SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
(Main)Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols (ISO 11807-1:2021)
This document defines basic terms for integrated optical devices, their related optical chips and optical
elements which find applications, for example, in the fields of optical communications and sensors.
— The coordinate system used in Clause 3 is described in Annex A.
— The symbols and units defined in detail in Clause 3 are listed in Annex B
Integrierte Optik - Begriffe - Teil 1: Grundbegriffe und Formelzeichen optischer Wellenleiter (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Dieses Dokument definiert Grundbegriffe für integriert-optische Baugruppen und ihre zugehörigen optischen Chips und optische Elemente, die z. B. in den Bereichen der optischen Nachrichtentechnik und Sensorik eingesetzt werden.
- Das Koordinatensystem, welches in Abschnitt 3 verwendet wird, ist in Anhang A beschrieben.
- Die Symbole und Einheiten, die in Abschnitt 3 genau definiert werden, sind in Tabelle B.1 aufgeführt.
Optique intégrée - Vocabulaire - Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux et symboles des guides d'onde optique (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Le présent document définit les termes de base pour les dispositifs d'optique intégrée, leurs circuits et leur éléments optiques. Ils trouvent leur application dans les domaines des communications optiques et des détecteurs par exemple.
— Le système de coordonnées utilisé dans l’Article 3 est décrit à l'Annexe A.
— Les symboles et unités définis en détail dans l’Article 3 sont présentés dans le Tableau B.1.
Integrirana optika - Slovar - 1. del: Osnovni strokovni izrazi in simboli optičnih valovodov (ISO 11807-1:2021)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
01-december-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2005
Integrirana optika - Slovar - 1. del: Osnovni strokovni izrazi in simboli optičnih
valovodov (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols (ISO
11807-1:2021)
Integrierte Optik - Begriffe - Teil 1: Grundbegriffe und Formelzeichen optischer
Wellenleiter (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Optique intégrée - Vocabulaire - Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux et symboles des guides
d'onde optique (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ICS:
01.040.31 Elektronika (Slovarji) Electronics (Vocabularies)
31.260 Optoelektronika, laserska Optoelectronics. Laser
oprema equipment
SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
EN ISO 11807-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.31; 31.260 Supersedes EN ISO 11807-1:2005
English Version
Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide
basic terms and symbols (ISO 11807-1:2021)
Optique intégrée - Vocabulaire - Partie 1: Termes Integrierte Optik - Begriffe - Teil 1: Grundbegriffe und
fondamentaux et symboles des guides d'onde optique Formelzeichen optischer Wellenleiter (ISO 11807-
(ISO 11807-1:2021) 1:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 October 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 11807-1:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
EN ISO 11807-1:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
EN ISO 11807-1:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 11807-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172 "Optics
and photonics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 123 “Lasers and photonics” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 11807-1:2005.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 11807-1:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 11807-1:2021 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11807-1
Second edition
2021-10
Integrated optics — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Optical waveguide basic terms and
symbols
Optique intégrée — Vocabulaire —
Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux et symboles des guides d'onde optique
Reference number
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Waveguide structures . 2
3.3 Modes in integrated optical waveguides. 2
3.4 Refractive index distribution in integrated optical waveguides . 4
3.5 Properties of integrated optical waveguides . 8
3.6 Loss or attenuation in integrated optical waveguides. 8
Annex A (informative) Coordinate system .12
Annex B (informative) Symbols and units .13
Bibliography .14
iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172 Optics and photonics, Subcommittee
SC 9, Laser and electro optical systems, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 123, Lasers and photonics, in accordance with the agreement on
technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11807-1:2001), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Terminologies that have not been frequently used over the last 5 to 10 years are revised to those
matching to current trends.
— In the revision process, terminologies and definitions are compared to similar terminology
definitions in IEC and harmonized.
A list of all parts of ISO 11807 can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html .
iv
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
Introduction
The aim of this document is to clarify the terms of the field of “integrated optics” and to define a unified
vocabulary. It is expected that this document will be revised periodically to adopt the requirements of
customers and suppliers of integrated optical products. At a later stage, it is planned to add definitions
from other International Standards which deal with integrated optics.
Some of the definitions are closely related to definitions given in IEC 60050-731. Wherever this can lead
to misunderstanding, integrated optics or integrated optical waveguide should be used together with
the defined term.
v
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
Integrated optics — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols
1 Scope
This document defines basic terms for integrated optical devices, their related optical chips and optical
elements which find applications, for example, in the fields of optical communications and sensors.
— The coordinate system used in Clause 3 is described in Annex A.
— The symbols and units defined in detail in Clause 3 are listed in Annex B.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11807-2, Integrated optics — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms used in classification
ISO 14881, Integrated optics — Interfaces — Parameters relevant to coupling properties
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11807-2 and ISO 14881 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
integrated optics
planar optical waveguide (3.2.1) structures, manufactured either in or on a substrate (3.2.6), including
the optical components necessary for the input and output coupling of lightwaves
Note 1 to entry: In this context the term “planar” is used to include small deviations from planarity which are
associated with Luneburg lenses, for example. By use of a suitable material, it is possible to integrate both
optoelectronic and purely optical functions on the same substrate. The simplest case is electrodes, which can
be used for controlling the properties of a waveguide. It is also possible to fabricate lasers and detectors using
compound semiconductor materials.
Note 2 to entry: It is envisaged that integrated optical components will be combined with other microtechnologies,
such as microelectronics and micromechanics, to build more complex systems. However, such systems are
beyond the scope of this document, which will be concerned only with the integrated optical component and its
immediate interfaces (see IEC 60050-731:1991, 06-43).
1
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
3.2 Waveguide structures
3.2.1
waveguide
transmission line designed to guide optical power consisting of structures which guide lightwaves on
the basis of a higher refractive index in the core (3.2.4) and a lower refractive index in the surrounding
material
Note 1 to entry: The lightwaves in a waveguide propagate in modes.
3.2.2
slab waveguide
waveguide (3.2.1) which confines the optical field between two light guiding parallel surfaces
Note 1 to entry: See Figure A.1 where the Cartesian coordinate system is indicated for defining the several
terminologies relating to waveguides.
Note 2 to entry: In the previous edition "planar waveguide" was used as a synonym.
3.2.3
strip waveguide
channel waveguide
waveguide (3.2.1) which confines the optical field in a two-dimensional cross-sectional area
perpendicular to the lightwave propagating direction (wave vector) along a one-dimensional path
3.2.4
core
region(s) of an integrated optical waveguide (3.2.1), in which the optical power is mainly confined
3.2.5
cladding
material surrounding the waveguide (3.2.1) core (3.2.4)
Note 1 to entry: In contrast to optical fibres for integrated optical waveguides, the cladding often consists of
more than one material. Normally, it is necessary to distinguish between lower cladding and upper cladding due
to the planar fabrication process of integrated optical waveguides.
3.2.6
substrate
carrier onto or within which the integrated optical waveguide (3.2.1) is fabricated
3.2.7
superstrate
cladding (3.2.5) medium or layer structure with which the core (3.2.4) of the integrated optical
waveguide (3.2.1) is covered
Note 1 to entry: An electrode, for example, should not be considered as a superstrate. Although it covers the
waveguide, it does not influence the optical properties of the waveguide due to an optically insulating layer of
sufficient thickness.
3.3 Modes in integrated optical waveguides
3.3.1
mode
eigenfunction of Maxwell's equations, representing an electromagnetic field in a certain space domain
and belonging to a family of independent solutions defined by specific boundary conditions
Note 1 to entry: Each mode is defined according to its order in the vertical and horizontal directions and its
polarization, the latter being separated into TE- and TM-modes. The mode order is given by indexing TE and
ij
TM , where TE and TM represent the y- and x-direction of polarization, respectively. The symbols, i and j define
ij
the mode indices (the order) along x (horizontal) and y (vertical) respectively.
2
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 11807-1:2021
ISO 11807-1:2021(E)
3.3.2
guided mode
electromagnetic wave whose electric field decays monotonically in the transverse direction everywhere
outside the core (3.2.4) and which does not lose power
3.3.3
TE mode
transverse electromagnetic wave, where the electric field vector is normal to the direction of
propagation; i.e., the electric field vector lies in the transverse plane (xy-plane)
Note 1 to entry: Strictly speaking, in strip waveguides, hybrid modes having a non-zero component of the electric
and magnetic field in the direction of propagation do exist. Pure TE- and TM-modes are only found in waveguides
with a corresponding geometry — for example in slab waveguides. For integrated optical waveguides in planar
substrates, the polarization state is usually defined relative to the substrate surface. In slab waveguides, the
electric field vector of TE modes lies in the y-direction, as a result of the choice of the coordinate system.
3.3.4
TM mode
transverse electromagnetic wave, where the magnetic field vector is normal to the direction of
propagation; i.e., the magnetic field vector lies in the transverse plane (xy-plane)
Note 1 to entry: In slab waveguides, the magnetic field vector of TM mode lies in the y-direction, as a result of the
choice of the coordinate system.
3.3.5
evanesce
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
01-maj-2020
Integrirana optika - Slovar - 1. del: Osnovni strokovni izrazi in simboli (ISO/DIS
11807-1:2020)
Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols
(ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020)
Integrierte Optik - Begriffe - Teil 1: Grundbegriffe und Formelzeichen (ISO/DIS 11807-
1:2020)
Optique intégrée - Vocabulaire - Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux et symboles des guides
d'onde optique (ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 11807-1
ICS:
01.040.31 Elektronika (Slovarji) Electronics (Vocabularies)
31.260 Optoelektronika, laserska Optoelectronics. Laser
oprema equipment
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 11807-1
ISO/TC 172/SC 9 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-03-30 2020-06-22
Integrated optics — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols
ICS: 31.260; 01.040.31
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Waveguide structures . 2
3.3 Modes in integrated optical waveguides . 2
3.4 Refractive index distribution in integrated optical waveguides . 5
3.5 Properties of integrated optical waveguides . 9
3.6 Loss or attenuation in integrated optical waveguides .10
Annex A (informative) Coordinate system .15
Annex B (informative) Symbols and units .16
Bibliography .17
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172 Optics and photonics, Subcommittee
SC 9, Laser and electro optical systems.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11807-1:2001), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Terminologies that have not been frequently used over the last 5 to 10 years are revised to those
matching to current trends.
— In the revision process, terminologies and definitions are compared to similar terminology
definitions in IEC and harmonized.
A list of all parts of ISO 11807 can be found on the ISO Website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html .
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
Introduction
The aim of this part of ISO 11807 is to clarify the terms of the relatively new field of “integrated optics”
and to define a unified vocabulary at a time when the first products are coming onto the market. It is
expected that this part of ISO 11807 will be revised periodically to adopt the requirements of customers
and suppliers of integrated optical products. At a later stage, it is planned to add definitions from other
International Standards which deal with integrated optics.
Some of the definitions are closely related to definitions given in IEC 60050, International electrotechnical
vocabulary. Wherever this can lead to misunderstanding, integrated optics or integrated optical
waveguide should be used together with the defined term.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
Integrated optics — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols
1 Scope
This document defines basic terms for integrated optical devices, their related optical chips and optical
elements which find applications, for example, in the fields of optical communications and sensors.
— The coordinate system used in Clause 3 is described in Annex A.
— The symbols and units defined in detail in Clause 3 are listed in Table B.1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11807-2, Integrated optics -- Vocabulary -- Part 2: Terms used in classification
ISO 14881, Integrated optics -- Interfaces -- Parameters relevant to coupling properties
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11807-2 and ISO 14881 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1 General
3.1.1
integrated optics
planar optical waveguide structures, manufactured either in or on a substrate, including the optical
components necessary for the input and output coupling of lightwaves
Note 1 to entry: In this context the term “planar” is used to include small deviations from planarity such as
are incurred with, for example, Luneburg lenses. By use of a suitable material, it is possible to integrate both
optoelectronic and purely optical functions on the same substrate. The simplest case is electrodes, which can be
used for controlling the properties of a waveguide. It is, however, possible to fabricate lasers and detectors using
compound semiconductor materials.
Note 2 to entry: It is envisaged that integrated optical components will be combined with other microtechnologies,
such as microelectronics and micromechanics, to make more complex systems. However, such systems are
beyond the scope of this part of ISO 11807, which will be concerned only with the integrated optical component
and its immediate interfaces (see IEC 60050-731/06-43).
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
3.2 Waveguide structures
3.2.1
waveguide
transmission line designed to guide optical power consisting of structures which guide lightwaves on
the basis of a higher refractive index in the core and a lower index of refraction in the surrounding
material
Note 1 to entry: The lightwaves in a waveguide propagate in modes.
3.2.2
slab waveguide
planar waveguide
waveguide which confines the optical field in rectangular crosssection along a parallel extended light
guiding surface or between two such surfaces
Note 1 to entry: See Figure A.1 where the Cartesian coordinate system is indicated for defining the several
terminologies relating to waveguides.
3.2.3
strip waveguide
channel waveguide
waveguide which confines the optical field in a two-dimensional cross-sectional area perpendicular to
the lightwave propagating direction (wavenumber vector) along a one-dimensional path
3.2.4
core
the region(s) of an integrated optical waveguide, in which the optical power is mainly confined
3.2.5
cladding
material surrounding the waveguide core
Note 1 to entry: In contrast to optical fibres for integrated optical waveguides, the cladding often consists of
more than one material. Normally, it is necessary to distinguish between lower cladding and upper cladding due
to the planar fabrication process of integrated optical waveguides.
3.2.6
substrate
carrier onto or within which the integrated optical waveguide is fabricated
3.2.7
superstrate
medium or layer structure with which the integrated optical waveguide is covered
Note 1 to entry: An electrode, for example, should not be designated as a superstrate. Although it covers the
waveguide, it would not influence the optical properties of the waveguide due to an optically insulating layer of
sufficient thickness.
3.3 Modes in integrated optical waveguides
3.3.1
mode
eigenfunction of Maxwell's equations, representing an electromagnetic field in a certain space domain
and belonging to a family of independent solutions defined by specific boundary conditions
Note 1 to entry: Each mode is defined according to its order in the vertical and horizontal directions and its
polarization, the latter being separated into TE- and TM-modes. The mode order is given by indexing TE and
ij
TM , where TE and TM represent respectively the y- and x-direction of polarization, and i and j define the mode
ij
indices (the order) along x (horizontal) and y (vertical) respectively.
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3.3.2
guided mode
electromagnetic wave whose electric field decays monotonically in the transverse direction everywhere
external to the core and which does not lose power
3.3.3
TE mode
transverse electromagnetic wave, where the electric field vector is normal to the direction of
propagation; i.e., the electric field vector lies in the transverse plane (xy-plane).
Note 1 to entry: Strictly speaking, in strip waveguides, hybrid modes having the non-zero component of the
electric and magnetic field in the direction of propagation do exist. Pure TE- and TM-waves are only found in
waveguides with a corresponding geometry — for example in slab waveguides. For integrated optical waveguides
in planar substrates, it is natural to define the polarization state relative to the substrate surface. Because the
terms TE and TM are used and well understood in general language in the context of planar waveguides, they are
also applied in the same sense to strip waveguides.
Note 2 to entry: In planar waveguides, the electric field vector of TE mode lies in the y direction, as a result of the
definition.
3.3.4
TM mode
transverse electromagnetic wave, where the magnetic field vector is normal to the direction of
propagation; i.e., the magnetic field vector lies in the transverse plane (xy-plane).
Note 1 to entry: In planar waveguides, the magnetic field vector of TM mode lies in the y direction, as a result of
the definition.
3.3.5
evanescent field
time varying electromagnetic field in an integrated optical waveguide whose field amplitude
decays very rapidly and monotonically in the transverse direction outside the core, but without an
accompanying phase shift
3.3.6
leaky mode
mode having an evanescent field in the transverse direction external to the core for a finite distance
but with an oscillating field in the transverse direction everywhere beyond that distance
Note 1 to entry: A leaky mode is attenuated due to radiation losses along the waveguide.
3.3.7
radiation mode
mode which transfers power in the transverse direction everywhere external to the core
3.3.8
single-mode waveguide
waveguide which guides only one mode order
Note 1 to entry: The waveguide mode may consist of two orthogonal states of polarization.
3.3.9
multimode waveguide
waveguide which supports more than one guided mode
3.3.10
waveguide cutoff
transition of a guided mode at which the propagation changes from being guided to being leaky or
radiative
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3.3.11
cutoff wavelength
vacuum wavelength above which a given mode cannot exist in the waveguide
Note 1 to entry: Due to the generally short length of integrated optical waveguides, the measured value largely
depends on the waveguide structure. Therefore, special waveguide structures have to be fabricated to measure
the cutoff wavelength. The measurement methods known for optical fibres cannot be applied to integrated
optical waveguides.
Note 2 to entry: In fibre optics, the term cutoff wavelength is used to describe the cutoff wavelength of the second-
order mode. The reason is that the fundamental mode of a symmetrical dielectric waveguide has no cutoff and
the cutoff wavelength of the second order mode determines the single mode condition.
3.3.12
effective refractive index
equivalent refractive index
n
eff
ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the phase velocity of the guided mode
Note 1 to entry: The effective or equivalent refractive index is determined by the waveguide dimensions and
the refractive index profile of the waveguide, including the medium bordering the core of the waveguide and
the wavelength. Each mode capable of propagation is characterized by its individual effective or equivalent
refractive index.
Note 2 to entry: The terms “effective index” and “equivalent index” are both used for the same quantity defined by
β
n =
eff
k
0
where
β is the propagation constant of a mode in a waveguide;
k is the propagation constant of a plane wave in vacuum.
0
Note 3 to entry: The term “effective index” is also used for the quantity similar to “group index” defined by
dn dn
nn=+k =−n λ
eff 0
dk dλ
0
which is defined for a bulk material with the refractive index n. This quantity determines the free spectral range
or the spacing of the adjacent peak wavelength ∆λ of resonators, such as Fabry-Perot resonators, given by
2
λ
0
Δ=λ −
2Ln
eff
where
L is the length of cavity;
λ is the centre wavelength of the resonator.
0
To avoid confusion, the term “equivalent index” is commonly used for the quantity, given by
β
n =
eq
k
0
in the field of guided wave optics. However, the term “effective index” has been traditionally used for the same
quantity in the field of microwave transmission. Therefore, both terms are equally used in this document.
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3.4 Refractive index distribution in integrated optical waveguides
3.4.1
refractive index profile
refractive index n(x, y) across a cross section of the waveguide as a function of position
3.4.2
step index profile
refractive index profile which is characterized by an almost constant refractive index within the
waveguide core and a sharp drop in refractive index at the boundary between the core and the cladding
(substrate or superstrate)
Note 1 to entry: The width of the index transition is small in comparison with the wavelength.
3.4.3
graded index profile
index profile in which the refractive index varies continuously in the core as a function of distance from
the axis
Note 1 to entry: The width of the index variation is large in comparison with the wavelengt
...
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