SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
(Main)Solid recovered fuels - Determination of content of volatile matter (ISO 22167:2021)
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of content of volatile matter (ISO 22167:2021)
This Standard specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid
recovered fuels.
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an flüchtigen Substanzen (ISO 22167:2021)
Dieses Dokument legt die Anforderungen und ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der flüchtigen Bestandteile von festen Sekundärbrennstoffen fest.
Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de la teneur en composés volatils (ISO 22167:2021)
Le présent document spécifie les exigences et une méthode pour déterminer la matière volatile des combustibles solides de récupération.
Trdna alternativna goriva - Določevanje hlapnih snovi (ISO 22167:2021)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
01-junij-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 15402:2011
Trdna alternativna goriva - Določevanje hlapnih snovi (ISO 22167:2021)
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of content of volatile matter (ISO 22167:2021)
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an flüchtigen Substanzen (ISO
22167:2021)
Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de la teneur en composés volatils
(ISO 22167:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22167:2021
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
SIST EN ISO 22167:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
EN ISO 22167
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes EN 15402:2011
English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of content of volatile
matter (ISO 22167:2021)
Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes
de la teneur en composés volatils (ISO 22167:2021) an flüchtigen Substanzen (ISO 22167:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 March 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22167:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
EN ISO 22167:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
EN ISO 22167:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 22167:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 300 "Solid
recovered materials, including solid recovered fuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee
CEN/TC 343 “Solid Recovered Fuels” the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2021, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 15402:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 22167:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 22167:2021 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22167
First edition
2021-03
Solid recovered fuels — Determination
of content of volatile matter
Combustibles solides de récupération — Détermination de la teneur
en composés volatils
Reference number
ISO 22167:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
ISO 22167:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
ISO 22167:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
5.1 Furnace . 2
5.2 Thermocouple . 3
5.3 Crucible. 4
5.4 Crucible stand . 4
5.5 Balance . 5
6 Sampling and sample preparation . 6
7 Procedure. 6
7.1 Use of automatic equipment . 6
7.2 Number of determinations . 6
7.3 Furnace temperature checking . 6
7.4 Volatile matter determination . 6
8 Calculation . 7
8.1 Case A – without removed ash contributors . 7
8.2 Case B – with removed ash contributors . 7
9 Precision . 9
9.1 Repeatability limit . 9
9.2 Reproducibility limit . 9
10 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results .10
Annex B (informative) Environmental aspects .13
Bibliography .15
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
ISO 22167:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 300, Solid recovered fuels, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 343, Solid
recovered fuels, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
ISO 22167:2021(E)
Introduction
The volatile matter is determined as the loss in mass of the analysed sample, after moisture removal,
when material is heated up under specific conditions of temperature, time and in a reduced atmosphere
(anoxic conditions). The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible results, it is essential that
the rate of heating, the final temperature and the overall duration of the test are carefully controlled. It
is also essential to exclude air from the solid recovered fuel during heating to prevent oxidation.
The moisture content of the sample is determined at the same time as the volatile matter so that the
appropriate correction can be made. Mineral matter associated with the sample can also lose mass
under the conditions of the test, the magnitude of the loss being dependent on both the nature and the
quantity of the minerals present.
This document is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid
recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspection organizations.
[3]
The method specified in this document is based on EN 15402 as well as ISO 562.
For information about environmental aspect, see Annex B.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22167:2021(E)
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of content of
volatile matter
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of
solid recovered fuels.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 21637, Solid recovered fuels — Vocabulary
ISO 21645, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling
1)
ISO 21646 , Solid recovered fuels — Sample preparation
ISO 21660-3, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21637 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
ash
ash content on dry basis
total ash
A
mass of inorganic residue remaining after combustion of a fuel under specified conditions, typically
expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter in fuel
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
Note 2 to entry: If a complete combustion is realized, ash contains only inorganic, non-combustible components.
[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2014, 4.13, modified — “Note 1 to entry” was removed and the following ones
renumbered, and symbol "A" was italicized.]
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 21646:2021.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 22167:2021
ISO 22167:2021(E)
3.2
removed ash contributor
rac
coarse inert material (i.e. metals, glass, stones, tiles etc.) removed from the pre-dried sample before
preparation, in order to avoid damage to the preparation equipment
Note 1 to entry: Removed ash contributors are included in the ash content calculations.
[SOURCE: ISO 21637:2020, 3.62, modified – Note 1 to entry was added.]
3.3
total organic matter
combustible part of solid recovered fuels, which consists of the sum of volatile matter and fixed carbon
Note 1 to entry: It is calculated as: 100 - moisture content - ash content.
Note 2 to entry: It is the mass fraction of the matter lost by ignition, also known as “Loss Of Ignition” (LOI).
3.4
volatile matter
relative part of the analysed sample, after moisture removal, that is lost when material is heated up
under specific conditions of temperature, time and in a reduced atmosphere (anoxic conditions)
3.5
fixed carbon
relative part of carbon contained in a material that can only be degraded in oxic conditions and high
temperature
Note 1 to entry: It is calculated as: 100 - moisture content - volatile matter content - ash content.
3.6
pre-drying
drying process to minimise moisture loss in the subsequent sample-division processes, to facilitate the
sample preparation processes, and to minimise biological activity
4 Principle
A test portion of the general analysis sample is heated out of contact with ambient air at (900 ± 10) °C
for 7 min. The percentage of volatile matter is calculated from the loss in mass of the test portion after
deducting the loss in mass due to moisture. The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible
results, it is essential that the rate of heating, the final temperature and the overall duration of the test
are carefully controlled.
Automatic equipment (such as thermogravimetric analysers) may be used as long as the equipment is
validated by parallel measurements to the reference method. The automatic equipment shall fulfil all
the requirements regarding sample size, heating procedure, temperature, atmosphere and weighing
accuracy. Deviations from this paragraph shall be reported and justified.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Furnace
The furnace shall be heated electrically and capable of maintaining a temperature of (900 ± 10) °C. It
may be of the stop-ended type or fitted at the back with a flue with
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
01-marec-2020
Trdna alternativna goriva - Določevanje hlapnih snovi (ISO/DIS 22167:2019)
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of the content of volatile matter (ISO/DIS
22167:2019)
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an flüchtigen Substanzen
(ISO/DIS 22167:2019)
Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de la teneur en composés volatils
(ISO/DIS 22167:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 22167
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 22167
ISO/TC 300 Secretariat: SFS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-12-19 2020-03-12
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of content of
volatile matter
Combustibles solides de récupération — Détermination de la teneur en composés volatils
ICS: 75.160.10
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
6 Sampling and sample preparation . 5
7 Procedure. 6
7.1 Use of automatic equipment . 6
7.2 Number of determinations . 6
7.3 Furnace temperature checking . 6
7.4 Volatile matter determination . 6
8 Calculation . 7
8.1 Case A – without removed ash contributors . 7
8.2 Case B – with removed ash contributors . 7
9 Precision . 8
9.1 Repeatability limit . 8
9.2 Reproducibility limit . 8
10 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results .10
Annex B (informative) Environmental aspects .13
Bibliography .15
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 300, Solid recovered fuels.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
Introduction
The volatile matter is determined as the loss in mass of the analysed sample, after moisture removal,
when material is heated up under specific conditions of temperature, time and in a reduced atmosphere
(anoxic conditions). The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible results, it is essential that
the rate of heating, the final temperature and the overall duration of the test are carefully controlled. It
is also essential to exclude air from the solid recovered fuel during heating to prevent oxidation.
The moisture content of the sample is determined at the same time as the volatile matter so that the
appropriate correction can be made. Mineral matter associated with the sample can also lose mass
under the conditions of the test, the magnitude of the loss being dependent on both the nature and the
quantity of the minerals present.
This document is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid
recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspection organizations.
The method specified in this document is based on EN 15402 as well as ISO 562.
For information about environmental aspect see Annex B.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of content of
volatile matter
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of
solid recovered fuels.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
EN 15442, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling
2)
EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample
ISO/DIS 21637, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
ISO/DIS 21660-3, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/DIS 21637 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
ash content on dry basis
mass of inorganic residue remaining after ignition of a fuel under specified conditions, expressed as
mass fraction in percent of the dry matter in the fuel
Note 1 to entry: For the characterisation of solid recovered fuels (SRF) it is necessary to analyse the content of
the volatile alkaline and therefore the temperature of 550°C is used for biomass SRF.
3.2
removed ash contributors (rac)
rac: coarse inert material (i.e. metals, glass, stones, tiles etc.) removed from the pre-dried sample before
preparation, in order to avoid damage to the preparation equipment
Note 1 to entry: Removed ash contributors are included in the ash content calculations
1) ISO/CD 21645:2019 "Solid recovered fuels — Method for sampling" is currently being processed for the
preparation of the "DIS"-enquiry.
2) ISO/CD 21646:2019 "Solid recovered fuels — Sample preparation" is currently being processed for the
preparation of the "DIS"-enquiry.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
3.3
total organic matter
combustible part of solid recovered fuels, which consists of the sum of volatile matter and fixed carbon
Note 1 to entry: It is calculated as: 100 - moisture content - ash content.
Note 2 to entry: It is the mass fraction of the matter lost by ignition, also known as “Loss Of Ignition” (LOI).
3.4
volatile matter
relative part of the analysed sample, after moisture removal, that is lost when material is heated up
under specific conditions of temperature, time and in a reduced atmosphere (anoxic conditions)
3.5
fixed carbon
relative part of carbon contained in a material that can only be degraded in oxic conditions and high
temperature
Note 1 to entry: It is calculated as: 100 - moisture content - volatile matter content - ash content.
3.6
pre-drying
drying process to minimise moisture loss in the subsequent sample-division processes, to facilitate the
sample preparation processes, and to minimise biological activity
4 Principle
A test portion of the general analysis sample is heated out of contact with ambient air at (900 ± 10) °C
for 7 min. The percentage of volatile matter is calculated from the loss in mass of the test portion after
deducting the loss in mass due to moisture. The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible
results, it is essential that the rate of heating, the final temperature and the overall duration of the test
are carefully controlled.
Automatic equipment (such as thermogravimetric analysers) may be used as long as the equipment is
validated by parallel measurements to the reference method. The automatic equipment shall fulfil all
the requirements regarding sample size, heating procedure, temperature, atmosphere and weighing
accuracy. Deviations from this paragraph shall be reported and justified.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Furnace
The furnace shall be heated electrically and capable of maintaining a zone with uniform temperature of
(900 ± 10) °C. It may be of the stop-ended type or fitted at the back with a flue with a diameter of about
25 mm and a length of about 150 mm (see Figure 1).
It is important for furnaces with flues that the furnace door seals well. The flue should not reach far out
of the oven and should be fitted with a butterfly valve to restrict airflow through the furnace.
The heat capacity of the furnace shall be such that, with an initial temperature of (900 ± 10) °C, the
temperature is regained within about 4 min after insertion of a cold stand and its crucibles. The
temperature shall be measured with a thermocouple, as specified in 5.2.
NOTE 1 Observing the temperature is very important in order to compensate for inherent deviations of the
temperature measurement and lack of uniformity regarding the temperature distribution.
Usually the furnace will be designed specifically either for multiple determinations using a number of
crucibles in one stand or for receiving one crucible and its stand. In the first case, the zone of uniform
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 22167:2020
ISO/DIS 22167:2019(E)
temperature shall be at least 160 mm × 100 mm; in the latter case, a zone of diameter about 40 mm is
sufficient.
A position for the crucible stand shall be chosen within the zone of uniform temperature and this
position shall be used for all determinations.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 chamber, 200 mm width 5 heating system
2 flue 6 zone of uniform temperature
3 valve 7 check thermocouple
4 thermocouple
Figure 1 — Example of suitable furnace
5.2 Thermocouple
The thermocouple shall be an unsheathed wire with a thickness ≤ 1 mm. It shall be long enough to
reach the centre of the underside of each crucible when placed into the zone of uniform temperature
on being inserted through the front or rear of the furnace. The thermo junction shall be placed midway
between the base of the crucible in its stand and the floor of the fu
...
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