SIST EN 14276-1:2007
(Main)Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Part 1: Vessels - General requirements
Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Part 1: Vessels - General requirements
This European Standard specifies the requirements for material, design, manufacturing, testing and documentation for stationary pressure vessels intended for use in refrigerating systems and heat pumps. These systems are refer-enced in this standard as refrigerating systems as defined in EN 378-1.
This European Standard applies to vessels including welded or brazed attachments up to and including the nozzle flanges, screwed, welded or brazed connectors or to the edge to be welded or brazed at the first circumferential joint connecting piping or other elements.
This European Standard applies to pressure vessels with an internal pressure down to – 1 bar, to account for the evacuation of the vessel prior to charging with refrigerant.
This European Standard applies to both the mechanical loading conditions and thermal conditions as defined in EN 13445-3 associated with refrigerating systems. It applies to pressure vessels subject to the maximum allowable temperatures for which nominal design stresses for materials are derived using EN 13445-2 and EN 13445-3 or as specified in this standard. In addition vessels designed to this standard should have a maximum design tempera-ture not exceeding 200 °C and a maximum design pressure not exceeding 64 bars. Outside of these limits, it is es-sential that EN 13445 be used for the design, construction and inspection of the vessel. Under these circumstances it is important that the unique nature of refrigerating plant, as indicated in the introduction to this standard, also be taken into account.
It is important that pressure vessels used in refrigerating systems and heat pumps of category less than II as de-fined in Annex H comply with other relevant clauses of EN 378-2 for vessels.
This European Standard applies to pressure vessels where the main pressure bearing parts are manufactured from metallic ductile materials as defined in Clause 4 and Annex I of this standard.
This European Standard does not apply to vessels of t
Druckgeräte für Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Teil 1: Behälter - Allgemeine Anforderungen
1.1 Diese Europäische Norm legt die Anforderungen an Werkstoffe, Konstruktion, Herstellung, Prüfung, Aus-rüstungsteile mit Sicherheitsfunktion und Dokumentation für ortsfeste Druckbehälter für Kälteanlagen und Wärme-pumpen fest, die für das Inverkehrbringen maßgebend sind. Diese Anlagen werden in der vorliegenden Norm als Kälteanlagen nach EN 378-1 bezeichnet.
1.2 Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Druckbehälter mit angeschweißten oder angelöteten Bauteilen bis ein-schließlich Stutzenflansche, Schraub-, Schweiß- oder Lötverbindungen oder bis zu der ersten Schweiß- oder Lötnaht für den Anschluss von Rohrleitungen oder anderen Teilen.
1.3 Diese Europäische Norm gilt für die Auswahl, Anwendung und den Einbau von Ausrüstungsteilen mit
Sicherheitsfunktion zum Schutz der Druckbehälter während der verschiedenen Phasen des Kältemittelkreislaufs.
1.4 Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Druckbehälter bis - 1 bar, um die Luftabsaugung des Behälters vor dem Füllen mit Kältemittel zu berücksichtigen.
1.5 Diese Europäische Norm gilt sowohl für die mechanischen Belastungen als auch die thermischen Bean-spruchungen nach den Festlegungen in prEN 13445-3, die im Zusammenhang mit Kälteanlagen auftreten. Sie gilt für Druckbehälter mit den maximal zulässigen Temperaturen, für die die zulässigen Nennspannungen für die Werkstoffe nach den Teilen 2 und 3 der EN 13445 abgeleitet werden oder in dieser Norm festgelegt sind. Ferner sollten Behälter, die nach dieser Norm ausgelegt sind, eine maximale Auslegungstemperatur von 200 °C und einen maximalen Auslegungsdruck von 64 bar aufweisen. Außerhalb dieser Grenzwerte muss für die Konstruktion, Herstellung und Prüfung der Behälter prEN 13445 herangezogen werden. In diesen Fällen müssen die besonderen Merkmale der Kälteanlage, wie in der Einleitung der vorliegenden Norm angegeben, ebenfalls berücksichtigt
werden.
Equipements sous pression pour systemes de réfrigération et pompes a chaleur - Partie 1: Récipients - Exigences générales
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les exigences relatives aux matériaux, a la conception, a la fabrication, aux essais et a la documentation concernant les récipients sous pression fixes destinés a etre utilisés dans des systemes de réfrigération et pompes a chaleur. Ces systemes sont dénommés dans la présente norme , systemes de réfrigération tels que défini dans l’EN 378 1.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux récipients comportant les raccords soudés ou brasés y compris les brides de tubulure, les raccords vissés, soudés ou brasés ou d’autre part au bord a souder ou a braser au premier joint circulaire de raccordement a la tuyauterie ou a d’autres éléments.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux récipients soumis a une pression intérieure jusqu’a 1 bar nécessaire pour réaliser la vidange du récipient avant de charger le fluide frigorigene.
La présente Norme européenne concerne les conditions de chargement mécanique et les conditions thermiques telles que définies dans l’EN 13445 3 associées aux systemes de réfrigération. Elle s’applique aux récipients sous pression soumis aux températures maximales admissibles pour lesquelles sont induites les contraintes nominales de calcul en utilisant les EN 13445-2 et EN 13445-3 ou telles que spécifiées dans la présente norme. Les récipients conçus conformément a la présente norme doivent en outre avoir une température maximale de conception n’excédant pas 200 °C et une pression maximale de conception n’excédant pas 64 bars. En dehors de ces limites, l’EN 13445 doit etre utilisé pour la conception, la construction et l’inspection du récipient. Dans ces circonstances, la nature particuliere de l’installation de réfrigération, tel qu’indiqué dans l’introduction de la présente norme, doit également etre prise en compte.
Tlačna oprema za hladilne sisteme in toplotne črpalke - 1. del: Posode - Splošne zahteve
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Part 1: Vessels - General requirements]DKWHYHEquipements sous pression pour systemes de réfrigération et pompes a chaleur - Partie 1: Récipients - Exigences généralesDruckgeräte für Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Teil 1: Behälter - Allgemeine AnforderungenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14276-1:2006SIST EN 14276-1:2007en27.200Hladilna tehnologijaRefrigerating technology27.080Heat pumps23.020.30MHNOHQNHPressure vessels, gas cylindersICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14276-1:200701-januar-2007
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14276-1July 2006ICS 23.020.30; 27.080; 27.200 English VersionPressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps -Part 1: Vessels - General requirementsAppareils à pression pour systèmes de réfrigération et depompes à chaleur - Partie 1: Récipients - PrescriptionsgénéralesDruckgeräte für Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen - Teil 1:Behälter - Allgemeine AnforderungenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 May 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14276-1:2006: E
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
2 Contents Foreword.4 Introduction.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.8 3.1 Definitions.8 3.2 Symbols, quantities and units.11 4 Materials.13 4.1 General.13 4.2 Requirements for materials to be used for pressurised parts.14 4.3 Requirements for materials.14 4.4 Requirements for prevention of brittle fracture.15 4.5 Material documentation.16 4.6 Materials for non-pressure retaining parts.16 5 Pressure Vessel classification.16 5.1 Category of vessel.16 5.2 Fluid classification.17 6 Design.17 6.1 General.17 6.2 Corrosion and corrosion protection.17 6.3 Stress corrosion cracking.18 6.4 Loading.18 6.5 Maximum allowable pressure PS.18 6.6 Design pressure Pd.18 6.7 Calculation pressure P or Pc.19 6.8 Design temperature td.19 6.9 Minimum material temperature.19 6.10 Calculation temperature tc.19 6.11 Joint coefficient.20 6.12 Design stress.21 6.13 Access and inspection openings, venting and draining provisions, filling and discharge provisions and handling devices.22 6.14 Methods for design.23 7 Manufacturing.28 7.1 General.28 7.2 Material traceability.28 7.3 Manufacturing tolerances.28 7.4 Permanent joints.28 7.5 Forming of pressure parts.33 7.6 Post weld heat treatment.33
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
3 7.7 Internal cleanness.33 7.8 Repairs/Reworks.34 7.9 Finishing operations.34 8 Testing and inspection.34 8.1 Performance of inspection and testing.34 8.2 Design documentation, review and approval.34 8.3 Type approval.36 8.4 Calibration.36 8.5 Material.37 8.6 Manufacturing.37 8.7 Non destructive testing.37 8.8 Subcontracted elements.37 8.9 Final inspection.37 8.10 Marking.38 8.11 Documentation.39 Annex A (normative)
Alternative requirements for prevention of brittle fracture: Method according to temperature stress cases.41 Annex B (normative)
Specification and approval of brazing procedures, brazers and brazing
operators.45 Annex C (normative)
Pressure testing.59 Annex D (informative)
Relations between the different pressures.63 Annex E (normative)
Experimental methods.64 Annex F (normative)
Material characteristics for design.69 Annex G (informative)
Component classification in the sense of the
Pressure Equipment Directive (PED).71 Annex H (informative)
Selection of module of conformity.72 Annex I (normative)
Grouping system for materials.74 Annex J (informative)
DN System.76 Annex K (normative)
Specification and approval of expansion procedures and operators.77 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC.83 Bibliography.85
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
4 Foreword This document (EN 14276-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 182 “Refrigerating sys-tems, safety and environmental requirements”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2007. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to support Essential Requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC concerning Pressure Equip-ment. For relationship with EU directive 97/23/EC see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This document consists of the following parts under the general title "Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps": Part 1: Vessels – General requirements Part 2: Piping – General requirements According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following coun-tries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Esto-nia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
5 Introduction This standard recognises the unique nature of vessels for refrigerating systems or heat pumps and is intended to address the specific needs of the refrigeration and heat pump industry. This standard should be read in conjunction with the various parts of EN 13445. When the text of this standard modifies or supplements a clause within EN 13445, then this standard should pre-vail. Where this standard does not modify or supplement the requirements of a clause, the requirements of EN 13445 should prevail.
The unique nature of a refrigerating system is defined as follows: a) the purpose of the refrigerating system is to extract and reject heat (this involves both cooling and heating); b) to operate the refrigerating system a pressure-imposing element (e.g. a compressor or an energy source) is necessary; c) the refrigerating system has a defined refrigerant charge in a closed circuit; d) the refrigerant has a chemical composition and purity defined in the relevant standards; e) the pressure of the refrigerant decreases when the temperature decreases (see typical curve in Annex A of this standard); f) due to the maximum temperature limit of 200 °C and the maximum pressure limit of 64 bar, the time depend-ant creep and fatigue due to pressure variation or vibrations are not significant design factors except for some materials such as aluminium, copper and titanium where the fatigue shall be taken into account; g) the risk of overpressure is due to: — the pressure imposing element; — an external heat source (e.g. fire or hot water); — improper operation. h) the refrigerating system is designed to minimise refrigerant emissions and the ingress of contaminants. Only hermetic compressors are covered by this standard.
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the requirements for material, design, manufacturing, testing and documentation for stationary pressure vessels intended for use in refrigerating systems and heat pumps. These systems are refer-enced in this standard as refrigerating systems as defined in EN 378-1. This European Standard applies to vessels including welded or brazed attachments up to and including the nozzle flanges, screwed, welded or brazed connectors or to the edge to be welded or brazed at the first circumferential joint connecting piping or other elements. This European Standard applies to pressure vessels with an internal pressure down to – 1 bar, to account for the evacuation of the vessel prior to charging with refrigerant. This European Standard applies to both the mechanical loading conditions and thermal conditions as defined in EN 13445-3 associated with refrigerating systems. It applies to pressure vessels subject to the maximum allowable temperatures for which nominal design stresses for materials are derived using EN 13445-2 and EN 13445-3 or as specified in this standard. In addition vessels designed to this standard should have a maximum design tempera-ture not exceeding 200 °C and a maximum design pressure not exceeding 64 bars. Outside of these limits, it is im-portant that EN 13445 be used for the design, construction and inspection of the vessel. Under these circum-stances it is important that the unique nature of refrigerating plant, as indicated in the introduction to this standard, also be taken into account.
It is important that pressure vessels used in refrigerating systems and heat pumps of category less than II as de-fined in Annex H comply with other relevant clauses of EN 378-2 for vessels. This European Standard applies to pressure vessels where the main pressure bearing parts are manufactured from metallic ductile materials as defined in Clause 4 and Annex I of this standard.
This European Standard does not apply to vessels of the following types: — vessels of riveted construction;
— multilayered, autofrettaged or prestressed vessels; — vessels directly heated by a flame; — « roll bond » heat exchangers. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 287-1:2004, Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels EN 378-1:2000, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental requirements — Part 1: Basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria EN 378-2:2000, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental requirements — Part 2: De-sign, construction, testing, marking and documentation EN 378-4:2000, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Safety and environmental requirements — Part 4: Op-eration, maintenance, repair and recovery EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment - Part 1: Terminology - Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size EN 764-2:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units EN 764-3:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 3: Definition of parties involved EN 764-4:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 4: Establishment of technical delivery conditions for metallic materials
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
7 EN 764-5:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 5: Compliance and inspection documentation of materials EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology, require-ments and testing EN 910:1996, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Bend tests EN 1005-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery EN 1044:1999, Brazing - Filler metals EN 1045:1997, Brazing — Fluxes for brazing — Classification and technical delivery conditions EN 1173:1995, Copper and copper alloys — Material condition or temper designation EN 1418:1997, Welding personnel — Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld
setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials EN 10002-1:2001, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature EN 10111:1998, Continuously hot-rolled low carbon steel sheet and strip for cold forming — Technical delivery con-ditions EN 10130:1991 + A1:1998 , Cold-rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming — Technical delivery condi-tions EN 10160:1999, Ultrasonic testing of steel flat product of thickness equal or greater than 6 mm (reflection method) EN 10164:2004, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the product — Technical delivery conditions EN 10204:2004, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents EN 12517:1998 + A1:2002 + AC :2003, Non-destructive examination of welds — Radiographic examination of welded joints — Acceptance levels EN 12797:2000 + A1:2003, Brazing — Destructive tests of brazed joints EN 12799:2000 + A1:2003, Brazing — Non-destructive examination of brazed joints EN 13445-2:2002, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials EN 13445-3:2002, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design EN 13445-4:2002, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 4: Fabrication EN 13445-5:2002 + A2:2005, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing EN 13445-6:2002 + A1:2004, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron prEN 13445-8:2003, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 8: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of aluminium and aluminium alloys EN 22553:1994, Welded, brazed and soldered joints — Symbolic representation on drawings (ISO 2553:1992) EN ISO 3677:1995, Filler metal for soft soldering, brazing and braze welding — Designation (ISO 3677:1992) EN ISO 4063:2000, Welding and allied processes — Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers
(ISO 4063:1998) EN ISO 7438:2005, Metallic materials - Bend test (ISO 7438:2005) EN ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment (ISO 10012:2003) EN ISO 15607:2003, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — General rules
(ISO 15607:2003) EN ISO 15609-1:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding pro-cedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1:2004)
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
8 EN ISO 15611:2003, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification based on previous welding experience (ISO 15611:2003)
EN ISO 15612:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure (ISO 15612:2004)
EN ISO 15614-1:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding pro-cedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys (ISO 15614-1:2004) EN ISO 15614-8:2002, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding pro-cedure test — Part 8: Welding of tubes to tube-plate joints (ISO 15614-8:2002) ISO 817:2005, Refrigerants – Designation system ISO 857-1:1998, Welding and allied processes — Vocabulary — Part 1: Metal welding processes ISO 5187:1985, Welding and allied processes — Assemblies made with soft solders and brazing filler metals — Mechanical test methods 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions listed in EN 378-1:2000, EN 764-1:2004, EN 764-2:2002, EN 764-3:2002, EN 764-4:2002 EN 764-5:2002, ISO 857-1:1998 and the following apply. 3.1
Definitions 3.1.1 Temperatures stress cases 3.1.1.1 min t0 100 lowest temperature at which pressurised parts are allowed to be used at a stress of up to 100 % of the design stress at 20 °C (standard design stress) 3.1.1.2 min t0 75 lowest temperature at which pressurised parts are allowed to be used when their stress is a maximum of 75 % of the design stress at 20 °C (reduced stress) 3.1.1.3 min t0 50 lowest temperature at which pressurised parts are allowed to be used when their stress is a maximum of 50 % of the design stress at 20 °C (medium stress) 3.1.1.4 min t0 25
lowest temperature at which pressurised parts are allowed to be used when their stress is a maximum of 25 % of the design stress at 20 °C (low stress) 3.1.2 corrosion all forms of material wastage (e.g. oxidation, erosion, wear and abrasion) 3.1.3 material safety data sheet
document which gives all necessary information for prevention, safety, storage, transportation, labelling, use and disposal of substances and preparations which have a risk for health, safety or environment 3.1.4 maximum design temperature highest temperature that can occur during operation or standstill of the refrigerating system or during testing under test conditions NOTE This temperature is equivalent to the maximum allowable temperature as defined in article 1.2.4 of the PED.
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
9 3.1.5 minimum design temperature lowest temperature that can occur during operation or standstill of the refrigerating system or during testing under test conditions NOTE This temperature is equivalent to the minimum allowable temperature as defined in article 1.2.4 of the PED. 3.1.6 main pressure bearing part
components of the vessel retaining the pressure and contributing to the vessel strength such as shell, tubesheet, end plate, dished ends, connection or fitting
3.1.7 volume internal volume of a compartment ready for operation, including the volume of nozzles to the first connection (flange, coupling, weld, braze) and excluding the volume of permanent internal part 3.1.8 « roll bond » heat exchanger
heat exchanger consisting of two plates which are weld-bonded together with the exception of the printed circuit forming the refrigerant passage which is obtained by inflation under pressure 3.1.9 maximum operating pressure
maximum pressure which the vessel can withstand without the operation of any safety accessory with a continuous operation of the pressure generator (compressor, heat source.) NOTE This pressure determines the maximum operating conditions for equipment users. 3.1.10 maximum standstill pressure
maximum pressure which the vessel can withstand without operation of any safety accessory when the pressure generator is not in operation. This pressure occurs during transportation, storage or shut down of the pressure generator 3.1.11 deep drawing process of forming by stamping when the ratio of depth (H) by diameter (D) is greater than or equal to 0,45, see Figure 1
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
10
Key H depth D diameter Figure 1 — Deep drawing 3.1.12 manual brazing brazing operation performed and controlled by hand 3.1.13 semi-automatic brazing brazing with equipment which controls only the brazing filler metal feed.
NOTE The advance of the brazing is manually controlled 3.1.14 machine brazing brazing with equipment which performs the brazing operation under the constant control of a brazing operator 3.1.15 automatic brazing brazing with equipment which performs the brazing operation without constant observation and adjustment by a brazing operator 3.1.16 brazer person who performs a manual or semiautomatic brazing operation 3.1.17 brazing operator person who operates a machine or automatic brazing equipment 3.1.18 semiautomatic expansion expansion with equipment which controls the operation and where the operator manually introduces the equipment to the inside of the tube 3.1.19 machine expansion expansion with equipment which performs the expansion operation under the constant control of operator 3.1.20 automatic expansion expansion with equipment which performs the expansion operation without constant observation and adjustment by an expansion operator 3.1.21 expansion operator person who makes an expansion joint
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
11 3.1.22 rolling
plastic cold forming of tubes by means of a tool which have several rolls turning during the operation 3.2 Symbols, quantities and units Symbols, quantities and units used in this standard are listed in Table 1.
EN 14276-1:2006 (E)
12 Table 1 — Symbols, quantities and units Symbol Quantity Unit A elongation after fracture % At strengthened area tube side
mm² AV strengthened mm² AW effective area of expanded joint mm² c corrosion allowance mm dtube nominal outside diameter of tubes mm de external diameter of tube mm di internal diameter of tube mm Ds internal shell diameter mm DN Nominal diameter — e thickness mm eact actual thickness mm eb brazing joint size of tube in the tubesheet mm eW welding joint size of tube in the tubesheet mm en nominal thickness mm Etube Elasticity modulus for tube material at design temperature MPa f nominal design stress at design temperature MPa ftube nominal design stress of tube material at design temperature t °C MPa fttest
nominal design stress at test temperature t °C MPa Fs tube force generated by shell side N Ftube tube force generated by tube side N ltx expanded length on tube inside tubesheet mm lk unsupported tube length
mm
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