free space (120 π) is approximately 377 Ω
4.14
isotropy
physical property that is invariant of direction. The axial isotropy is defined by the maximum deviation of
the measured quantity when rotating the probe along its main axis with the probe exposed to a reference
wave with normal incidence with regard to the axis of the probe. The hemispherical isotropy is defined by
the maximum deviation of the measured quantity when rotating the probe along its main axis with the
probe exposed to a reference wave with varying angles of incidences and polarization with regard to the
axis of the probe in the half space in front of the probe
4.15
linearity
the maximum deviation over the measurement range of the measured quantity value from the closest
linear reference curve defined over a given interval

4.16
magnetic field strength (H)
the magnitude of a field vector in a point that results in a force ( F ) on a charge q moving with the velocity
v
F = q (v × µH)
The magnetic field strength is expressed in units of amperes per meter (A/m)
4.17
magnetic flux density (B)
the magnitude of a field vector that is equal to the magnetic field strength H multiplied by the permeability
(µ) of the medium
B = µ H
Magnetic flux density is expressed in units of tesla (T)
4.18
permeability (µ )
the magnetic permeability of a material is defined by the magnetic flux density B divided by the magnetic
field strength H:
B
µ =
H
where µ is the permeability of the medium expressed in henry per metre (H/m)
4.19
permittivity (ε )
the property of a dielectric material (e.g., biological tissue). In case of an isotropic material, it is defined by
the electrical flux density D divided by the electrical field strength E
D
ε =
E
The permittivity is expressed in units of farad per metre (F/m)
4.20
point of investigation (PI)
the location within the domain of investigation at which the value of E-field, H-field or power density is
evaluated. This location is defined in cartesian, cylindrical or spherical co-ordinates relative to the
reference point on the Equipment Under Test as defined in EN 50383
4.21
power density (S)
the radiant power incident perpendicular to a surface, divided by the area of the surface. The power
density is expressed in units of watt per square metre (W/m )
4.22
PDMF
power density multiplication factor
4.23
reference levels
reference levels are provided for the purpose of comparison with exposure quantities in air. Respect of
the reference levels will ensure respect of the basic restriction. In the frequency range 110 MHz to
40 GHz the reference levels are expressed as electric field strength, magnetic field strength and power
density values
- 11 - EN 50400:2006
4.24
reference point
the antenna is referenced by the centre of the rear reflector, in case of panel antennas, and by the centre
of the antenna in case of omni-directional antennas. For other configurations, appropriate references
must be defined
4.25
relevant domain (RD)
domain surrounding the antenna where the equipment under test may be considered as a relevant source
4.26
relevant source (RS)
a radio source, in the frequency range 100 kHz to 40 GHz, which at a given point of investigation has an
exposure ratio larger than 0,05
4.27
specific absorption rate (SAR)
the time derivative of the incremental energy (dW) absorbed by (dissipated in) an incremental mass (dm)
ρ
contained in a volume element (dV) of given mass density ( )

d dW d dW 


 
SAR = =
 
dt dm dt  ρdV
SAR is expressed in units of watt per kilogram (W/kg).
NOTE SAR can be calculated by
σ E
i
SAR =
ρ
where
E is r.m.s. value of the electric field strength in the tissue in V/m;
i
σ is conductivity of body tissue in S/m;
ρ is density of body tissue in kg/m
4.28
scatter domain (SD)
domain surrounding the antenna where a structure may cause reflected or diffracted fields, interfering
with the incident fields and resulting in significant modifications of the compliance boundary estimated in
free space according to EN 50383. Structures to be considered are extensive surfaces like walls, not
railings, ladders, etc.
4.29
total exposure ratio (TER)
the total exposure ratio is the maximum value of the sum of exposure ratios of the Equipment Under Test
and all relevant sources over the frequency range 100 kHz to 40 GHz
TER = ER + ER
EUT RS
where
ER is the assessed Exposure Ratio from the Equipment Under Test;
EUT
ER is the assessed Exposure Ratio of all the Relevant Sources
RS
4.30
transmitter
device to generate radio frequency electrical power to be connected to an antenna for communication
purpose
5 General process
5.1 Alternative routes to determine the total exposure ratio where the general public has
access
This standard defines the methods that shall be used to determine, or overestimate, the total
exposure ratio in relevant areas where the general public has access. i.e. in the domain of
investigation. For this assessment, alternative routes (Figure 1) can be used and any completed
route is valid.
Choose either, the general method described in 5.2, or the pre-analysis method according to 5.3.
Start
Select
assessment
method
General method Pre-analysis method
(Sub(clausclaue 5.se 52).2) (clause 5.3)
(Subclause 5.3)
Yes No
Is TER <= 1 in DI?
The TER is <= 1 in DI
The TER may be > 1 in DI
Figure 1 – Alternative routes to determine the total exposure ratio where the general
public has access
For sources with time-varying power, the value of the average emitted power at the maximum
power setting of the equipment shall be used.
5.2 General method
5.2.1 Description of the general method
The total exposure ratio shall be determined following the process in the flow chart in Figure 2.

- 13 - EN 50400:2006
Start
Step 1 - Determine the CB of the EUT
(EN 50383)
Does general public have
access to the volume defined
by the EUT CB?
No
Step 2 - Determine the RD & DI of the EUT (clause 6)
Does the DI exist in RD?
Yes
Yes
Step 3 - Determine the SD of the EUT (clause 6)
Determine the RS (clause 6)
Is there a reflecting
Yes
structure in SD?
No
No
Does DI overlap the
Yes
RD of other RS?
Step 4 - Perform assessment
(clause 5.2.2)
(Subclause 5.2.2)
No
Is TER<=1 in DI?
Yes
No
The TER is <= 1 in DI
The TER may be > 1 in DI
Figure 2 – Overview of the general method to estimate the total exposure ratio
The process described by the four steps below and illustrated in Figure 2 shall be followed in
order to determine or overestimate the total exposure ratio in relevant areas where the general
public has access.
Step 1 - Evaluate the compliance boundary of the base station according to EN 50383. If the
general public has access to the volume defined by the compliance voundary, the total exposure
ratio may exceed one in relevant areas where the general public has access.

Step 2 - Determine the relevant domain and the domain of investigation according to Clause 6. If
the general public has no access to the relevant domain, i.e. there is no domain of investigation,
the total exposure ratio is less than or equal to one in relevant areas where the general public
has access.
Step 3 - Determine the scatter domain and the relevant sources according to Clause 6. If there is
no structure in the scatter domain and if the relevant domain(s) of other relevant source(s) do not
overlap with the domain of investigation, then the total exposure ratio is less than or equal to one
in relevant areas where the general public has access.
Step 4 - Assess total exposure ratio by measurements or calculations according to 5.2.2 in order
to determine the total exposure ratio in relevant areas where the general public has access.

5.2.2 Comprehensive total exposure ratio assessment
The comprehensive total exposure ratio assessment determines the maximum total exposure
ratio in relevent areas where the general public has access (i.e. in the domain of investigation).
Assessment shall be carried out in particular close to any physical boundary that limits the
general public access to the area around the Equipment Under Test and/or the relevant sources
(see Figure 3).
Border of a restricted area
located in the domain of
investigation (DI)
EUT
RS
RD
Figure 3 – Borders of a restricted area located in the domain of investigation
The total exposure ratio shall be assessed at points of investigation using measurement and/or
calculation methods described in Clauses 7, 8 and 9. The sampling step shall not be larger than
the values defined in Table 1.
Table 1 – Maximum sampling step versus frequency
Frequencies < 80 MHz 80 MHz – 900 MHz 900 MHz – 3 000 MHz > 3 GHz
Steps Max (2 m, d/40) 1 m 0,5 m
Max (λ, d/40)
d is the distance (m) from the point of investigation to Relevant Source – Annex D.

- 15 - EN 50400:2006
The calculation and measurement methods depend on the position of the point of investigation
relative to the source antenna. Each point of investigation is located in the reactive near-field or
the radiating near-field or the far-field regions of the antenna (EN 50383). In the radiating near-
field and the far-field, calculations and measurements can be used to estimate the E-field, H-field
or power density. In the reactive near-field, it is recommended to use specific absorption rate
measurements, carried out according to EN 50383.
At each point of investigation, the assessed total exposure ratio shall be the maximum value of
the total exposure ratios determined at each of three heights above a general public walkway
(Figure 4).
Figure 4 – Location of the three assessments for each point of investigation
5.3 Pre-analysis method
The pre-analysis method enables a set of guidelines and associated constraints to be defined
that together assure that the total exposure ratio is less than one in relevant areas where the
general public has access.
This method shall be validated using the approaches described in Clauses 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 and
1)
shall take into account defined RF sources and significant variables in the local physical
environment.
2)
The guidelines shall specify constraints
• to address scattering objects,
• on the influence of relevant sources on the general public access restrictions for the
Equipment Under Test,
• on the influence of the Equipment Under Test on existing relevant sources’ general public
access restrictions.
Provided these guidelines and the associated constraints are satisfied, the total exposure ratio is
less than or equal to one in relevant areas where the general public has access.

———————
1)
Defined RF sources may be restricted to the EUT alone or may include specific relevant sources according to the
associated constraints.
2)
See Annex A for guideline examples.

6 Determination of domains and relevant sources
6.1 Principle of relevance
The principle of relevance establishes the conditions under which a radio source is considered
relevant such that account has to be taken of the contribution of that source when assessing RF
exposure. A radio source is considered to be relevant in locations where its exposure ratio is
greater than 0,05.
This principle is applied in three ways:
• to define the area outside which the contribution to the total exposure ratio from the
Equipment Under Test in service need not be considered either for its compliance or its
possible effect on other sources’ compliance;
• to establish if the exposure ratio from each individual radio source is relevant and needs to
be considered as a contributor to the total exposure ratio;
• to establish whether RF fields from the Equipment Under Test, when reflected by nearby
structures, may increase by a significant amount the exposure ratio within the compliance
boundary of the Equipment Under Test.
6.2 Determination of domains
6.2.1 Relevant domain
6.2.1.1 General procedure
The relevant domain shall be determined using the calculation or measurement methods
described in Clauses 7 and 8. At the relevant domain boundary, the exposure ratio from the
Equipment Under Test shall be less than or equal to 0,05.
6.2.1.2 Simplified procedure
If the compliance boundary has been determined with respect to reference levels and according
to EN 50383, the relevant domain boundary can be derived by multiplying the smallest distance
between the radiating part of the antenna and the compliance boundary by a factor of 5 in a
given direction (Annex C).
6.2.2 Scatter domain
6.2.2.1 General procedure
The scatter domain shall be determined using the calculation or measurement methods
described in Clauses 7 and 8 or in EN 50383. At the scatter domain boundary, the Equipment
Under Test exposure ratio shall be less than or equal to 0,1 (Annex C).
6.2.2.2 Simplified procedure
If the compliance boundary has been determined with respect to reference levels and according
to EN 50383, the scatter domain boundary can be derived by multiplying the smallest distance
between the radiating part of the antenna and the compliance boundary by a factor of 3 in a
given direction (Annex C).
- 17 - EN 50400:2006
6.2.3 Domain of investigation
The domain of investigation is the sub-domain of the relevant domain where the general public may have
access (Figure 5).
Figure 5 – Representation of the relevant domain, domain of investigation, scatter domain
and the compliance boundary surrounding the antenna
6.3 Determination of relevant sources
Radio sources in the frequency range 100 kHz to 40 GHz that have an exposure ratio of greater
than 0,05 (6.1) in the domain of investigation shall be considered a relevant source.
A source is a relevant source if its relevant domain intersects the domain of investigation of the
Equipment Under Test. Relevant sources shall be determined using measurement and/or
calculation (Clauses 7 and 8).
A relevant source may be considered as
• a single (modulated) frequency,
• combined power over bandwidth of similar sources – e.g. (88 – 108) MHz,
• the combined power from a given antenna, location or mast.
To perform this estimation it is necessary to acquire sufficient information about radio sources.
Reasonable endeavours shall be applied to identify all nearby sources and to determine data
required to perform the exposure assessment. The following guidance is offered on procedures
that can be used.
National database:
Where there is a national database (acknowledged by the appropriate licensing authority)
providing the parameters for radio sources, this may be used. If such a database provides further
information on the Exposure Ratio from one or all radio sources near the Equipment Under Test,
then this data may be used as part of an exposure assessment.
Visual inspection:
Nearby antennas will be visible in many instances, for example broadcast masts, radars and
cellular installations. Although it is noted that small unobtrusive antennas that have been
designed to harmonize with the surroundings may require some searching work.
Spectrum measurement:
In some instances, measurement can be used to identify RF sources. This search may be limited
to frequencies below 6 GHz.
Dialogue:
A dialogue with the responsible operator is frequently necessary in order to determine the
operating parameters. Information about the responsible operator may be obtained from national
administrations, regional governments and operators who maintain various databases that give
details of radio transmitters within a particular locality or this information can be obtained directly
from a landlord or site owner.
Use of national permit data:
If information is still not complete, then an estimation based on licence data (e.g. power / EIRP)
may be used as provided by the licensing authority and reasonable assumptions made to ensure
an overestimation of the exposure ratio.
7 Calculation specifications
7.1 General
This section describes the alternative calculation methods that shall be used to estimate the
exposure ratio. The flow chart in Figure 6 describes the calculation methodology. Calculation
shall be performed at maximum operating power (e.g. maximum traffic conditions).
Start
For each source, select
calculation option
EFSC apply?
(Subclause 7.2.1) No
(Clause 7.2.1)
Yes
Determine PDMF
Electromagnetic
and use modified free
Free space model
solver approach
space approach
(S(ubclClauausese 7.2 7.2.2)2)
(S(Cubcllausausee 7.2.3 7.2.3.1).1)
(S(ubclClaauseuse 7.2 7.2.3.23.2))
Sum Exposure Ratios
estimated using calculation
(Subcl(Clausausee 7.3) 7.3)
ER calculated
Figure 6 – Calculation methodology

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7.2 Calculation methods
7.2.1 Definition of equivalent free space conditions
A point of investigation is deemed to be in equivalent free space conditions of a relevant source
if there are no significant reflecting or diffracting structures (Annex C) in the scatter domain of
the relevant source.
7.2.2 Calculation methods in equivalent free space conditions
The calculation methods shall be those described in EN 50383, e.g. Free space model. If other
methods are used, they shall be well documented and the validity demonstrated.

7.2.3 Calculation methods when equivalent free space conditions do not apply
7.2.3.1 Electromagnetic solver approach
Several methods such as the finite difference time domain, physical optics, uniform theory of
diffraction, geometrical optics or other approaches can be used to estimate and/or overestimate
the electromagnetic field strength (EN 50383).
The method used shall be well documented and validated.
7.2.3.2 Modified free space approach
The source exposure ratio can be overestimated by using the exposure ratio estimated in free
space multiplied by a factor, the power density multiplication factor (PDMF) (Annex C).
The power density multiplication factor for each source shall be determined using Figure 7 and
the methodology described in Figure 8.

Antenna
PI
PI between radio
Radio source
source & reflector
between
Reflector to side
reflector & PI
Plan view
Antenna
Reflector below
PI
Elevation view
Figure 7 – Configurations used to identify positions of reflectors

- 21 - EN 50400:2006
Start
Line of Yes /
sight? Unknow n
Any more
Yes
data?
Reflector to Yes /
side? Unknow n
Polarisation
No /
Normal to
Unknow n
reflector?
No
A = 1
Non-linear
Yes polarisation or
A = 1,7 Polarisation slant to
refllector?
Yes
A = 2
No /
Unknow n
A = 3
Reflector Yes /
below path? Unknow n
Vertical No /
Polarisation? Unknow n
No
No No
B = 1
Non-linear / slant
Yes
polarisation?
B = 1,5
Yes
B = 2
No /
Unknow n
B = 3
PI betw een radio Yes /
source and reflector? Unknow n
Freq < 800 MHz? No
No
C = 1
Freq > 1200 MHz?
Yes
C = 2,9
Yes
C = 1,5
No
C = (2.66-0.0012*FMHz)^2
radio source
Yes /
betw een reflector
Unknow n
and PI?
Omni Antenna?
No
D = 1 No
D = 1
Yes /
Unknow n
D = 1,6
PDMF = 3
PDMF = 1 PDMF = Max(A, B, C, D)

Figure 8 – Establishing the PDMF

7.3 Summation of exposure ratio estimated using calculation
Where the exposure ratio for N sources, ER, has been determined according to 7.2.2 and
i
a
7.2.3.1 then the combined exposure ratio from all such sources, ER is given by
N
a
ER = ER
∑ i
i=1
where the exposure ratio from M sources has been determined according to 7.2.3.2.
b
The combined exposure ratio from all such sources, ER is given by
M
b
ER = ERfs * PDMF
∑ i i
i=1
where
th
ERfs is the exposure ratio estimated in free space (7.2.2) for the i source;
i
th
PDMF is the power density multiplication factor for the i source (7.2.3.2).
i
calculated
The exposure ratio assessed using calculation, ER , is then given by
calculated a b
ER = ER + ER
calculated
In accordance with Clause 5, at each point of investigation, ER shall be assessed in three
points and the maximum value taken.
8 Measurement specifications
8.1 General requirement
Frequency selective or broadband measurement equipment, including one or several E-field or
measured
H-field probes, can be used to determine the measured exposure ratio, ER .
The measurement equipment shall be calibrated as a complete system at the measurement
frequencies according to EN 50383. The calibration shall take into account the high crest factor
of some signals or combinations of signals.
If a non-isotropic probe is used, then several directions have to be considered and isotropy has
to be evaluated. For instance, if a single dipole antenna is used, then the measurements have to
be carried out in three orthogonal directions.
If an isotropic probe is used, then only a single measurement is required.
In either case, the isotropy shall be analysed according to EN 50383 and the isotropy deviation
shall be less than 2 dB for frequencies higher than 110 MHz.

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For frequency selective measurement :
• the sensitivity shall be evaluated at the relevant measurement frequencies, resolution and
video bandwidths;
• the minimum detection limit shall be lower than 0,05 V/m and the maximum detection limit
shall be higher than 100 V/m.
For broadband measurement :
• the minimum detection limit shall be lower than 1 V/m and the maximum detection limit shall
be higher than 100 V/m.
8.2 Exposure ratio measurement
8.2.1 Basic requirements
Measurement shall be performed either when the base station and relevant sources are all
operating at their maximum emitted power, or using a technique allowing extrapolation of
exposure to the maximum emitted power condition (e.g. maximum traffic conditions).
Depending on the particular conditions for the measurement, either broadband or frequency
selective equipment can be used. Frequency selective measurements generally give a more
precise estimation of the exp
...