SIST EN 16431:2014
(Main)Railway applications - Track - Hollow sleepers and bearers
Railway applications - Track - Hollow sleepers and bearers
EN 16431 defines technical criteria and control procedures which are satisfied by hollow sleepers and bearers used in ballasted track with Vignole rails. The hollow sleepers and bearers designed for ballasted track can also be used in ballastless track. In this case, the requirements are defined by the customer.
Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Hohlwand-Gleis- und Weichenschwellen
Diese Norm legt die technischen Kriterien und Kontrollverfahren fest, welche durch Hohlwand-Gleis- und Weichenschwellen, die in Schottergleisen mit Vignolschienen verwendet werden, erfüllt müssen. Die Hohlwand-Gleis- und Weichenschwellen, die für Schottergleise konstruiert wurden, können auch für feste Fahrbahnen verwendet werden.
Applications ferroviaires - Voie - Traverses et supports en creux
Cette norme définit les critères techniques ainsi que les procédures de contrôle qui doivent être respectés dans le cas des traverses creuses et des supports creux utilisés sur une voie ballastée avec des rails Vignoles. Les traverses creuses et les supports creux conçus pour les voies ballastées peuvent également être utilisés sur des voies sans ballast.
Železniške naprave - Zgornji ustroj proge - Votli pragovi in nosilci
Standard EN 16431 določa tehnična merila in nadzorne postopke, ki jih izpolnjujejo votli pragovi in nosilci, ki se uporabljajo pri zgornjem ustroju prog s tamponskim slojem s tirnicami Vignole. Votle pragove in nosilce, oblikovane za zgornji ustroj s tamponskim slojem, je mogoče uporabljati tudi pri zgornjem ustroju prog brez tamponskega sloja. V tem primeru zahteve določi stranka.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Železniške naprave - Zgornji ustroj proge - Votli pragovi in nosilciBahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Hohlwand-Gleis- und WeichenschwellenApplications ferroviaires - Voie - Traverses et supports en creuxRailway applications - Track - Hollow sleepers and bearers93.100Gradnja železnicConstruction of railways45.080Rails and railway componentsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16431:2014SIST EN 16431:2014en,fr,de01-oktober-2014SIST EN 16431:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 16431:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16431
July 2014 ICS 93.100 English Version
Railway applications - Track - Hollow sleepers and bearers
Applications ferroviaires - Voie - Traverses et supports creux
Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Hohlschwellen für Gleise und Weichen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 April 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16431:2014 ESIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4 1 Scope .5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations .5 3.1 Terms and definitions .5 3.2 Abbreviations .6 4 Requirements .6 4.1 General .6 4.2 General requirements .7 4.3 Functional requirements .7 4.4 Design requirements .8 4.5 Materials .8 4.6 Environmental requirements .9 4.6.1 Environmental test standards .9 4.6.2 Hot and cold temperature .9 4.6.3 Flammability .9 4.6.4 Effect of exposure to severe environmental conditions (optional) .9 4.7 Requirements for interfaces with mechanical equipments in case of integrated system (optional) .9 5 Test methods .9 5.1 General .9 5.2 Tests for fastening system and interface .9 5.2.1 Effect of repeated loading .9 5.2.2 Fixation of the fastening system on body . 10 5.2.3 Attenuation of impact loads (Optional test) . 10 5.2.4 Pad and assembly stiffness (Optional test) . 10 5.3 Bending test for the body . 10 5.4 Electrical resistance . 11 5.5 Field test . 11 6 Acceptance criteria for homologation . 11 6.1 Fastening system and interface acceptance criteria . 11 6.1.1 Effect of repeated loading . 11 6.1.2 Fixation of the fastening system on body (optional test) . 11 6.1.3 Attenuation of impact loads (optional test) . 12 6.1.4 Pad and assembly stiffness (optional test) . 12 6.2 Body acceptance criteria . 12 6.2.1 Bending test acceptance criteria . 12 6.2.2 Other acceptance criteria checked by FEM calculation . 12 6.3 Electrical acceptance criteria . 12 6.4 Field test acceptance criteria . 13 7 Tests and tolerance for quality control . 13 7.1 Dimension tolerances . 13 7.2 Electrical resistance . 13 8 Quality . 14 8.1 General . 14 8.2 Quality control during homologation tests . 14 SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 3 8.3 Quality control during manufacturing (Routine tests) . 14 9 Traceability . 15 Annex A (normative)
Effect on repeated loading on fastening system and interface . 16 A.1 General . 16 A.2 Symbols . 16 A.3 Principle . 17 A.4 Apparatus . 17 A.4.1 Rail . 17 A.4.2 Load application head. 18 A.4.3 Verification of calibration . 18 A.5 Test specimens . 18 A.5.1 Sleeper or other rail support . 18 A.5.2 Fastening . 19 A.6 Test procedure . 19 A.6.1 General . 19 A.6.2 Preparation for test . 19 A.6.3 Cyclic loading . 19 A.6.4 Visual inspection . 20 A.6.5 Rail foot lateral displacement . 20 A.7 Test report . 21 Annex B (normative)
Bending test for body only . 22 B.1 Scope . 22 B.2 Apparatus . 22 B.2.1 Load application devices . 22 B.3 Test specimens . 24 B.3.1 Hollow sleeper or bearer body . 24 B.4 Procedure . 24 B.4.1 General . 24 B.4.2 Test arrangement . 24 B.4.3 Resilient pad . 25 B.4.4 Procedure . 26 B.5 Test report . 27 Bibliography . 28
SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16431:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines technical criteria and control procedures which are satisfied by hollow sleepers and bearers used in ballasted track with Vignole rails. The hollow sleepers and bearers designed for ballasted track can also be used in ballastless track. In this case, the requirements are defined by the customer. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13481 (all parts), Railway applications - Track - Performance requirements for fastening systems EN 13146-3, Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 3: Determination of attenuation of impact loads EN 13146-5, Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 5: Determination of electrical resistance EN 13146-6, Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 6: Effect of severe environmental conditions EN 13146-9, Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 9: Determination of stiffness EN 50125-3, Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment – Part 3: Equipment for signalling and telecommunications EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines - Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system (ISO 7500-1) 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 hollow sleepers sleepers and bearers with hollow structure, with support for Vignole rails on ballasted or ballastless track, including the fastenings systems and all components, with a minimum of 50 % of the cross sectional-area hollow throughout its length 3.1.2 body hollow structure which is in contact with the ballast/slab and supports the fastening system and other components SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 6 3.1.3 interface any device used to fix the fastening system or any equipment to the hollow sleeper or bearer body 3.1.4 top width maximum width of the hollow sleepers at the top (including the body and the fastening system) 3.1.5 bottom width maximum width of the hollow sleepers at the bottom level of the body (in the tamping area) 3.1.6 tamping area distance on each side to the rail centre where the ballast has to be tamped 3.1.7 bending moment moment applied on the hollow sleeper or bearer which produces tension and compression in the element 3.1.8 positive bending moment moment which produces tension or reduces compression at the bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer 3.1.9 negative bending moment moment which produces tension or reduces compression at the top of the hollow sleeper or bearer 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply. MGT Mass Gross Tons USP Under Sleeper Pad FEM Finite Element Method
fyk Characteristic value of yield strength 4 Requirements 4.1 General The main requirement of hollow sleepers and bearers is the transmission of vertical, lateral and longitudinal loads of the wheel from the rail to the ballast. In addition, a minimum of 50 % of the cross-sectional area is hollow to permit containment of the following devices and/or systems for example: — switch and crossing actuation, detection and locking (in the case of bearers); — wheel detection; — rods, bars, cables, pipes, etc. A sufficient space for maintenance of these devices and/or systems shall be considered. SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 7 In this standard electrical, mechanical, chemical and corrosion tests for approval are defined which provide assurance of the capability of hollow sleepers and bearers to resist repetitive loading and provide sufficient durability. Additional controls during the manufacturing process are not part of this standard and shall follow the corresponding material test standards. 4.2 General requirements The body of the hollow sleepers and bearers shall be designed in order to support the bending moments due to the traffic load. NOTE Test load, given in Table 1 and Table 2, correspond to the category C of EN 13481 and category E limited to a maximum axle load of 300 kN. 4.3 Functional requirements All types of hollow sleepers and bearers shall meet the following requirements: — the height between the top of the rail and the bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer shall be defined by the customer. This height is usually the same as the neighbouring sleepers or bearers. The bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer should be aligned at the same level as the bottom of the adjacent sleepers and bearers in order to guarantee stability (mounting on same ballast level); — the tamping area shall be defined by the customer; — the weight of the hollow sleeper (including rail fastening, cover plates) shall be ≥ 100 kg/m; — the maximum bottom width shall be 350 mm, and flat part of the bottom shall represent minimum 80 % of the bottom width (see Figure 1); — the fastening system and the mechanical resistance of the body shall be checked according to Clauses 5 and 6 of this standard, the fastening system shall only use components from homologated fastening systems according to EN 13481 series. — the electrical resistance shall be checked according to 5.4, 6.3 and 7.2 of this standard. Hollow bearers shall fulfil the following additional requirements: — the maximum top width in the tamping area shall be 425 mm (see Figure 1); — the length of the hollow bearers shall be defined by the customer (regarding, transportation and installation limits or regulations); — the position of the tamping area and the dimensions of the hollow bearer body shall be agreed between supplier and customer.
Hollow sleepers in track shall fulfil the following additional requirements: — the maximum top width shall not exceed 350 mm (see Figure 1); — the length of the hollow sleeper shall be the same as neighbouring sleepers. SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 8
Key a Maximum
top width b maximum
bottom width c flat part of the bottom Figure 1 – Dimensions of hollow sleeper or bearer 4.4 Design requirements Cover plates on both end faces and on the top of the hollow sleepers and bearers shall be installed to prevent ballast penetration. Cover plates shall also be designed to withstand aerodynamic effects. If there are two (or more) consecutive hollow sleepers or bearers, the lateral track resistance shall be considered. If an USP is used, the USP shall be fixed on flat part of bottom area. The connection between USP and the bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer shall be verified on the principle of the relevant USP standard (pull off test). Sufficient drainage shall be incorporated in to the design. Hollow bearers shall be designed to ensure that the normal operation of actuation, locking and detection equipment is not adversely affected by temperature, ice formation, snow or water penetration. 4.5 Materials Metallic body materials shall be specified by the supplier with their relevant standards and agreed by the customer. If using other body materials, the supplier shall specify their relevant standards or their mechanical and environmental characteristics in case of the non-existence of a standard. SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 9 The materials used for the others components shall be agreed between customer and supplier. 4.6 Environmental requirements 4.6.1 Environmental test standards Hollow bearers (including fastening system) shall fulfil environmental tests only as part of the integrated system with actuating, locking and detection devices according to EN 50125-3. The customer shall define the tests amongst the list of tests of this standard and the corresponding criteria. 4.6.2 Hot and cold temperature qhe equipment shall operate in ambient air temperatures within the range of −25 °C to +40 °C for indefinite periods. For materials other than steel, the supplier shall verify (by calculation or testing) in this temperature range that the gauge modification shall not exceed 2 mm. 4.6.3 Flammability The equipment in a hollow sleeper or bearer shall be, where practicable, manufactured from non-combustible materials. Where this cannot be achieved, the supplier shall give a data sheet of the toxic gases and smoke emissions of the material. The used materials shall be agreed by the customer; 4.6.4 Effect of exposure to severe environmental conditions (optional) If requested by the customer, following exposure to the salt spray test in accordance with EN 13146-6, the fastening assembly shall be capable of being dismantled, without failure of any component and re-assembled using manual tools provided for this purpose. 4.7 Requirements for interfaces with mechanical equipments in case of integrated system (optional) If requested by the customer, interfaces to mechanical equipment shall be tested according to EN 50125-3 (only the clauses of this document concerning vibration). 5 Test methods 5.1 General The following tests are part of the homologation process. 5.2 Tests for fastening system and interface 5.2.1 Effect of repeated loading This test is used for assessing the long term performance of the fastening system and interface. A load is applied with repeated cycles representative of the repeated loads caused by traffic on railway track. Test shall be performed according to Annex A. Test loads and positions are specified in Table 1: SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 10 Table 1 – Test loads and positions for fastening system and interface test Item Up to 260 kN axle load Between 260 kN and 300 kN axle load Values X position of the line of application of PL below the centre of curvature of the gauge corner of the rail head, in mm 15 75 . angle between the load line and a line normal to the running surface of the rails, in degrees 33 40 2Pv component of load normal to the running surface of the rails, in kN 140 166 Frequency, in Hz 4 ± 1 Number of cycles 3 million NOTE Compared to EN 13481–2:2012, Table 3, the load 2Pv has been reduced as a maximum axle load of 300 kN in this standard. 5.2.2 Fixation of the fastening system on body A vertical load test shall be performed on the fixation elements using the procedure described in EN 13481-2:2012, Annex A. The verification shall be given by a structural analysis. The calculation shall be based on an existing design standard. 5.2.3 Attenuation of impact loads (Optional test) If requested by the customer, attenuation of dynamic loads shall be measured. Test procedure is defined by the customer (on the basis of EN 13146-3). 5.2.4 Pad and assembly stiffness (Optional test) If requested by the customer, the assembly and pads static stiffness and assembly and pads low frequency dynamic stiffness shall be measured. Test procedure is defined by the customer (on the basis of EN 13146-9). 5.3 Bending test for the body This test is used for assessing the long term performance of the body only. A load is applied with repeated displacement cycles representative of the displacements caused by traffic on railway track. Test shall be performed according to Annex B. Test loads and positions are specified in Table 2. SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 11 Table 2 – Test loads and positions for body test
Definition Test values Fcu Lower amplitude of oscillating load, in kN 10 Fco Upper amplitude of oscillating load, in kN 71 f Frequency, in Hz 5 ± 3 nc Number of cycles 2 million Lc Design distance between centre lines of the rail seat, in mm 1 500 NOTE Fco = 4xM/(Lc – 0,1) where: Lc in m M is the bending moment, in kNm. The test upper value 71 kN corresponds to a bending moment of 25 kNm. If Lc is different from 1 500 mm (narrow or broad gauge), Fco shall be recalculated to generate a centre section bending moment of 25 kNm. 5.4 Electrical resistance The aim of this test is to determine the electrical resistance, in wet conditions, between the running rails provided by a fastening system fitted to hollow sleepers and bearers. The electrical test shall be performed according to EN 13146-5. 5.5 Field test Availability shall be assessed by field test during one year minimum. The field test shall be done with minimum three pieces and monitored by the customer. The customer shall define the test parameters in a protocol (MGT, gauge widening, availability, etc.). 6 Acceptance criteria for homologation 6.1 Fastening system and interface acceptance criteria 6.1.1 Effect of repeated loading No damage or cracks in the fastening system and interface components shall have occurred. The welds shall be subjected to a visual and dye penetrant inspection. If not specified by the customer, after the fatigue test the rail foot lateral displacement shall be less than 1 mm, where a zero reference is taken after 1 000 cycles. 6.1.2 Fixation of the fastening system on body (optional test) After removal of the load, there shall be no visible cracks revealed by dye penetrant inspections. SIST EN 16431:2014
EN 16431:2014 (E) 12 6.1.3 Attenuation of impact loads (optional test) For fastening systems described as having medium or high attenuation of dynamic loads this shall be measured by the procedure in EN 13146-3. The result shall comply with the following limits: — medium attenuation: ≥ 15 % ≤ 30 %; — high attenuation: > 30 %. 6.1.4 Pad and assembly stiffness (optional test) The customer shall define the acceptance criteria for pad and assembly stiffness. 6.2 Body acceptance criteria 6.2.1 Bending test acceptance criteria After the bending test according to 5.3, the difference of the vertical deflection at the centre of the body under 10 kN load and the zero reference measuring shall be less than 0,5 mm (the zero is taken after 1 000 cycles with 10 kN vertical load). 6.2.2 Other acceptance criteria checked by FEM calculation 6.2.2.1 Service fatigue design The determination of bending moments at the sleeper centre and under the rail seats is the responsibility of the customer. Unless otherwise specified, hollow sleepers and bearers shall assume: — a positive bending moment of 25 kNm; — a rail seat load of 100 kN. A verification
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