SIST EN 60731:2012
Medical electrical equipment - Dosimeters with ionization chambers as used in radiotherapy
Medical electrical equipment - Dosimeters with ionization chambers as used in radiotherapy
This International Standard specifies the performance requirements of RADIOTHERAPY
DOSIMETERS, intended for the measurement of ABSORBED DOSE TO WATER or AIR KERMA (and
their rates and spatial distributions) in PHOTON, ELECTRON, proton or heavy ion RADIATION
FIELDS as used in RADIOTHERAPY.
The DOSE MONITORING SYSTEMS incorporated in RADIOTHERAPY treatment machines are not
covered by this standard, neither are the re-entrant IONIZATION CHAMBERS used for
BRACHYTHERAPY source calibration and constancy check devices.
This standard is applicable to the following types of dosimeter:
a) FIELD-CLASS DOSIMETERS normally used for
1) the measurement of KERMA or dose in a RADIATION BEAM, either in air or in a PHANTOM;
2) in vivo skin surface or intracavitary measurements of dose on PATIENTS.
b) REFERENCE-CLASS DOSIMETERS normally used for the calibration of FIELD-CLASS
DOSIMETERS;
NOTE REFERENCE-CLASS DOSIMETERS may be used as FIELD-CLASS DOSIMETERS.
c) SCANNING-CLASS DOSIMETERS normally used for relative dose distribution measurements
with a SCANNING SYSTEM such as an automatic water PHANTOM.
Medizinische elektrische Geräte - Dosimeter mit Ionisationskammern zur Anwendung in der Strahlentherapie
Appareils électromédicaux - Dosimètres à chambre d'ionisation utilisés en radiothérapie
La CEI 60731:2011 spécifie les exigences de performance des dosimètres de radiothérapie, destinés à mesurer la dose absorbée dans l'eau ou le kerma dans l'air (et les débits et distributions spatiales correspondants) dans les champs de rayonnement de photons, électrons, protons ou ions lourds utilisés en radiothérapie. Les systèmes de surveillance de dose incorporés dans les appareils de radiothérapie ne sont pas visés par la présente norme, pas plus que les chambres à ions réentrants utilisés pour l'étalonnage des sources en curiethérapie et les contrôleurs de constance. La CEI 60731:2011 est applicable aux types suivants de dosimètre: a) dosimètres de classe de routine servant normalement à 1) mesurer le kerma ou la dose dans un faisceau de rayonnement, dans l'air ou dans un fantôme; 2) mesurer la dose reçue par les patients in vivo à la surface de la peau ou à l'intérieur d'une cavité. b) dosimètres de classe de référence servant normalement à étalonner les dosimètres de classe de routine. c) dosimètres de classe de balayage servant normalement à mesurer la distribution de dose relative à l'aide d'un système de balayage tel qu'un fantôme automatique de prélèvement d'eau. L'objet de la présente norme est: - de fixer les exigences pour un niveau de performance satisfaisant des dosimètres de radiothérapie; - de normaliser les méthodes servant à déterminer la conformité à ce niveau de performance. Trois niveaux de performance sont spécifiés: - le niveau le plus faible concerne les dosimètres de classe de routine; - le niveau le plus élevé concerne les dosimètres de classe de référence. - le niveau spécifique concerne les dosimètres de classe de balayage. Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition parue en 1997 et son Amendement 1 (2002), dont elle constitue une révision technique. Les modifications techniques apportées par rapport à la deuxième édition de la présente norme concernent les exigences de performance applicables aux dosimètres de radiothérapie destinés à être utilisés pour le mesurage de la dose absorbée dans l'eau ou du kerma dans l'air dans des champs de rayonnement d'ions lourds, et aux dosimètres de classe de balayage généralement utilisés pour les mesurages de la dose relative avec un système de balayage tel qu'un fantôme automatique de prélèvement d'eau.
Medicinska električna oprema - Dozimetri z ionizacijskimi komorami, ki se uporabljajo v radioterapiji
Ta mednarodni standard določa zahteve glede zmogljivosti DOZIMETROV ZA RADIOTERAPIJO, namenjenih za merjenje ABSORBIRANEGA ODMERKA NA VODO ali KERME V ZRAKU (in njihovih stopenj ter prostorskih razporeditev) na FOTONSKIH, ELEKTRONSKIH, protonskih ali težko ionskih POLJIH SEVANJA za uporabo v RADIOTERAPIJI. SISTEMI NADZIRANJA ODMERKOV v napravah za zdravljenje z RADIOTERAPIJO in povratne IONIZACIJSKE KOMORE, ki se uporabljajo za kalibracijo virov in preverjanje stalnosti v BRAHITERAPIJI, niso zajeti v tem standardu. Ta standard se uporablja za naslednje vrste dozimetrov: a) PODROČNI DOZIMETRI se običajno uporabljajo za 1) merjenje KERME ali odmerka v RADIOLOŠKEM ŽARKU v zraku ali na FANTOMU; 2) in vivo meritve odmerka na površini kože ali v notranjih organih pri PACIENTIH. b) REFERENČNI DOZIMETRI se običajno uporabljajo za kalibracijo PODROČNIH DOZIMETROV; OPOMBA: REFERENČNI DOZIMETRI se lahko uporabljajo kot PODROČNI DOZIMETRI. c) SKENIRNI DOZIMETRI se običajno uporabljajo za meritve relativne distribucije odmerka s SISTEMOM SKENIRANJA, kot je avtomatski vodni FANTOM.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60731:2012
01-junij-2012
0HGLFLQVNDHOHNWULþQDRSUHPD'R]LPHWUL]LRQL]DFLMVNLPLNRPRUDPLNLVH
XSRUDEOMDMRYUDGLRWHUDSLML
Medical electrical equipment - Dosimeters with ionization chambers as used in
radiotherapy
Medizinische elektrische Geräte - Dosimeter mit Ionisationskammern zur Anwendung in
der Strahlentherapie
Appareils électromédicaux - Dosimètres à chambre d'ionisation utilisés en radiothérapie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60731:2012
ICS:
11.040.50 Radiografska oprema Radiographic equipment
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
SIST EN 60731:2012 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 60731:2012
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SIST EN 60731:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60731
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2012
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 11.040.50 Supersedes EN 60731:1997 + A1:2002
English version
Medical electrical equipment -
Dosimeters with ionization chambers as used in radiotherapy
(IEC 60731:2011)
Appareils électromédicaux - Medizinische elektrische Geräte -
Dosimètres à chambres d'ionisation Dosimeter mit Ionisationskammern zur
utilisés en radiothérapie Anwendung in der Strahlentherapie
(CEI 60731:2011) (IEC 60731:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2012-03-14. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2012 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60731:2012 E
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SIST EN 60731:2012
EN 60731:2012 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 62C/506/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 60731, prepared by SC 62C, "Equipment for
radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry", of IEC TC 62, "Electrical equipment in medical
practice" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
EN 60731:2012.
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2012-12-14
• latest date by which the document has
to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2015-03-14
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60731:1997 + A1:2002.
EN 60731:2012 includes the following significant technical changes with respect to
EN 60731:1997 + A1:2002:
The technical modifications versus EN 60731:1997 + A1:2002 concerns performance requirements of
RADIOTHERAPY DOSIMETERS intended for the measurement of ABSORBED DOSE TO WATER or
AIR KERMA in heavy ion RADIATION FIELDS and SCANNING-CLASS DOSIMETERS normally used for
relative dose distribution measurements with a SCANNING SYSTEM such as an automatic water
PHANTOM.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60731:2012 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60051-1:1997 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60051-1:1998 (not modified).
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SIST EN 60731:2012
- 3 - EN 60731:2012
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60417 data Graphical symbols for use on equipment - -
base
IEC 60601-1 2005 Medical electrical equipment - EN 60601-1 2006
+ corr. December 2006 Part 1: General requirements for basic safety + corr. March 2010
+ corr. December 2007 and essential performance + A11 2011
IEC 60601-1-2 2007 Medical electrical equipment - EN 60601-1-2 2007
(mod) Part 1-2: General requirements for basic + corr. March 2010
safety and essential performance - Collateral
standard: Electromagnetic compatibility -
Requirements and tests
IEC 60601-1-3 2008 Medical electrical equipment - EN 60601-1-3 2008
Part 1-3: General requirements for basic + corr. March 2010
safety and essential performance - Collateral
Standard: Radiation protection in diagnostic
X-ray equipment
1)
IEC 60601-2-8 2010 Medical electrical equipment - EN 60601-2-8 201X
Part 2-8: Particular requirements for basic
safety and essential performance of
therapeutic X-ray equipment operating in the
range 10 kV to 1 MV
IEC/TR 60788 2004 Medical electrical equipment - Glossary of - -
defined terms
IEC 60976 2007 Medical electrical equipment - Medical EN 60976 2007
electron accelerators - Functional
performance characteristics
IEC 61010-1 2010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment EN 61010-1 2010
+ corr. May 2011 for measurement, control and laboratory use -
Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61187 - Electrical and electronic measuring equipment EN 61187 -
- Documentation
IEC 61267 2005 Medical diagnostic X-ray equipment - EN 61267 2006
Radiation conditions for use in the
determination of characteristics
IEC 61676 2002 Medical electrical equipment - Dosimetric EN 61676 2002
instruments used for non-invasive
measurement of X-ray tube voltage in
diagnostic radiology
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 2008 Uncertainty of measurement - - -
Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty
in measurement (GUM:1995)
1)
To be published.
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SIST EN 60731:2012
EN 60731:2012 - 4 -
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
ISO/IEC Guide 99 2007 International vocabulary of metrology - Basic - -
and general concepts and associated terms
(VIM)
ISO 3534-1 2006 Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols - - -
Part 1: General statistical terms and terms
used in probability
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SIST EN 60731:2012
IEC 60731
®
Edition 3.0 2011-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Medical electrical equipment – Dosimeters with ionization chambers as used in
radiotherapy
Appareils électromédicaux – Dosimètres à chambres d’ionisation
utilisés en radiothérapie
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XD
ICS 11.040.50 ISBN 978-2-88912-382-7
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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SIST EN 60731:2012
– 2 – 60731 © IEC:2011
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope and object . 9
1.1 Scope . 9
1.2 Object . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 General requirements . 22
4.1 BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE . 22
4.2 Performance requirements . 22
4.3 REFERENCE VALUES and STANDARD TEST VALUES . 22
4.4 General test conditions and methods . 23
4.4.1 STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS . 23
4.4.2 Test of components . 23
4.4.3 RATED or EFFECTIVE RANGE of dose (or KERMA) rates . 23
4.4.4 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT . 24
4.4.5 Adjustments during test . 24
4.4.6 Test conditions particular to CHAMBER ASSEMBLIES. 24
4.4.7 Test conditions particular to MEASURING ASSEMBLIES. 24
4.4.8 Test conditions particular to STABILITY CHECK DEVICES . 25
4.4.9 Use of STABILITY CHECK DEVICES . 25
4.5 Summary tables . 25
4.6 Classification of equipment according to LIMITS OF VARIATION . 32
4.6.1 FIELD-CLASS DOSIMETER . 32
4.6.2 REFERENCE-CLASS DOSIMETER . 32
4.6.3 SCANNING-CLASS DOSIMETER . 32
5 CHAMBER ASSEMBLY performance requirements . 33
5.1 General . 33
5.2 General performance requirements for (RADIOTHERAPY) IONIZATION CHAMBERS . 33
5.2.1 CHAMBER ASSEMBLY LEAKAGE CURRENT without IRRADIATION . 33
5.2.2 Stability . 33
5.2.3 STABILIZATION TIME . 34
5.2.4 Post-irradiation leakage . 34
5.2.5 RATED or EFFECTIVE RANGE of dose rate (continuous radiation) . 35
5.2.6 Maximum RATED dose per pulse (pulsed radiation) . 36
5.2.7 RATED RANGE of field sizes . 37
5.2.8 STRAY RADIATION . 38
5.2.9 Guard/collector insulation . 38
5.2.10 Cable microphony . 39
5.2.11 Polarity of polarizing voltage effect . 39
5.2.12 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY . 40
5.3 Performance requirements particular to SHELL CHAMBERS . 40
5.3.1 Dependence on RADIATION QUALITY . 40
5.3.2 RATED RANGE of field sizes . 43
5.3.3 Chamber orientation . 44
5.4 Performance requirements particular to PARALLEL-PLATE CHAMBERS . 45
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SIST EN 60731:2012
60731 © IEC:2011 – 3 –
5.4.1 Dependence on RADIATION QUALITY . 46
5.4.2 Chamber orientation . 47
5.5 Performance requirements particular to VENTED CHAMBERS . 47
5.5.1 Atmospheric pressure change . 48
5.5.2 Temperature . 48
5.5.3 Humidity . 48
5.6 Performance requirements particular to SEALED CHAMBERS. 49
5.6.1 Atmospheric pressure change . 49
5.6.2 Temperature . 49
6 MEASURING ASSEMBLY performance requirements . 50
6.1 General . 50
6.2 General performance requirements for RADIOTHERAPY DOSIMETERS . 50
6.2.1 EFFECTIVE RANGES . 50
6.2.2 RESOLUTION of the display or data output terminal . 51
6.2.3 Repeatability . 51
6.2.4 Long-term stability . 51
6.2.5 STABILIZATION TIME . 52
6.2.6 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY . 52
6.3 Performance requirements particular to dosimeters . 53
6.3.1 ZERO DRIFT . 53
6.3.2 ZERO SHIFT . 54
6.3.3 NON-LINEARITY . 55
6.3.4 Range changing . 56
6.3.5 Dead time . 57
6.3.6 Temperature . 57
6.3.7 Humidity . 57
6.3.8 STRAY RADIATION effect . 58
6.3.9 Charge leakage . 58
6.3.10 Dose rate dependence of dosimeters . 59
6.4 Performance requirements particular to dose rate meters . 60
6.4.1 ZERO DRIFT . 60
6.4.2 ZERO SHIFT . 61
6.4.3 NON-LINEARITY . 61
6.4.4 Range changing . 62
6.4.5 RESPONSE TIME . 64
6.4.6 Temperature . 65
6.4.7 Humidity . 65
6.4.8 STRAY RADIATION effect . 66
6.5 Performance requirements particular to battery-operated MEASURING
ASSEMBLIES . 66
6.6 Performance requirements particular to supply mains-operated MEASURING
ASSEMBLIES . 67
6.6.1 MAINS VOLTAGE – static . 67
6.6.2 MAINS VOLTAGE – VARIATION during a measurement . 67
7 STABILITY CHECK DEVICE performance requirements . 68
7.1 General . 68
7.2 General performance requirements for STABILITY CHECK DEVICES . 68
7.2.1 Long-term stability . 68
7.2.2 Repeatability . 68
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SIST EN 60731:2012
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8 Constructional requirements as related to PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS . 69
8.1 Constructional requirements on CHAMBER ASSEMBLIES . 69
8.2 Constructional requirements on MEASURING ASSEMBLIES . 69
8.2.1 Adjustment of RESPONSE . 69
8.2.2 Display device . 69
8.2.3 Battery indication and compensation . 70
8.2.4 Input current threshold . 70
8.2.5 Automatic termination of measurement in the dose mode . 70
8.3 Constructional requirements on STABILITY CHECK DEVICES . 70
8.3.1 Output of the STABILITY CHECK DEVICES . 70
8.3.2 Constructional requirements particular to a radioactive type STABILITY
CHECK DEVICE . 71
8.3.3 Constructional requirements particular to an overall STABILITY CHECK
DEVICE . 71
8.4 Constructional requirements on PHANTOMS and build-up caps . 71
9 Marking . 72
9.1 Marking required on CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 72
9.1.1 Information required in IEC 60601-1 . 72
9.1.2 Other information . 73
9.1.3 Compliance check . 73
9.2 Marking required on MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 73
9.2.1 CHAMBER ASSEMBLY in contact with the PATIENT . 73
9.2.2 CHAMBER ASSEMBLY not in contact with the PATIENT . 73
9.2.3 Each MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 73
9.2.4 MEASURING ASSEMBLY with a display scaled in dose . 74
9.2.5 Multi-range MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 74
9.2.6 MEASURING ASSEMBLY with more than one chamber . 74
9.2.7 Graphical symbols . 74
9.2.8 Compliance check . 74
9.3 Marking required on STABILITY CHECK DEVICE . 74
9.3.1 General . 74
9.3.2 STABILITY CHECK DEVICE containing a RADIOACTIVE SOURCE . 74
9.3.3 Device which contributes to protection against IONIZING RADIATION . 74
9.3.4 Compliance check . 74
9.4 Marking required on PHANTOM or build-up cap. 75
10 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS . 75
10.1 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS for CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 75
10.1.1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE of CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 75
10.1.2 Test sheet for CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 77
10.1.3 Calibration certificate for CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 77
10.2 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS for MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 78
10.2.1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE of MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 78
10.2.2 Test sheet for MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 80
10.2.3 Calibration certificate for MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 80
10.3 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS for STABILITY CHECK DEVICE . 81
10.3.1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE of STABILITY CHECK DEVICE . 81
10.3.2 Test sheet for STABILITY CHECK DEVICE. 81
10.3.3 Measurement certificate for STABILITY CHECK DEVICE . 81
10.4 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS for PHANTOMS and build-up caps. 82
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SIST EN 60731:2012
60731 © IEC:2011 – 5 –
Annex A (informative) Values, error and UNCERTAINTY . 84
Annex B (normative) Test equipment for cable microphony . 85
Annex C (normative) UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT . 86
Bibliography . 95
Index of defined terms used in this standard . 96
Figure 1 – Tolerance of depth in PHANTOM. 72
Figure 2 – Tolerance of lateral position in PHANTOM . 72
Figure A.1 – Graphical illustration of values, error and UNCERTAINTY . 84
Figure B.1 – Test equipment for cable microphony. 85
Figure C.1 – PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS for the PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS to be
within the LIMITS OF VARIATION ±L and the expression of their VARIANCES in terms of L . 88
Table 1 – REFERENCE CONDITIONS and STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS – CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 26
Table 2 – REFERENCE CONDITIONS and STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS – MEASURING
ASSEMBLY . 27
Table 3 – Limits of PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS at STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS –
CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 27
Table 4 – Limits of PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS at STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS –
MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 28
Table 5 – LIMITS OF VARIATION of PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS for effects of
INFLUENCE QUANTITIES and INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS – CHAMBER ASSEMBLY . 29
Table 6 – LIMITS OF VARIATION of PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS for effects of
INFLUENCE QUANTITIES and INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS – MEASURING ASSEMBLY . 31
Table 7 – LIMITS OF VARIATION of PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS for effects of
INFLUENCE QUANTITIES and INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS – chamber and MEASURING
ASSEMBLIES combined . 32
Table C.1 – Estimate of COMBINED STANDARD UNCERTAINTY for performance of a
hypothetical dosimeter . 90
Table C.2 – A hypothetical example of the assessment of the UNCERTAINTIES on the
output measurement of an X-ray set using a FIELD-CLASS DOSIMETER . 94
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SIST EN 60731:2012
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT –
DOSIMETERS WITH IONIZATION CHAMBERS
AS USED IN RADIOTHERAPY
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
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Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
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with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies prov
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