SIST ISO 19144-2:2015

Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)

This part of ISO 19144 specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that
allows different land cover classification systems to be described based on the physiognomic aspects. This part
of ISO 19144 also specifies the detailed structure of a register for the extension of LCML but does not specify
the maintenance of the register. This part of ISO 19144 recognizes that there exist a number of land cover
classification systems. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data
for any generic land cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.

Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture végétale (LCML)

Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 2. del: Metajezik za pokrovnost (LCML)

Ta del standarda ISO 19144 določa metajezik za pokrovnost, ki je izražen kot metamodel UML in omogoča opis različnih klasifikacijskih sistemov za pokrovnost na osnovi fizionomije. Ta del standarda ISO 19144 določa tudi podrobno strukturo registra za razširitev metajezika za pokrovnost, vendar ne določa njegovega vzdrževanja. Ta del standarda ISO 19144 priznava, da obstaja več klasifikacijski sistemov za pokrovnost. Podaja splošno referenčno strukturo za primerjavo in integracijo podatkov za kateri koli splošen klasifikacijski sistem za pokrovnost, vendar ne namerava nadomestiti teh klasifikacijskih sistemov.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Public Enquiry End Date: 31-Jan-2012
• Publication Date: 19-Jan-2015
• Withdrawal Date: 22-Jul-2024
• ICS: 07.040 - Astronomy. Geodesy. Geography
• ICS: 35.060 - Languages used in information technology
• ICS: 35.240.70 - IT applications in science
• Technical Committee: GIG - Geographic information
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 22-Jul-2024
• Due Date: 14-Aug-2024
• Completion Date: 23-Jul-2024
• Ref Project: ISO 19144-2:2012 - Geographic information - Classification systems — Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2015
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 2. del: Metajezik za pokrovnost
(LCML)
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language
(LCML)
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 2: Métalangage de
couverture végétale (LCML)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19144-2:2012
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.060 Jeziki, ki se uporabljajo v Languages used in
informacijski tehniki in information technology
tehnologiji
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19144-2
First edition
2012-07-01
Geographic information —
Classification systems —
Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture du sol (LCML)
Reference number
©
ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
2.1 Classes . 1
2.2 Conformance of a land cover classification system . 1
2.3 Conformance of a register for the extension of the metalanguage . 1
2.4 Conformance of a comparison process of land cover classification systems . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations . 2
4.1 Terms and definitions . 2
4.2 Abbreviations . 3
5 Notation . 4
6 Context . 4
7 Conceptual basis . 6
7.1 Definition adopted for land cover . 6
7.2 LCML approach to class definition . 6
8 LCML objects . 8
8.1 Introduction to LCML objects . 8
8.2 Relation to ISO 19144-1 Classification system structure . 8
8.3 Composition of a LC_LandCover object . 9
8.4 Elements of the LCML metamodel .10
8.5 High level structure .10
8.6 Land Cover Meta Language object structure . 11
8.7 LC_Element .17
8.8 LC_VegetationElement .18
8.9 LC_GrowthForm .18
8.10 LC_WoodyGrowthForm .20
8.11 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm .22
8.12 LC_LichenAndMoss .24
8.13 LC_AbioticElement .25
8.14 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement .26
8.15 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement .26
8.16 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement .27
8.17 LC_BuiltUpSurface .30
8.18 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface .33
8.19 LC_RocksSurfaceElement .34
8.20 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement .35
8.21 LC_ClassCharacteristic .37
8.22 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic .40
8.23 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic .42
8.24 LC_NameAttributionCriteria .46
8.25 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetation .48
8.26 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic .52
8.27 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic .54
8.28 LC_ValueObject permitted numeric values .56
9 Extension of the LCML .60
9.1 Introduction .60
9.2 Backward compatibility .60
9.3 LCML register structure .61
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .67
Annex B (informative) The relationship of the LCML to the General Feature Model of ISO 19109.69
Annex C (informative) Examples .71
Annex D (informative) Glossary of land cover meta-elements .89
Bibliography .106
Alphabetical index to terms in glossary .108
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19144-2 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO)
and Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement
between the two organizations.
ISO 19144 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Classification systems:
— Part 1: Classification system structure
— Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Introduction
Efficient assessment of land cover and the ability to monitor change are fundamental to sustainable management
of natural resources, environmental protection, food security and successful humanitarian programmes. Such
information is also required to help towards raising levels of nutrition, improving agricultural productivity,
enhancing the lives of rural populations and contributing to sustainable growth of the world economy. However,
in the past, policy-makers and planners have not had access to reliable and comparable land cover data, not
only for lower-income countries but also at the regional and global levels.
Access has been limited by two factors: Lack of mapping activities and lack of commonality between systems.
The solution has been to carry out separate regional mapping projects using national or regional land cover
classification systems. However, it has not been possible to compare or to exchange information between
current systems.
The aim of this part of ISO 19144 is to enable the comparison of information from existing classification systems
in a meaningful way without replacing them. The aim is to complement the development of future classification
systems that can offer more reliable collection methods for particular national or regional purposes by allowing
them to be described in a consistent manner.
A critical factor in implementing such global activities is the availability of a common, umbrella land cover
classification system structure. This then provides a reliable basis for interaction without replacing the
increasing number of national, regional and global land cover mapping and monitoring activities. This enables
comparisons of land cover classes to be made regardless of mapping scale, land cover type, data collection
method or geographic location.
Another critical factor is the availability of a common reference for land cover classification systems. This part of
ISO 19144 provides a metalanguage expressed as a UML model that allows different land cover
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2015
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 2. del: Metajezik za pokrovnost
(LCML)
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language
(LCML)
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 2: Métalangage de
couverture végétale (LCML)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19144-2:2012
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19144-2
First edition
2012-07-01
Geographic information —
Classification systems —
Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture du sol (LCML)
Reference number
©
ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
2.1 Classes . 1
2.2 Conformance of a land cover classification system . 1
2.3 Conformance of a register for the extension of the metalanguage . 1
2.4 Conformance of a comparison process of land cover classification systems . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations . 2
4.1 Terms and definitions . 2
4.2 Abbreviations . 3
5 Notation . 4
6 Context . 4
7 Conceptual basis . 6
7.1 Definition adopted for land cover . 6
7.2 LCML approach to class definition . 6
8 LCML objects . 8
8.1 Introduction to LCML objects . 8
8.2 Relation to ISO 19144-1 Classification system structure . 8
8.3 Composition of a LC_LandCover object . 9
8.4 Elements of the LCML metamodel .10
8.5 High level structure .10
8.6 Land Cover Meta Language object structure . 11
8.7 LC_Element .17
8.8 LC_VegetationElement .18
8.9 LC_GrowthForm .18
8.10 LC_WoodyGrowthForm .20
8.11 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm .22
8.12 LC_LichenAndMoss .24
8.13 LC_AbioticElement .25
8.14 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement .26
8.15 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement .26
8.16 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement .27
8.17 LC_BuiltUpSurface .30
8.18 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface .33
8.19 LC_RocksSurfaceElement .34
8.20 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement .35
8.21 LC_ClassCharacteristic .37
8.22 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic .40
8.23 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic .42
8.24 LC_NameAttributionCriteria .46
8.25 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetation .48
8.26 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic .52
8.27 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic .54
8.28 LC_ValueObject permitted numeric values .56
9 Extension of the LCML .60
9.1 Introduction .60
9.2 Backward compatibility .60
9.3 LCML register structure .61
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .67
Annex B (informative) The relationship of the LCML to the General Feature Model of ISO 19109.69
Annex C (informative) Examples .71
Annex D (informative) Glossary of land cover meta-elements .89
Bibliography .106
Alphabetical index to terms in glossary .108
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19144-2 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO)
and Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement
between the two organizations.
ISO 19144 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Classification systems:
— Part 1: Classification system structure
— Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Introduction
Efficient assessment of land cover and the ability to monitor change are fundamental to sustainable management
of natural resources, environmental protection, food security and successful humanitarian programmes. Such
information is also required to help towards raising levels of nutrition, improving agricultural productivity,
enhancing the lives of rural populations and contributing to sustainable growth of the world economy. However,
in the past, policy-makers and planners have not had access to reliable and comparable land cover data, not
only for lower-income countries but also at the regional and global levels.
Access has been limited by two factors: Lack of mapping activities and lack of commonality between systems.
The solution has been to carry out separate regional mapping projects using national or regional land cover
classification systems. However, it has not been possible to compare or to exchange information between
current systems.
The aim of this part of ISO 19144 is to enable the comparison of information from existing classification systems
in a meaningful way without replacing them. The aim is to complement the development of future classification
systems that can offer more reliable collection methods for particular national or regional purposes by allowing
them to be described in a consistent manner.
A critical factor in implementing such global activities is the availability of a common, umbrella land cover
classification system structure. This then provides a reliable basis for interaction without replacing the
increasing number of national, regional and global land cover mapping and monitoring activities. This enables
comparisons of land cover classes to be made regardless of mapping scale, land cover type, data collection
method or geographic location.
Another critical factor is the availability of a common reference for land cover classification systems. This part of
ISO 19144 provides a metalanguage expressed as a UML model that allows different land cover classification
systems to be described.
This part of ISO 19144 establishes a metalanguage for a set
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19144-2
First edition
2012-07-01
Geographic information —
Classification systems —
Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture du sol (LCML)
Reference number
©
ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
2.1 Classes . 1
2.2 Conformance of a land cover classification system . 1
2.3 Conformance of a register for the extension of the metalanguage . 1
2.4 Conformance of a comparison process of land cover classification systems . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations . 2
4.1 Terms and definitions . 2
4.2 Abbreviations . 3
5 Notation . 4
6 Context . 4
7 Conceptual basis . 6
7.1 Definition adopted for land cover . 6
7.2 LCML approach to class definition . 6
8 LCML objects . 8
8.1 Introduction to LCML objects . 8
8.2 Relation to ISO 19144-1 Classification system structure . 8
8.3 Composition of a LC_LandCover object . 9
8.4 Elements of the LCML metamodel .10
8.5 High level structure .10
8.6 Land Cover Meta Language object structure . 11
8.7 LC_Element .17
8.8 LC_VegetationElement .18
8.9 LC_GrowthForm .18
8.10 LC_WoodyGrowthForm .20
8.11 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm .22
8.12 LC_LichenAndMoss .24
8.13 LC_AbioticElement .25
8.14 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement .26
8.15 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement .26
8.16 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement .27
8.17 LC_BuiltUpSurface .30
8.18 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface .33
8.19 LC_RocksSurfaceElement .34
8.20 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement .35
8.21 LC_ClassCharacteristic .37
8.22 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic .40
8.23 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic .42
8.24 LC_NameAttributionCriteria .46
8.25 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetation .48
8.26 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic .52
8.27 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic .54
8.28 LC_ValueObject permitted numeric values .56
9 Extension of the LCML .60
9.1 Introduction .60
9.2 Backward compatibility .60
9.3 LCML register structure .61
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .67
Annex B (informative) The relationship of the LCML to the General Feature Model of ISO 19109.69
Annex C (informative) Examples .71
Annex D (informative) Glossary of land cover meta-elements .89
Bibliography .106
Alphabetical index to terms in glossary .108
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19144-2 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO)
and Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement
between the two organizations.
ISO 19144 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Classification systems:
— Part 1: Classification system structure
— Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Introduction
Efficient assessment of land cover and the ability to monitor change are fundamental to sustainable management
of natural resources, environmental protection, food security and successful humanitarian programmes. Such
information is also required to help towards raising levels of nutrition, improving agricultural productivity,
enhancing the lives of rural populations and contributing to sustainable growth of the world economy. However,
in the past, policy-makers and planners have not had access to reliable and comparable land cover data, not
only for lower-income countries but also at the regional and global levels.
Access has been limited by two factors: Lack of mapping activities and lack of commonality between systems.
The solution has been to carry out separate regional mapping projects using national or regional land cover
classification systems. However, it has not been possible to compare or to exchange information between
current systems.
The aim of this part of ISO 19144 is to enable the comparison of information from existing classification systems
in a meaningful way without replacing them. The aim is to complement the development of future classification
systems that can offer more reliable collection methods for particular national or regional purposes by allowing
them to be described in a consistent manner.
A critical factor in implementing such global activities is the availability of a common, umbrella land cover
classification system structure. This then provides a reliable basis for interaction without replacing the
increasing number of national, regional and global land cover mapping and monitoring activities. This enables
comparisons of land cover classes to be made regardless of mapping scale, land cover type, data collection
method or geographic location.
Another critical factor is the availability of a common reference for land cover classification systems. This part of
ISO 19144 provides a metalanguage expressed as a UML model that allows different land cover classification
systems to be described.
This part of ISO 19144 establishes a metalanguage for a set of objects and rules (language) to describe land
cover features based on physiognomy that can be part of different land cover legends (nomenclature). This
provides a framework for comparing different systems and nomenclatures such as Corine, Africover, Anderson
(USGS), Global Map and national systems without replacing them. This is not a description of a nomenclature
nor is it a description of a specific set of classes.
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19144-2:2012(E)
Geographic information — Classification systems —
Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 19144 specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that
allows different land cover classification systems to be described based on the physiognomic aspects. This part
of ISO 19144 also specifies the detailed structure of a register for the extension of LCM
...