Winding wires - Test methods -- Part 5: Electrical properties

This part of IEC 60851 specifies the following tests: - Test 5: Electrical resistance; - Test 13: Breakdown voltage; - Test 14: Continuity of insulation; - Test 19: Dielectric dissipation factor; - Test 23: Pin hole. For definitions, general notes on methods of test and the complete series of methods of test for winding wires, see IEC 60851-1.

Wickeldrähte - Prüfverfahren - Teil 5: Elektrische Eigenschaften

Fils de bobinage - Méthodes d'essai -- Partie 5: Propriétés électriques

La CEI 60851-5:2008 donne les méthodes d'essai suivantes:  - Essai 5: Résistance électrique;  - Essai 13: Tension de claquage;  - Essai 14: Continuité de l'enveloppe isolante;  - Essai 19: Facteur de dissipation diélectrique.  Les modifications significatives par rapport à l'édition précédente comprennent les points suivants:  - Au Paragraphe 5.3, l'ajout de l'utilisation des électrodes balais en carbone pour le comptage des discontinuités pendant l'essai de continuité sous haute tension, comme alternative à l'électrode  poulie ayant une gorge en forme de 'V'; et  - Des clarifications apportées à l'essai de la tension de claquage pour les fils de section circulaire avec diamètre nominal du conducteur supérieur à 2,500 mm et pour les fils guipés de fibre.

Navijalne žice - Preskusne metode - 5. del: Električne lastnosti (IEC 60851-5:2008)

Ta del IEC 60851 določa naslednje preskuse: - Preskus 5: Električna upornost; - Preskus 13: Prebojna napetost; - Preskus 14: Neprekinjenost izolacije; - Preskus 19: Dielektrični faktor izgube; - Preskus 23: Poroznost. Za definicije, splošne opombe glede preskusnih metod in celoten niz preskusnih metod za navijalne žice glej IEC 60851-1.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
26-Nov-2008
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
14-Nov-2008
Due Date
19-Jan-2009
Completion Date
27-Nov-2008

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60851-5:2009
01-januar-2009
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60851-5:2001
1DYLMDOQHåLFH3UHVNXVQHPHWRGHGHO(OHNWULþQHODVWQRVWL ,(&
Winding wires - Test methods -- Part 5: Electrical properties
Wickeldrähte - Prüfverfahren - Teil 5: Elektrische Eigenschaften
Fils de bobinage - Méthodes d'essai -- Partie 5: Propriétés électriques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60851-5:2008
ICS:
29.060.10 Žice Wires
SIST EN 60851-5:2009 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60851-5

NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2008
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

ICS 29.060.10 Supersedes EN 60851-5:1996 + A1:1997 + A2:2004


English version


Winding wires -
Test methods -
Part 5: Electrical properties
(IEC 60851-5:2008)


Fils de bobinage -  Wickeldrähte -
Méthodes d'essai - Prüfverfahren -
Partie 5: Propriétés électriques Teil 5: Elektrische Eigenschaften
(CEI 60851-5:2008) (IEC 60851-5:2008)




This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2008-08-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels


© 2008 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60851-5:2008 E

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
EN 60851-5:2008 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 55/1069/FDIS, future edition 4 of IEC 60851-5, prepared by IEC TC 55, Winding
wires, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 60851-5
on 2008-08-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 60851-5:1996 + A1:1997 + A2:2004.
Significant revisions to EN 60851-5:1996 include the following points:
– in Subclause 5.3, the addition of the use of carbon brush electrodes for the counting discontinuities
during the high voltage continuity test, as an alternative to the V-groove pulley electrode;
– clarifications in the breakdown voltage test for round wires larger than 2,500 mm and for fibrous
covered wires.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2009-05-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2011-08-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60851-5:2008 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
- 3 - EN 60851-5:2008
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

1) 2)
IEC 60851-1 - Winding wires - Test methods - EN 60851-1 1996
Part 1: General




1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
IEC 60851-5
Edition 4.0 2008-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE


Winding wires – Test methods –
Part 5: Electrical properties

Fils de bobinage – Méthodes d’essai –
Partie 5: Propriétés électriques

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
U
CODE PRIX
ICS 29.060.10 ISBN 2-8318-9937-0
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 2 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
INTRODUCTION.6
1 Scope.7
2 Normative references .7
3 Test 5: Electrical resistance.7
4 Test 13: Breakdown voltage .8
4.1 Principle.8
4.2 Equipment.8
4.3 Enamelled round wire with a nominal conductor diameter up to and including
0,100 mm .9
4.4 Enamelled round wire with a nominal conductor diameter over 0,100 mm up
to and including 2,500 mm.10
4.4.1 Test at room temperature .10
4.4.2 Test at elevated temperature .11
4.5 Round wire with a nominal conductor diameter over 2,500 mm.12
4.5.1 Test at room temperature .12
4.5.2 Test at elevated temperature .14
4.6 Fibre wound round wire .14
4.6.1 Test at room temperature .14
4.6.2 Test at elevated temperature .16
4.7 Rectangular wire .16
4.7.1 Test at room temperature .16
4.7.2 Test at elevated temperature .16
5 Test 14: Continuity of insulation (applicable to enamelled round and tape wrapped
round wire) .17
5.1 General .17
5.2 Low-voltage continuity (nominal conductor diameter up to and including
0,050 mm).17
5.3 High-voltage continuity (nominal conductor diameter over 0,050 mm up to
and including 1,600 mm) .17
5.3.1 Principle .17
5.3.2 Equipment .18
5.3.3 Procedure.21
5.3.4 Result.22
6 Test 19: Dielectric dissipation factor (applicable to enamelled wire and bunched
wire) .22
6.1 Principle.22
6.2 Equipment.22
6.3 Specimen .23
6.3.1 Specimen for a metal bath electrode.23
6.3.2 Specimen for a conductive suspension electrode.23
6.4 Procedure .24
6.5 Result .24
7 Test 23: Pin hole test.24
Annex A (informative) Dissipation factor methods .25

Figure 1 – Arrangement of cylinder and specimen for the breakdown voltage test.10

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 3 –
Figure 2 – Device for twisting the specimen for breakdown voltage test .11
Figure 3 – U-bend specimen for the breakdown voltage test (specimen placed in shot
bath).13
Figure 4 – Coil-wound specimen for the breakdown voltage test .15
Figure 5 – Apparatus for testing the low-voltage continuity of covering .17
Figure 6 – High-voltage d.c. continuity – Pulleys for wire size 0,050 mm to 0,250 mm .19
Figure 7 – Pulley dimensions and spacing for wire size 0,250 mm to 1,600 mm .19
Figure 8a – Graphite fibre single brush electrode assembly .20
Figure 8b – Graphite fibre dual brush electrode assembly.21
Figure 8 – Graphite fibre single or dual brush electrode asssembly.21
Figure 9 – Suitable electrode arrangement for testing the dielectric dissipation factor.23
Figure A.1 – Example of linear method for sole coating.27
Figure A.2 – Example of logarithmic method for sole coating .27

Table 1 – Rates of test voltage increase .8
Table 2 – Loads applied to the wire .9
Table 3 – Loads applied to the wire and number of twists .11
Table 4 – Fault currents .18
Table 5 – Test voltages.22

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 4 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

WINDING WIRES –
TEST METHODS –

Part 5: Electrical properties


FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60851-5 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 55:
Winding wires.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (1996) and its amendments 1 (1997)
and 2 (2004). It constitutes a technical revision.
Significant revisions to the previous edition include the following points:
• in Subclause 5.3, the addition of the use of carbon brush electrodes for the counting
discontinuities during the high voltage continuity test, as an alternative to the V-groove
pulley electrode;
• clarifications in the breakdown voltage test for round wires larger than 2,500 mm and for
fibrous covered wires.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
55/1069/FDIS 55/1078/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 60851 series, under the general title Winding wires − Test
methods, can be found on the website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 6 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
INTRODUCTION
This part of IEC 60851 forms an element of a series of standards which deals with insulated
wires used for windings in electrical equipment. The series has three groups describing
a) winding wires – Test methods (IEC 60851);
b) specifications for particular types of winding wires (IEC 60317);
c) packaging of winding wires (IEC 60264).

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 7 –
WINDING WIRES –
TEST METHODS –

Part 5: Electrical properties



1 Scope
This part of IEC 60851 specifies the following tests:
– Test 5: Electrical resistance;
– Test 13: Breakdown voltage;
– Test 14: Continuity of insulation;
– Test 19: Dielectric dissipation factor;
– Test 23: Pin hole.
For definitions, general notes on methods of test and the complete series of methods of test
for winding wires, see IEC 60851-1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60851-1, Winding wires – Test methods – Part 1: General
3 Test 5: Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance is the d.c. resistance at 20 °C of 1 m of wire.
The method used shall provide a precision of 0,5 %.
For bunched wires a length of up to 10 m shall be used and the ends shall be soldered before
the measurement. When measuring the resistance to check for an excessive number of
broken wires, a length of 10 m of bunched wire shall be used.
If the resistance R is measured at a temperature t other than 20 °C, the resistance R
t 20
at 20 °C shall be calculated by means of the following formula:
R
t
R =
20
1+ α (t − 20)
where
t is the actual temperature in degrees Celsius during the measurement;
–1
α is the temperature coefficient in K .

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 8 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
In the temperature range from 15 °C to 25 °C, the temperature coefficient to be used shall be:
–3 –1
– for copper: α = 3,96 × 10 K ;
20
–3 –1
– for aluminium: α = 4,07 × 10 K .
20
One test shall be made. The electrical resistance shall be reported.
4 Test 13: Breakdown voltage
4.1 Principle
The test voltage shall be an a.c. voltage of 50 Hz or 60 Hz nominal frequency. The test
voltage shall be applied at zero and increased at a uniform rate according to Table 1.
Table 1 – Rates of test voltage increase
Breakdown voltage
Rate of
V
increase
Up to and
V/s
Over
including
– 500 20
500 2 500 100
2 500 – 500

4.2 Equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
– test transformer with a rated power of at least 500 VA providing an a.c. voltage of an
undistorted sine waveform under test conditions, with a peak factor being within the limits
of 2 ± 5 % (1,34 to 1,48) and with a capacity to supply a current of 5 mA with a maximum
voltage drop of 2 %;
– fault detection circuit, which operates at a current of 5 mA or more;
– arrangement to provide a uniform rise of the test voltage at the specified rate;
– oven with forced air circulation;
– polished metal cylinder, 25 mm ± 1 mm in diameter, mounted with its axis horizontal
(see Figure 1) and electrically connected to one terminal of the test voltage supply;
– twisting device according to Figure 2, that allows to twist two pieces of wire for a length of
125 mm;
– strips of metal foil, 6 mm in width and pressure sensitive tape, 12 mm in width;
– container with metal shot of stainless steel or nickel-plated iron. The diameter of the shot
shall not exceed 2 mm. The shot shall be cleaned periodically by suitable means;
– metal mandrel, 50 mm ± 2 mm in diameter;
– metal mandrel, 25 mm ± 1 mm in diameter.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 9 –
4.3 Enamelled round wire with a nominal conductor diameter up to and including
0,100 mm
A straight piece of wire with the insulation removed at one end shall be connected to the
upper terminal as shown in Figure 1 and wound once around the cylinder. A load as specified
in Table 2 shall be applied to the lower end of the wire to keep the specimen in close contact
with the cylinder.
The test voltage shall be applied according to 4.1 between the conductor of the wire and the
cylinder. The test shall be carried out at room temperature.
Five specimens shall be tested. The five single values shall be reported.
Table 2 – Loads applied to the wire
Nominal conductor diameter
Load
mm

Up to and
Over
including N

0,018 0,013
0,018
0,020 0,015
0,020
0,022 0,020
0,022
0,025 0,025
0,025
0,028 0,030
0,028
0,032 0,040
0,032
0,036 0,050
0,036
0,060
0,040
0,040
0,045 0,080
0,045
0,050 0,100
0,050
0,056 0,120
0,056
0,063 0,150
0,063
0,071 0,200
0,071
0,080 0,250
0,080
0,090 0,300
0,090
0,100 0,400

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 10 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008


1
3
2
4
Test voltage Test voltage
Load
IEC  1271/08

1 specimen
2 insulating material
3 upper terminal
4 cylinder
Figure 1 – Arrangement of cylinder and specimen
for the breakdown voltage test
4.4 Enamelled round wire with a nominal conductor diameter over 0,100 mm up to
and including 2,500 mm
4.4.1 Test at room temperature
A straight piece of wire, approximately 400 mm in length, with the insulation removed at both
ends, shall be twisted back on itself for a distance of (125 ± 5) mm on the twisting device as
shown in Figure 2. The ends of the wire shall be joined, and the load applied with the number
of twists, as given in Table 3. The loop at the end of the twisted section shall be cut at two
places to provide a maximum spacing between the cut ends. Any bending to ensure adequate
separation between the two wire ends shall avoid sharp bends or damage to the coating.
The test voltage shall be applied according to 4.1 between the conductors of the wires.
Five specimens shall be tested. The five single values shall be reported.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 11 –
Table 3 – Loads applied to the wire and number of twists
Nominal conductor diameter
Load
mm Number
of twists
Up to and
N
Over
including
0,100 0,250 0,85 33
0,250 0,355 1,70 23
0,355 0,500 3,40 16
0,500 0,710 7,00 12
0,710 1,060 13,50 8
1,060 1,400 27,00 6
1,400 2,000 54,00 4
2,000 2,500 108,00 3


Load
1 3 2
IEC  1272/08

1 spacer
2 rotary hook
3 specimen
Figure 2 – Device for twisting the specimen for breakdown voltage test
4.4.2 Test at elevated temperature
A specimen prepared according to 4.4.1 shall be placed in the oven preheated to the
specified test temperature ±3 °C. The test voltage shall be applied according to 4.1 between
the conductors of the wires in not less than 15 min after placing the specimen in the oven.
The test shall be completed within 30 min.
Five specimens shall be tested. The five single values shall be reported.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 12 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
4.5 Round wire with a nominal conductor diameter over 2,500 mm
4.5.1 Test at room temperature
A straight piece of wire of sufficient length, with the insulation removed at one end, shall be
bent around a mandrel as shown in Figure 3.
The diameter of the mandrel shall be 50 mm ± 2 mm.
The specimen shall be placed in the container and shall be surrounded by shot at least 5 mm
between the specimen and the inner walls of the container. The ends of the specimen shall be
sufficiently long to avoid flashover.
The shot shall be poured gently into a container until the specimen is covered by shot at a
depth of 90 mm. The metal shot shall be not more than 2 mm in diameter; balls of stainless
steel, nickel or nickel-plated iron have been found suitable. The shot shall be cleaned
periodically with a suitable solvent (for example, 1,1,1-trichloroethane).
The test voltage shall be applied according to 4.1, between the conductor and the shot.
NOTE By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, the test may be carried out with the specimen
under oil. Oil should be in accordance with IEC 60296 or as agreed upon between customer and supplier.
Five specimens shall be tested. The five single values shall be reported.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 13 –
Dimensions in millimetres

Test voltage electrodes
Bent wire specimen
~
Filling of metal shot not
more than 2 mm
diameter
≥5 ≥5
∅25
or
∅50
IEC  1273/08

Figure 3 – U-bend specimen for the breakdown voltage test
(specimen placed in shot bath)
90
≥5

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 14 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
4.5.2 Test at elevated temperature
A specimen prepared according to 4.5.1 shall be placed in the oven preheated to the
specified test temperature ±3 °C. The shot and container shall be preheated within the oven
at the test temperature and kept there during the loading of the test specimen. The loading
operation of the test specimen shall be performed very gently in order to avoid damage to the
specimen.
The test voltage shall be applied according to 4.1 between the conductor and the shot in not
less than 15 min after placing the specimen in the oven. The test shall be completed within
30 min.
The temperature shall be kept within ±3 °C.
Five specimens shall be tested. The five single values shall be reported.
4.6 Fibre wound round wire
4.6.1 Test at room temperature
A straight piece of wire of sufficient length with the insulation removed at one end shall be
bent 10 turns around a mandrel as shown in Figure 4. The diameter of the mandrel shall be
– 25 mm ± 1 mm for nominal diameter up to and including 2,500 mm;
– 50 mm ± 2 mm for nominal diameter over 2,500 mm.
The specimen shall be placed in the container as shown in Figure 4 and shall be surrounded
by shot at least 5 mm between the specimen and the inner walls of the container. There shall
be a minimum distance of 2,5 mm between adjacent turns. The ends of the specimen shall be
sufficiently long to avoid flashover.
The shot shall be poured gently into the container until the specimen is covered by shot at a
depth of 90 mm. The metal shot shall not be more than 2 mm in diameter; balls of stainless
steel, nickel or nickel-plated iron have been found suitable. The shot shall be cleaned once
per year.
The test voltage shall be applied according to 4.1 between the conductor of the wire and the
shot.
NOTE By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, the test may be carried out with the specimen
under oil. Oil should be in accordance with IEC 60296 or as agreed upon between customer and supplier.
Five specimens shall be tested. The five single values shall be reported.

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
60851-5 © IEC:2008 – 15 –
Dimensions in millimetres
Test voltage electrodes
Bent wire specimen
~
Filling of metal shot not
more than 2 mm
diameter
≥5
≥5
Space between
one turn and
the other turn
2,5 mm min.
IEC  1274/08

Figure 4 – Coil-wound specimen for the breakdown voltage test
∅25
or
∅50
90
≥5

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SIST EN 60851-5:2009
– 16 – 60851-5 © IEC:2008
4.6.2 Test at elevated temperature
A specimen prepared according to 4.6.1 shall be placed in the oven preheated to the
specified test temperature ±3 °C. The shot and container shall be preheated within the oven
at the test temperature and kept there dur
...

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