SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
(Main)Ergonomics of the physical environment - Application of international standards to people with special requirements (ISO 28803:2012)
Ergonomics of the physical environment - Application of international standards to people with special requirements (ISO 28803:2012)
This international standard provides guidance to people who use and apply international standards concerned with the Ergonomics of the physical environment. They include people who are involved in environmental design and assessment.
This international standard provides guidance on the application of existing international standards for people with special requirements. That is for those people who would be considered to be beyond the scope of existing standards concerned with the ergonomics of the physical environment.
The standard has been produced according to the principles provided in ISO/IEC Guide 71 and the data provided in ISO TR 22411.
The standard is not a database of the characteristics of people with special requirements. It uses data from the basic standard ISO TR 22411 to provide methods and criteria that will provide accessible environments for people with special requirements.
The standard is not restricted to any particular environment but provides the general principles that allow assessment and evaluation.
The standard applies to built environments as well as to other indoor environments, vehicle environments and outdoor environments. There may be specific features of certain types of environment that have to be taken into account, however the general principles outlined in this standard will apply.
The standard applies to all occupants of environments who can be considered to have special requirements. This will depend upon context and can, for example, include babies, infants, males or females, people with disabilities, the effects of age, people who are ill and so on. A person may have a special requirement in one type of environment but not in another.
The standard is based upon the principle of accessible design and provides a method for predicting the consequences (in terms of environmental comfort for example) for people with special requirements.
Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung - Anwendung Internationaler Normen für Personen mit speziellen Anforderungen (ISO 28803:2012)
Diese Internationale Norm beschreibt, wie vorhandene Internationale Normen, die sich mit der Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung befassen, für Menschen mit besonderen Bedürfnissen angewendet werden können. Das gilt für diejenigen Personen, die ansonsten jenseits der Anwendungsbereiche vorhandener Normen stehen. Sie wurde nach den Grundsätzen für zugängliche Gestaltung, die in ISO/IEC Guide 71 aufgeführt und den in ISO/TR 22411 zur Verfügung gestellten Daten zu entnehmen sind, erstellt.
Diese Internationale Norm ist nicht auf eine bestimmte Umgebung beschränkt, sondern stellt allgemeine Grundsätze dar, die die Beurteilung und die Bewertung ermöglichen. Sie gilt für eingebaute Umgebungen ebenso wie für andere Innenumgebungen, Fahrzeugumgebungen und Umgebungen im Freien. Sie ist eine Grundnorm der Ergonomie, die zur Entwicklung von Normen angewendet werden kann, die sich mit besonderen Umgebungen befassen.
Diese Internationale Norm ist nicht auf besondere Teile der Umgebung beschränkt. Sie enthält die Beurteilung von akustischen Umgebungen, thermischen Umgebungen, Beleuchtung, Luftqualität und andere Umgebungsfaktoren, von denen angenommen werden kann, dass sie die Gesundheit, die Behaglichkeit und die Leistung von Menschen mit besonderen Bedürfnissen in einer Umgebung beeinflussen.
Diese Internationale Norm gilt für alle Anwesenden in Umgebungen, von denen angenommen werden kann, dass sie besondere Bedürfnisse haben. Das ist vom Zusammenhang abhängig, und kann zum Beispiel Säuglinge, Kleinkinder, Männer und Frauen, Personen mit Behinderungen, ältere Personen, kranke Personen usw. betreffen. Eine Person kann in einer Art von Umgebung ein besonderes Bedürfnis haben und in einer anderen nicht.
Ergonomie de l'environnement physique - Application des Normes internationales aux personnes ayant des exigences particulières (ISO 28803:2012)
La présente Norme internationale décrit la manière dont les Normes internationales existantes relatives à
l'ergonomie de l'environnement physique peuvent être appliquées aux personnes ayant des exigences
particulières et qui, autrement, seraient considérées comme n'entrant pas dans le domaine d'application de
ces normes. Elle a été élaborée conformément aux principes de conception accessible décrits dans le Guide
ISO/CEI 71 et à l'aide des données fournies par l'ISO/TR 22411.
Elle ne se limite pas à un environnement particulier, mais fournit des principes généraux d'évaluation et
peut contribuer à l'élaboration de normes relatives à des environnements spécifiques. Elle est applicable
aux milieux bâtis et aux autres environnements intérieurs, aux moyens de transport et aux environnements
extérieurs. Elle ne se limite pas non plus à certains aspects environnementaux; elle comprend l'évaluation
des environnements acoustiques, des ambiances thermiques, de l'éclairage, de la qualité de l'air et d'autres
facteurs environnementaux susceptibles d'avoir des effets sur la santé, le confort et les performances des
personnes ayant des exigences particulières dans un environnement donné.
Elle est applicable à tous les occupants de ces environnements pouvant être considérés comme ayant des
exigences particulières.
NOTE En fonction du contexte, cela peut inclure, par exemple, les bébés, les enfants, les hommes ou les femmes, les
personnes ayant des incapacités, les personnes âgées ou malades. Une personne peut avoir une exigence particulière
dans un type donné d'environnement, mais pas dans un autre.
Ergonomija fizikalnega okolja - Uporaba mednarodnih standardov za ljudi s posebnimi potrebami (ISO 28803:2012)
Ta mednarodni standard opisuje, kako se lahko mednarodni standardi, ki obravnavajo ergonomijo fizikalnega okolja, uporabljajo za ljudi s posebnimi potrebami, ki bi bili sicer izključeni iz področja uporabe teh standardov. Pripravljen je v skladu z načeli dostopnega načrtovanja iz vodila ISO/IEC 71 in na podlagi podatkov iz standarda ISO/TR 22411. Standard ni omejen na nobeno posebno okolje, ampak določa splošna načela, ki omogočajo oceno in vrednotenje, pri čemer lahko prispeva k razvoju standardov za posebna okolja. Uporablja se za grajeno okolje ter za druga notranja okolja, okolja v vozilu in zunanja okolja. Prav tako ni omejen na posebne okoljske elemente; vključuje oceno akustičnega okolja, temperaturnega okolja, osvetlitve, kakovosti zraka in drugih okoljskih dejavnikov, za katere se lahko šteje, da vplivajo na zdravje, udobje in delovanje oseb s posebnimi potrebami v posameznem okolju. Uporablja se za vse uporabnike takšnih okolij, za katere se šteje, da imajo posebne potrebe.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
01-julij-2012
Ergonomija fizikalnega okolja - Uporaba mednarodnih standardov za ljudi s
posebnimi potrebami (ISO 28803:2012)
Ergonomics of the physical environment - Application of international standards to people
with special requirements (ISO 28803:2012)
Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung - Anwendung Internationaler Normen für
Personen mit speziellen Anforderungen (ISO 28803:2012)
Ergonomie de l'environnement physique - Application des Normes internationales aux
personnes ayant des exigences particulières (ISO 28803:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 28803:2012
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN ISO 28803:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 28803
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2012
ICS 13.180
English Version
Ergonomics of the physical environment - Application of
international standards to people with special requirements (ISO
28803:2012)
Ergonomie de l'environnement physique - Application des Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung - Anwendung
Normes internationales aux personnes ayant des Internationaler Normen für Personen mit besonderen
exigences particulières (ISO 28803:2012) Bedürfnissen (ISO 28803:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 March 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 28803:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
EN ISO 28803:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
EN ISO 28803:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 28803:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 "Ergonomics"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 28803:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 28803:2012 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28803
First edition
2012-03-15
Ergonomics of the physical
environment — Application of
International Standards to people with
special requirements
Ergonomie de l’environnement physique — Application des Normes
internationales aux personnes ayant des exigences particulières
Reference number
ISO 28803:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
ISO 28803:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
ISO 28803:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General factors requiring consideration when designing or evaluating environments for people
with special requirements . 2
5 Considerations related to design and evaluation of the thermal environment . 3
5.1 Factors requiring special consideration for design and evaluation . 3
5.2 Moderate thermal environments and people with special requirements . 4
5.3 Hot environments and people with special requirements . 5
5.4 Cold environments and people with special requirements . 6
5.5 Supporting standards for evaluation of thermal environments . 6
5.6 Thermal disabilities . 7
6 Considerations related to design and evaluation of the acoustic environment . 9
6.1 General factors requiring consideration when designing and evaluating environments for
people with special requirements . 9
6.2 ISO 7731, Ergonomics — Danger signals for public and work areas — Auditory
danger signals . 11
6.3 ISO 11429, Ergonomics — System of auditory and visual danger and information signals .12
6.4 ISO 9355-2, Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and control actuators — Part
2: Displays .12
6.5 ISO 9921, Ergonomics — Assessment of speech communication .12
6.6 IEC 60268-16, Sound system equipment — Part 16: Objective rating of speech intelligibility by
speech transmission index .13
7 Assessment of visual and lighting environments .13
7.1 General .13
7.2 Contrast sensitivity .14
7.3 ISO 8995, Lighting of indoor work places .14
7.4 Lighting for older people .14
8 Considerations related to air quality .14
9 Considerations related to assessment of other environmental components .15
9.1 General .15
9.2 Vibration environments .15
9.3 Interaction of environmental components .16
10 Environmental design and adaptive opportunity .16
Bibliography .18
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
ISO 28803:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28803 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5, Ergonomics
of the physical environment.
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
ISO 28803:2012(E)
Introduction
This is one of a series of International Standards concerned with the ergonomics of the physical environment.
This International Standard complements others in the series concerned with specific components of the
environment, such as thermal environments, acoustics, lighting or air quality, building upon them to allow an
assessment of human response to the total environment. This International Standard is particularly concerned
with extending the scopes of other International Standards — see 5.2.2, 5.3.2 to 5.3.5, 5.4.2, 5.5, 6.2 to 6.6, 7.3
and 9.2 — so that they can be applied to as wide a range of people as possible. The background information
it provides on the responses and needs of groups of persons with special requirements will contribute to
accessible environmental designs that will complement other activities in the field of ergonomics.
This International Standard includes a description of the range and variety of responses and adaptations
to physical environments of people with special requirements, and the consequences for measuring and
evaluating those environments. It considers the application of indices and methods for people with special
requirements where health and safety, comfort and well-being are considerations. It provides a description of
the nature of the particular characteristics of people with special requirements in the context of their responses
to environments (e.g. restricted sensation, reduced perception or ability to respond). It is not a database of
characteristics of people with special requirements, but uses data from ISO/TR 22411 to provide methods and
criteria that will in turn provide accessible environments.
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SIST EN ISO 28803:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28803:2012(E)
Ergonomics of the physical environment — Application of
International Standards to people with special requirements
1 Scope
This International Standard describes how International Standards concerned with the ergonomics of the
physical environment can be applied for people with special requirements, who would otherwise be considered
to be beyond the scope of those standards. It has been produced according to the principles of accessible
design provided in ISO/IEC Guide 71 and using the data provided in ISO/TR 22411.
It is not restricted to any specific environment but provides the general principles that allow assessment and
evaluation, and can contribute to the development of standards concerned with specific environments. It is
applicable to built environments as well as to other indoor, vehicle and outdoor environments. Nor is it restricted
to specific environmental components; it includes assessment of acoustic environments, thermal environments,
lighting, air quality and other environmental factors that could be considered to influence the health, comfort
and performance of people with special requirements in an environment.
It is applicable to all occupants of such environments who can be considered to have special requirements.
NOTE This will depend upon context and can, for example, include babies, infants, men or women, people with
disabilities, older or ill people. A person could have a special requirement in one type of environment but not in another.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13731, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Vocabulary and symbols
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13731 and the following apply.
3.1
accessible design
design focussed on principles of extending standard design to people with some type of performance limitation
to maximize the number of potential customers who can readily use a product, building or service which may
be achieved by
— designing products, services and environments that are readily usable by most users without any
modification,
— making products or services adaptable to different users (adapting user interfaces), and
— having standardized interfaces to be compatible with special products for persons with disabilities
NOTE 1 Terms such as design for all, barrier-free design, inclusive design and transgenerational design are used
similarly but in different contexts.
NOTE 2 Accessible design is a subset of universal design where products and environments are usable by all people,
to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.
[ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, definition 3.2]
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3.2
assistive technology
technology that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities
3.3
assistive device
piece of equipment, product system, hardware, software or service that is used to increase, maintain or improve
functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities
3.4
user
person who interacts with the product, service or environment
3.5
alternative format
different realization or presentation which may make products and services accessible by the use of another
modality or sensory ability
3.6
impairment
limitation in body function or structure, such as a significant deviation or loss of capability, which can be
temporary (for example, due to injury) or permanent (slight or severe and can fluctuate over time)
EXAMPLE Deterioration due to aging.
3.7
standard
document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and
repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given context
NOTE Standards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at
the promotion of optimum community benefits.
[ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004, definition 3.2]
3.8
international standard
standard that is adopted by an international standardizing/standards organization and made available to the public
[ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004, definition 3.2.1.1]
3.9
International Standard
international standard where the International Standards organization is ISO or IEC
3.10
adaptive opportunity
opportunity for a person to alter the environment to which he or she is exposed by behavioural (move away, adjust
posture, adjust clothing, etc.) or other means (open window, close door, adjust environmental controls etc.)
4 General factors requiring consideration when designing or evaluating
environments for people with special requirements
People with special requirements are people who generally fall outside the scope of most International
Standards. Standards for environmental design and assessment are often valid only for people with specific
characteristics who are frequently referred to as “normal” or “typical”. Environmental design for a wider
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population can require different conditions from those given in a standard, in order to provide comfort or avoid
unacceptable stress on the body.
NOTE Existing thermal International Standards cover a range of conditions, types of people and so on, which are
identified in the scope of those documents, thereby providing information for people who fall outside the scope and who
should be treated as people with special requirements.
One reason for standards to have a restricted scope in terms of user population, is that knowledge is incomplete
for people who might have special requirements in environmental design. These people often include children,
people with disabilities and older people. Although knowledge about such populations is incomplete, advice
can still be provided to ensure accessible design of environments.
Clauses 5 to 9 describe the assessment of the thermal, acoustic, visual, lighting, air quality and other
environments. For each environmental component, guidance is provided on how to apply the relevant
International Standards for people with special requirements.
General considerations include factors which affect a person’s response to the particular environmental
component. For example, body size and shape or the ability to move around can be important. The relevant
International Standards are then considered in terms of these general considerations. For example, if someone
with a spinal injury cannot sweat below the lesion, then a heat stress standard based upon sweat rate will
require appropriate modification. General advice can then be provided in terms of modifications to the relevant
International Standard in order to make it more valid for a wider range of people.
A characteristic of people who are not “normal” or “typical” is the wide variation in response across the
population; often, individual characteristics would have to be considered. In such cases, or where unacceptable
strain or threat to health are involved, then medical advice needs to be sought. In such cases, the information
provided in Clauses 5 to 9 should be brought to the attention of the medical advisor.
One particular consideration is the degree to which a person can modify exposure to environments by behavioural
measures. People with special requirements could have restricted behavioural opportunities (to move around,
change clothing, control the environment, etc.) and this will be important for all environmental components.
5 Considerations related to design and evaluation of the thermal environment
5.1 Factors requiring special consideration for design and evaluation
The following factors shall be considered when assessing the thermal environment.
a) Sensory impairment and paralysis
Some physical disabilities and methods of treatment (e.g. drugs) affect thermal sensation and requirements
for thermal comfort and health. Examples of drugs that can affect body temperature regulation are beta
blockers, diuretics, laxatives, anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, methydopa, MAO inhibitors,
tricyclic antidepressants, serotoninergic agonists, phenothiazines and vasoconstrictors.
Additional issues include methods for collecting valid and reliable data on the responses of people with
special requirements, e.g. pregnant women, older people or babies.
b) Difference in the shape of the body
The loss or atrophying of a limb makes the application of the Dubois’ surface area formula difficult and
prone to error. Consequently, it will have some influence on the concept of mean skin temperature. Infants
and babies will have somewhat different body proportions compared to average adults. This influences the
projected surface area available for heat exchange from different parts of the body and hence the impact
of thermal radiation, convection and evaporation.
c) Impairment of sweat secretion
It is not uncommon for more than 80 % of the sweat-secreting skin area to be impaired in quadriplegic
persons (high-level spinal cord injured persons) and some other paralytic diseases. This will affect the
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interpretation of thermal environment indices for hot environments, especially rational ones in which a
“normal” level of sweating is assumed and the concept of wettedness plays an important role.
d) Impairment of vasomotor control
Impairment of peripheral vasomotor control, often found in such groups as the aged, spinal-cord injured or
persons taking vasodilator drugs, affects adaptability to both cold and hot environments and often requires
special consideration when considering thermal conditions.
e) Differences in metabolic rate
People with physical disabilities who use technical aids such as wheelchairs often have low metabolic
rates due to their sedentary activity level. Conversely, others (such as those suffering athetosic cerebral
palsy) require greater energy to perform tasks and hence have a higher metabolic rate due to the greater
effort involved. Older persons are often less active and have a lower metabolic rate than average adults
but there are large individual differences.
f) Influence of thermal stress on other physiological functions
Cerebral apoplexy and cardiovascular attacks are often evoked by thermal stress in (cold) winters
and unusually hot summers. Sweat secretion can cause some cutaneous chronic diseases such as
epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. Cold environments may cause frequent urination. Strain is greater after
exhaustive work, night work, “jet lag”, etc.
5.2 Moderate thermal environments and people with special requirements
5.2.1 General considerations
Thermal conditions that are “normally” considered as moderate and providing thermal comfort, may not be
moderate or acceptable to people with disabilities. People with paralysis due to injury to the spinal cord, for
example, may report thermal sensation even on the paralyzed part of the body, which will also affect overall
body sensation and comfort. Peripheral vasomotor disorders will affect heat exchange with the environment and
studies have reported deterioration of thermal sensation and slow thermoregulatory responses in older people.
To evaluate whether an environment is acceptable or not, in addition to taking sensation votes, some simple
physiological measurement (of oral temperature, using a clinical thermometer, heart rate, etc.) can be necessary
on a regular basis. When at work, most people with special requirements are likely to be in what are, for the
average healthy person, moderate thermal environments.
5.2.2 ISO 7730, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and
interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal
comfort criteria
The PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) indices were statistically derived
from a theoretical comfort equation and experimental data obtained from a large number of subjects, mainly
healthy young adults, although some older persons were considered. The method given in ISO 7730 could
require modification for adequate prediction of the thermal sensation or dissatisfaction of people with disabilities
and older people with thermoregulatory impairments. The method given is not intended for predicting the thermal
sensation of persons, but rather to predict which thermal conditions (temperature, humidity, air velocity, clothing,
activity) are acceptable or preferred. Both laboratory and field studies suggest that the PMV/PPD indices may
adequately predict mean thermal responses for the majority of people with disabilities; however, they also show
a wide variation in responses, demonstrating that consideration of individual requirements is necessary.
The PMV comfort equation seems to be useful for evaluating moderate thermal environments, i.e. the effect of
the thermal environment on various persons with and without special requirements.
One problem with the structure of the comfort equation is the physiological background of the comfortable
evaporative heat loss related to activity level. Further examination is necessary to determine if the equation for
comfortable evaporation is appropriate for people with disabilities with impaired nervous control of sweating.
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When estimating the mean radiant temperature, differences in body shape can be taken into account, but this
is only of importance in environments with large directional differences in radiant temperature.
Persons with physical disabilities (e.g. spinal cord injury) often have vasoconstriction disorder and impaired
sweating. This means their thermoregulation system does not compensate well if the ambient temperature
deviates from the neutral temperature. Therefore, it is important for people with disabilities that the ambient
temperature be close to the neutral temperature. Most studies show that the preferred neutral ambient
temperature is the same as for people without disabilities and so the method in ISO 7730 can be used. People
with physical disabilities often also have lower activity levels. They may not easily be able to change their
activity or clothing level. Furthermore, the insulation of a wheelchair (0,1 to 0,2 clo) must be taken into account.
Under the same clothing and activity conditions, older persons may prefer the same neutral temperature
as younger people. Nevertheless, many older people have a lower activity level (spending more h
...
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