SIST-TP CEN/TR 15983:2010
(Main)Stationary source emissions - Guidance on the application of EN 14181:2004
Stationary source emissions - Guidance on the application of EN 14181:2004
This CEN Technical Report provides guidance for applying the European Standard EN 14181:2004. This CEN Technical Report provides guidance only on applying the quality assurance levels QAL1, QAL2 and QAL3 as well as the Annual Surveillance Test (AST). This CEN Technical Report is an informative document.
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Leitlinien zur Anwendung der EN 14181:2004
Dieser Technische Bericht vom CEN gibt Leitlinien zur Anwendung der Europäischen Norm EN 14181:2004.
Dieser Technische Bericht vom CEN gibt Leitlinien ausschließlich zur Anwendung der Qualitätssicherungsstufen
QAL1, QAL2 und QAL3 sowie der jährlichen Funktionsprüfung (AST).
Dieser Technische Bericht vom CEN ist ein informatives Dokument.
Emissions de sources fixes - Lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'EN 14181:2004
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Navodilo za uporabo EN 14181:2004
To tehnično poročilo Evropskega odbora za standardizacijo (CEN) zagotavlja navodila za uporabo evropskega standarda EN 14181:2004. To tehnično poročilo CEN zagotavlja navodila samo glede uporabe stopenj zagotavljanja kakovosti QAL1, QAL2 in QAL3, kot tudi letnega nadzornega preskusa (AST). To tehnično poročilo CEN je informativni dokument.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15983:2010
01-april-2010
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY1DYRGLOR]DXSRUDER(1
Stationary source emissions - Guidance on the application of EN 14181:2004
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Leitlinien zur Anwendung der EN 14181:2004
Emissions de sources fixes - Lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'EN
14181:2004
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15983:2010
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15983:2010 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 15983:2010
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15983
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2010
ICS 13.040.40
English Version
Stationary source emissions - Guidance on the application of EN
14181:2004
Emissions de sources fixes - Guide d'application de l'EN Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Leitlinien zur
14181:2004 Anwendung der EN 14181:2004
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 1 December 2009. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 264.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15983:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Terms and definitions .5
3 Symbols and abbreviations .9
3.1 Symbols .9
3.2 Abbreviations . 10
4 General guidance on quality assurance and calibration . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Regulatory framework and standards for monitoring . 10
4.3 Roles and responsibilities . 12
5 Application of QAL1 . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 AMS which are not yet installed at the plant . 13
5.3 AMS which are already installed at the plant . 13
6 Application of QAL2 and AST . 13
6.1 Tasks within QAL2 and AST . 13
6.2 Location and monitoring provisions for AMS . 14
6.3 Management system provisions for AMS . 14
6.4 Specific issues of the functional tests . 14
7 Calibration and validation of the AMS . 16
7.1 Standard reference methods . 16
7.2 Calibration using an SRM . 16
7.3 Low-level clusters . 20
7.4 Peripheral AMS measurements . 21
7.5 Establishing the calibration function and the test of variability . 21
7.6 Data points outside the calibration range . 22
7.7 Calibrating AMS for NO and TOC . 23
x
7.8 Significant changes to operating conditions and fuels . 24
7.9 Significant changes to an AMS . 24
8 On-going surveillance and quality assurance of AMS (QAL3) . 25
8.1 The necessity for QAL3 . 25
8.2 Choosing control charts . 25
8.3 Zero and span measurements . 26
8.4 Setting parameters for control charts . 29
Annex A (informative) An example of a procedure for determining outliers . 31
Annex B (informative) Alternative approaches for dealing with low-level clusters of emissions . 34
Annex C (informative) k values . 36
v
Annex D (informative) Shewhart and EWMA control charts . 37
Bibliography . 43
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15983:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”,
the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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Introduction
This CEN Technical Report provides supporting guidance on the application of EN 14181:2004. It is based on
the growing experiences with EN 14181:2004 throughout the CEN member countries. EN 14181:2004
specifies three levels of quality assurance (QAL), known as QAL1, QAL2 and QAL3 as well as an Annual
Surveillance Test (AST). This Technical Report explains the requirements of these levels of quality assurance
to achieve a consistent application of EN 14181:2004.
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1 Scope
This CEN Technical Report provides guidance for applying the European Standard EN 14181:2004.
This CEN Technical Report provides guidance only on applying the quality assurance levels QAL1, QAL2 and
QAL3 as well as the Annual Surveillance Test (AST).
This CEN Technical Report is an informative document.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
air quality characteristic
one of the quantifiable properties relating to an air mass under investigation, for example, concentration of a
constituent
[EN 14181:2004, 3.1]
2.2
automated measuring system
AMS
measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions
[EN 14181:2004, 3.2]
NOTE 1 An AMS is the automated application of a monitoring method, which is traceable to a reference method.
NOTE 2 Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample gas lines,
flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter, moisture removal devices,
converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that are required for regular functional
checks.
2.3
calibration function
linear relationship between the values of the SRM and the AMS with the assumption of a constant residual
standard deviation
[EN 14181:2004, 3.3]
NOTE The calibration function is established during QAL2 on stack gases.
2.4
competent authority
organisation which implements the requirements of EU Directives and regulates installations, which must
comply with the requirements of applicable European Standards
[EN 15267-1:2009, 3.3]
2.5
confidence interval (two-sided)
when T and T are two functions of the observed values such that, θ being a population parameter to be
1 2
estimated, the probability P (T ≤ θ ≤ T ) is at least equal to (1 – α) [where (1 – α) is a fixed number, positive
r 1 2
and less than 1], the interval between T and T is a two-sided (1 – α) confidence interval for θ
1 2
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[EN 14181:2004, 3.5]
2.6
CUSUM chart
calculation procedure in which the amount of drift and change in precision is compared to the corresponding
uncertainty components which are obtained during QAL1
[EN 14181:2004, 3.6]
2.7
drift
monotonic change of the calibration function over stated period of unattended operation, which results in a
change of the measured value
[EN 14181:2004, 3.7]
NOTE This refers to a change in the response of the AMS to a determinant which does not change.
2.8
emission limit value
ELV
limit value related to the uncertainty requirement
[EN 14181:2004, 3.8]
NOTE For EU Directives it is the daily emission limit value that relates to the uncertainty requirement.
2.9
extractive AMS
AMS having the detection unit physically separated from the gas stream by means of a sampling system
[EN 14181:2004, 3.9]
2.10
instability
change in the measured value comprised of drift and dispersion resulting from the change in the calibration
function over a stated period of unattended operation, for a given value of the air quality characteristic
NOTE 1 Drift and dispersion specify the monotonic and stochastic change with time of the output signal, respectively.
NOTE 2 This refers to a change in the response of the AMS to a determinant which does not change.
NOTE 3 Adapted from EN 14181:2004, 3.10.
2.11
instrument reading
indication of the measured value directly provided by the AMS without using the calibration function
[EN 14181:2004, 3.11]
2.12
intrinsic uncertainty
uncertainty component originating from the AMS itself, independent of the installation
2.13
legislation
Directives, Acts, ordinances and regulations
[EN 14181:2004, 3.12]
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2.14
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement
[EN 14181:2004, 3.13]
2.15
measured value
estimated value of the air quality characteristic derived from an output signal
NOTE 1 This usually involves calculations related to the calibration process and conversion to required quantities.
NOTE 2 Adapted from EN 14181:2004, 3.14.
2.16
non-extractive AMS
AMS having the detection unit in the gas stream or in a part of it
[EN 14181:2004, 3.15]
2.17
outlier
observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a set of data, and therefore has a low
probability of being a valid data point
2.18
period of unattended operation
maximum admissible interval of time for which the performance characteristics will remain within a predefined
range without external servicing, e.g. refill, calibration, adjustment
[EN 14181:2004, 3.16]
2.19
peripheral AMS or SRM
measuring system or SRM used to gather the data required to convert the measured values to standard
reference conditions, i.e. AMS or SRM for moisture, temperature, pressure and oxygen
[EN 14181:2004, 3.17]
2.20
precision
closeness of agreement of results obtained from the AMS for successive zero readings and successive span
readings at defined time intervals
[EN 14181:2004, 3.18]
2.21
reference material
material simulating a known concentration of the input parameter, by use of surrogates and traceable to
national standards
NOTE Surrogates normally used are calibration gasses, gas cells, gratings or filters.
[EN 14181:2004, 3.19]
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2.22
response time
time interval between the instant of a sudden change in the value of the input quantity to an AMS and the time
as from which the value of the output quantity is reliably maintained above 90 % of the correct value of the
input quantity
[EN 15267-3:2008, 3.31]
2.23
span reading
instrument reading of the AMS for a simulation of the input parameter at a fixed elevated concentration
[EN 14181:2004, 3.21]
NOTE 1 This simulation is intended to test the measuring elements of the system, which contribute to its performance.
NOTE 2 The span reading is approximately 80 % of the measurement range.
2.24
standard conditions
conditions as given in the EU-directives to which measured values have to be standardised to verify
compliance with the emission limit values
[EN 14181:2004, 3.22]
2.25
standard deviation
positive square root of: the mean squared deviation from the arithmetic mean divided by the number of
degrees of freedom
NOTE The number of degrees of freedom is the number of measurements minus 1.
[EN 14181:2004, 3.23]
2.26
standard reference method
SRM
method described and standardised to define an air quality characteristic, temporarily installed on site for
verification purposes
NOTE Also known as a reference method.
[EN 14181:2004, 3.24]
2.27
uncertainty
parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterises the dispersion of the values that
could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
[EN 14181:2004, 3.25]
2.28
variability
standard deviation of the differences of parallel measurements between the SRM and AMS
[EN 14181:2004, 3.26]
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2.29
zero reading
instrument reading of the AMS on simulation of the input parameter at zero concentration, which tests the
measuring elements of the AMS, that contribute to its performance
NOTE Adapted from EN 14181:2004, 3.23.
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
a intercept of the calibration function
b slope of the calibration function
3
C mass concentration in milligrams per cubic metre (mg/m )
D
difference between measured SRM value y and calibrated AMS value yˆ
i
i i
average of D
D
i
E emission limit value
E extinction of the optical transmission monitor
otm
i
index
2
k
v test value for the variability test based on a χ -test, with a β-value of 50 %, for N numbers of
paired measurements
L
control limit value
L length of the measurement path in metres (m)
mp
m target value (chart centre line)
0
n number of checks
N number of paired samples in parallel measurements
P percentage value
2
R correlation coefficient
s standard deviation of the AMS at zero and span level
AMS
standard deviation of the differences D in parallel measurements
s i
D
t students t-factor for a confidence level of 95 %
0,95
th
x i measured signal obtained with the AMS
i
th
i measured result obtained with the SRM
y
i
yˆ best estimate for the true value, calculated from the AMS measured signal x by means of the
i i
calibration function
y span value
span
Z critical value in the Grubbs's test
th
Z test value of i data pair in the Grubbs's test
i
z weighted average taking the past and the last check into account
i
λ smoothing parameter
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µ average diameter of the grains in the stack in micrometres (µm)
uncertainty derived from requirements of legislation
σ
0
3.2 Abbreviations
AMS automated measuring system
ARL average run length
AST annual surveillance test
ELV emission limit value
EWMA exponentially weighted moving average
LCL lower control limit
NO nitrogen oxides
x
QAL quality assurance level
SRM standard reference method
TOC total organic compounds
UCL upper control limit
4 General guidance on quality assurance and calibration
4.1 General
The role of this Technical Report is to provide guidance on the application of the European Standards
EN 14181:2004 on quality assurance of automated measuring systems used for monitoring stationary source
emissions and EN 13284-2:2004 on automated measuring systems used for the determination of low range
mass concentration of dust at stationary sources. Both European Standards are applicable to industrial plants
falling under the European Directives for the incineration of waste (2000/76/EC) and large combustion plants
(2001/80/EC), hence referred to as Directives in this Technical Report.
For simplicity, throughout this document, reference to EN 14181:2004 also refers to EN 13284-2:2004.
This Technical Report summarises the requirements of EN 14181:2004 and EN 13284-2:2004, and provides
guidance on how to perform each of the required tasks.
4.2 Regulatory framework and standards for monitoring
4.2.1 Monitoring requirements in the Directives
The Directives prescribe the use of European Standards for monitoring emissions and calibration of
automated measuring systems, or, if European Standards are not available, then the use of ISO, national or
other equivalent international standards that provide data of a suitable quality. The standards for monitoring
emissions are known as standard reference methods (SRM). Furthermore, the Directives specify overall
performance requirements for continuous monitoring through uncertainty allowances expressed as a 95 %
confidence interval. EN 14181:2004 presumes that the uncertainty of the AMS is expressed in the applicable
Directives as half of the length of a 95 % confidence interval as a percentage P of the emission limit value E.
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4.2.2 Scope and structure of EN 14181:2004
EN 14181:2004 applies to AMS permanently installed at industrial plants regulated under the Directives. Also
EN 14181:2004 applies to the AMS themselves and not the data recording systems used with AMS. The
requirements for data acquisition and handling systems will be covered by a separate standard. The scope of
EN 14181:2004 applies to complete AMS as defined by EN 15267-3, which includes not just the analyser, but
also any sampling systems and other components required to analyse the stack gas and produce a
measurement.
Although EN 14181:2004 was developed for application at industrial plants covered by the Directives, it can
be applied to industrial plants covered by other EC laws, such as for other types of industrial plants regulated
under the Directive 96/61/EC for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). EN 14181:2004 specifies
three quality assurance levels and an annual surveillance test. These are:
QAL1 is a procedure to demonstrate that the AMS is suitable for the intended purpose before installation,
by meeting required performance standards EN ISO 14956, and the uncertainty allowances specified in
EU Directives. Since the publication of EN 14181:2004, CEN has published EN 15267-3 to apply
EN ISO 14956 for new AMS.
QAL2 includes a set of functional tests to check that the AMS has been installed appropriately, and that
the AMS is operating correctly. The functional tests on the AMS are then followed by a procedure to
calibrate the AMS, using standard reference methods and then verify whether it still meets the required
uncertainty allowances, once installed. QAL2 establishes the traceability of the AMS measured values, to
the applicable standard. This provides a demonstration of compliance with legally binding emission limit
values.
QAL3 is a procedure to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the AMS during its normal
operation by checking the zero and span readings.
AST is a set of functional tests to check the correct operation of the AMS, followed by a procedure to
evaluate the AMS to show that it continues to function correctly and the calibration function is still valid.
These quality assurance levels follow a logical sequence to demonstrate the suitability of the AMS, its correct
installation, commissioning, and calibration, followed by procedures to ensure a continuing and correct
operation (see Figure 1).
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Figure 1 — Quality Assurance Levels from EN 14181
4.3 Roles and responsibilities
The operator of an industrial plant regulated by the Directives has the overall responsibility to comply with the
requirements of EN 14181:2004. The operator is responsible for organising the functional tests, according to
the requirements of the competent authority. The AMS manufacturer, AMS supplier, the operator's own
personnel, or a test laboratory may therefore perform the functional tests, depending on the requirements of
the competent authority.
Although the operator is responsible for compliance with the requirements of EN 14181:2004, this standard
specifies that the test laboratories which perform the parallel measurements, using standard reference
methods, as required by QAL2 and the AST, shall be either accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17025, or shall
otherwise meet the requirements of the competent authority. Therefore, EC member states may use national
systems for approving testing laboratories for QAL2 and the AST.
5 Application of QAL1
5.1 General
The purpose of QAL1 is to show that an AMS is potentially suitable for its intended task, by demonstrating that
the uncertainty at the emission limit value (ELV) will at least meet the uncertainty specified in the Directives.
The ability of the AMS to meet this uncertainty in turn depends on:
the ability of the AMS to capture all or most of the measurement peaks over a sufficiently wide
measurement range, without compromising the required uncertainty at the ELV; and
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the ability of the AMS to be sufficiency stable once installed, i.e. any drift and precision are acceptable
within allowable specifications as defined by national or international standards.
5.2 AMS which are not yet installed at the plant
EN 14181:2004 refers to EN ISO 14956 when applying the requirements of QAL1. EN ISO 14956 describes a
procedure to determine the uncertainty, using performance criteria and test data for an AMS. However,
EN ISO 14956 only describes the mathematical procedure for determining the uncertainty. This standard does
not describe exactly which performance criteria and data to use within the calculations, nor how to perform the
tests to produce the data for the uncertainty calculations.
Therefore, CEN has published EN 15267-3, which specifies the performance criteria and test procedures for
automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources in the framework of
certification of automated measuring systems. This standard is both an application of EN ISO 14956, and a
means of demonstrating compliance with the QAL1 requirements of EN 14181:2004. This means that, if AMS
which have been tested to the requirements of EN 15267-3, and the results of these tests show that the
uncertainty meets the requirements of the Directives, then the AMS meets the requirements for QAL1.
EN 15267-3 and the national standards which preceded it make allowances for the uncertainty contributions of
the installation. For example, EN 15267-3 recommends that the uncertainty of the AMS, estimated using the
procedure in EN ISO 14956, is not be more than 75 % of the uncertainty allowance specified in the Directives.
This allows a margin of error for factors such as the uncertainty contributions from peripheral measurements
and stack gas inhomogeneity.
There are many AMS which have been tested and certified in accordance with national standards which
preceded EN 15267-3. In such cases, operators of industrial plants are advised to contact the competent
authorities for guidance.
Annex D of EN 15267-3:2007 provides an example of an uncertainty determination for an AMS, applying
EN ISO 14956 to determine the uncertainty.
5.3 AMS which are already installed at the plant
There can be cases where AMS are already installed at the plant, and where the AMS do not meet all of the
requirements of EN 15267-3. However, the performance criteria specified within EN 15267-3 are set at a level
which provides a margin of safety. This means that AMS which meet the requirements of EN 15267-3 are very
likely to meet the uncertainty allowances specified in the Directives. Therefore, an AMS which does not meet
the performance requirements of EN 15267-3 might still meet the uncertainty allowances specified within the
Directives. In such cases, the operator can minimise the effects of influence factors which increase the
uncertainty of the AMS once it is installed at the plant. For example, the AMS could be contained within a
climate-controlled chamber, which could minimise the influence of variations in ambient temperature on the
AMS.
Therefore if an AMS already installed at the plant does not meet the requirements of EN 15267-3, and hence
the requirements of QAL1, the competent authorities in EC member states may decide what action is
necessary. For example, the competent authority may state that if the AMS still meets the requirements of
QAL2, QAL3 and the AST, then the operator may keep the AMS for the rest of its design life.
6 Application of QAL2 and AST
6.1 Tasks within QAL2 and AST
QAL2 requires operators to assure that AMS are installed in the correct location, that there is sufficient access
to maintain, assess and control them, and to ensure that AMS are both calibrated and operating correctly. To
this end, EN 14181:2004 specifies two parts to QAL2, which are:
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A set of functional tests and checks to ensure that the AMS has been installed correctly and is functioning
at, or better than, the required performance levels; and that there are sufficient management-provisions in
place for the management and maintenance of the AMS. EN 15259 describes a procedure to identify the
best location for the sampling location of the AMS, in order to provide representative measurements.
A set of repeated, parallel measurements using the SRM to verify whether the readings from the AMS are
reliable, and to derive the calibration function. This includes a set of statistical operations and tests
following the parallel measurements, to verify whether the AMS meets the uncertainty allowances
specified in the EU Directives.
Although the scope of EN 14181:2004 excludes systems for data acquisition, it is good practice to check the
data transfer from the AMS to the data acquisition and handling system during the QAL2 and AST.
6.2 Location and monitoring provisions for AMS
If an AMS is to give reliable results, then it is critical that the AMS is located in the correct position, such that it
measures a representative sample of the em
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 15983:2009
01-oktober-2009
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY1DYRGLOR]DXSRUDER(1
Stationary source emissions - Guidance on the application of EN 14181:2004
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Leitlinien zur Anwendung der EN 14181:2004
Emissions de sources fixes - Lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'EN
14181:2004
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 15983
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 15983:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 15983:2009
TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/TR 15983
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
July 2009
ICS 13.040.40
English Version
Stationary source emissions - Guidance on the application of EN
14181:2004
Emissions de sources fixes - Lignes directrices relatives à Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Leitlinien zur
l'application de l'EN 14181:2004 Anwendung der EN 14181:2004
This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Technical Committee Approval. It has been drawn up by the Technical
Committee CEN/TC 264.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 15983:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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FprCEN/TR 15983:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .4
Introduction .5
1 Scope .6
2 Terms and definitions .6
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Symbols . 10
3.2 Abbreviations . 11
4 General guidance on quality assurance and calibration . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.2 Regulatory framework and standards for monitoring . 11
4.2.1 Monitoring requirements in the Directives . 11
4.2.2 Scope and structure of EN 14181:2004 . 12
4.3 Roles and responsibilities . 13
5 Application of QAL1 . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 AMS which are not yet installed at the plant . 14
5.3 AMS which are already installed at the plant . 14
6 Application of QAL2 and AST . 14
6.1 Tasks within QAL2 and AST . 14
6.2 Location and monitoring provisions for AMS . 15
6.3 Management system provisions for AMS . 15
6.4 Specific issues of the functional tests . 15
6.4.1 General . 15
6.4.2 Zero and span checks . 16
6.4.3 Linearity test . 16
7 Calibration and validation of the AMS . 17
7.1 Standard reference methods . 17
7.2 Calibration using a SRM . 17
7.2.1 General . 17
7.2.2 Spread of data . 18
7.2.3 Number of data points . 18
7.2.4 Values near zero . 19
7.2.5 Invalid values and outliers . 20
7.2.6 Decision on Method A or Method B . 21
7.3 Low-level clusters . 21
7.4 Peripheral AMS measurements . 22
7.5 Establishing the calibration function and the test of variability . 22
7.6 Data points outside the calibration range . 23
7.6.1 Extrapolating the calibration function using reference materials . 23
7.6.2 Extending the calibration range using AST data . 24
7.7 Calibrating AMS for NO and TOC . 24
x
7.7.1 Calibrating AMS for NO . 24
x
7.7.2 Calibrating AMS for TOC . 25
7.8 Significant changes to operating conditions and fuels . 25
7.9 Significant changes to an AMS . 25
8 On-going surveillance and quality assurance of AMS (QAL3) . 26
8.1 The necessity for QAL3 . 26
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8.2 Choosing control charts . 26
8.2.1 General . 26
8.2.2 Shewhart charts and other simple control charts . 27
8.2.3 EWMA chart . 27
8.2.4 CUSUM charts . 27
8.2.5 Built-in methods . 27
8.3 Zero and span measurements . 27
8.3.1 General . 27
8.3.2 Frequency of zero and span measurements . 28
8.3.3 Extractive gas analysis systems . 28
8.3.4 In-situ and cross-stack gas-monitoring AMS . 29
8.3.5 Particulate-monitoring AMS . 29
8.3.6 Automatic zero and span checks . 29
8.3.7 Adjustments to span readings . 29
8.3.8 Replacing gas bottles or other surrogates . 29
8.4 Setting parameters for control charts . 30
8.4.1 Setting limits for control charts, except CUSUM charts . 30
8.4.2 Calculation of s using performance data . 30
AMS
Annex A (informative) An example of a procedure for determining outliers . 32
Annex B (informative) Alternative approaches for dealing with low-level clusters of emissions . 35
Annex C (informative) k values . 37
v
Annex D (informative) Shewhart and EWMA control charts . 38
Bibliography . 44
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Foreword
This document (FprCEN/TR 15983:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the TC Approval.
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Introduction
This CEN Technical Report provides supporting guidance on the application of EN 14181:2004. It is based on
the growing experiences with EN 14181:2004 throughout the CEN member countries. EN 14181:2004
specifies three levels of quality assurance (QAL), known as QAL1, QAL2 and QAL3 as well as an Annual
Surveillance Test (AST). This Technical Report explains the requirements of these levels of quality assurance
to achieve a consistent application of EN 14181:2004.
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1 Scope
This CEN Technical Report provides guidance for applying the European Standard EN 14181:2004.
This CEN Technical Report provides guidance only on applying the quality assurance levels QAL1, QAL2 and
QAL3 as well as the annual surveillance test (AST).
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
air quality characteristic
one of the quantifiable properties relating to an air mass under investigation, for example, concentration of a
constituent
[EN 14181:2004, 3.1]
2.2
automated measuring system
AMS
measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions
[EN 14181:2004, 3.2]
NOTE 1 An AMS is the automated application of a monitoring method, which is traceable to a reference method.
NOTE 2 Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample gas lines,
flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter, moisture removal devices,
converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that are required for regular functional
checks.
2.3
calibration function
linear relationship between the values of the SRM and the AMS with the assumption of a constant residual
standard deviation
[EN 14181:2004, 3.3]
NOTE The calibration function is established during QAL2 on stack gases.
2.4
competent authority
organisation which implements the requirements of EU Directives and regulates installations, which must
comply with the requirements of applicable European Standards
[EN 15267-1:2009, 3.3]
2.5
confidence interval (two-sided)
when T and T are two functions of the observed values such that, θ being a population parameter to be
1 2
estimated, the probability P (T ≤ θ ≤ T ) is at least equal to (1 – α) [where (1 – α) is a fixed number, positive
r 1 2
and less than 1], the interval between T and T is a two-sided (1 – α) confidence interval for θ
1 2
[EN 14181:2004, 3.5]
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NOTE In this document, the standard deviation σ is estimated in QAL2 by parallel measurements with a SRM. It is
0
assumed that the requirement for σ , presented in terms of an allowable uncertainty budget i.e. variability, is provided by
0
the regulators (e.g. in some EU Directives). In the procedures of this standard, the premise is that the required variability is
given as σ itself, or as a quarter of the length of the full 95 % confidence interval.
0
2.6
CUSUM chart
calculation procedure in which the amount of drift and change in precision is compared to the corresponding
uncertainty components which are obtained during QAL1
[EN 14181:2004, 3.6]
2.7
drift
monotonic change of the calibration function over stated period of unattended operation, which results in a
change of the measured value
[EN 14181:2004, 3.7]
NOTE This refers to a change in the response of the AMS to a determinant which does not change.
2.8
emission limit value
ELV
limit value related to the uncertainty requirement
[EN 14181:2004, 3.8]
NOTE For EU directives it is the daily emission limit value that relates to the uncertainty requirement.
2.9
extractive AMS
AMS having the detection unit physically separated from the gas stream by means of a sampling system
[EN 14181:2004, 3.9]
2.10
instability
change in the measured value comprised of drift and dispersion resulting from the change in the calibration
function over a stated period of unattended operation, for a given value of the air quality characteristic
NOTE 1 Drift and dispersion specify the monotonic and stochastic change with time of the output signal, respectively.
NOTE 2 This refers to a change in the response of the AMS to a determinant which does not change.
NOTE 3 Adapted from EN 14181:2004, 3.10.
2.11
instrument reading
indication of the measured value directly provided by the AMS without using the calibration function
[EN 14181:2004, 3.11]
2.12
intrinsic uncertainty
uncertainty component originating from the AMS itself, independent of the installation
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2.13
legislation
Directives, Acts, ordinances and regulations
[EN 14181:2004, 3.12]
2.14
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement
[EN 14181:2004, 3.13]
2.15
measured value
estimated value of the air quality characteristic derived from an output signal
NOTE 1 This usually involves calculations related to the calibration process and conversion to required quantities.
NOTE 2 Adapted from EN 14181:2004, 3.14.
2.16
non-extractive AMS
AMS having the detection unit in the gas stream or in a part of it
[EN 14181:2004, 3.15]
2.17
outlier
observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a set of data, and therefore has a low
probability of being a valid data point
2.18
period of unattended operation
maximum admissible interval of time for which the performance characteristics will remain within a predefined
range without external servicing, e.g. refill, calibration, adjustment
[EN 14181:2004, 3.16]
2.19
peripheral AMS or SRM
measuring system or SRM used to gather the data required to convert the measured values to standard
reference conditions, i.e. AMS or SRM for moisture, temperature, pressure and oxygen
[EN 14181:2004, 3.17]
2.20
precision
closeness of agreement of results obtained from the AMS for successive zero readings and successive span
readings at defined time intervals
[EN 14181:2004, 3.18]
2.21
reference material
material simulating a known concentration of the input parameter, by use of surrogates and traceable to
national standards
NOTE Surrogates normally used are calibration gasses, gas cells, gratings or filters.
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[EN 14181:2004, 3.19]
2.22
response time
time taken for an AMS to respond to an abrupt change in value of the air quality characteristic
[EN 14181:2004, 3.20]
2.23
span reading
instrument reading of the AMS for a simulation of the input parameter at a fixed elevated concentration
[EN 14181:2004, 3.21]
NOTE 1 This simulation is intended to test as much as possible all the measuring elements of the system, which
contribute significantly to its performance.
NOTE 2 The span reading is approximately 80% of the measurement range.
2.24
standard conditions
conditions as given in the EU-directives to which measured values have to be standardised to verify
compliance with the emission limit values
[EN 14181:2004, 3.22]
2.25
standard deviation
positive square root of: the mean squared deviation from the arithmetic mean divided by the number of
degrees of freedom
NOTE The number of degrees of freedom is the number of measurements minus 1.
[EN 14181:2004, 3.23]
2.26
standard reference method
SRM
method described and standardised to define an air quality characteristic, temporarily installed on site for
verification purposes
NOTE Also known as a reference method.
[EN 14181:2004, 3.24]
2.27
uncertainty
parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterises the dispersion of the values that
could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
[EN 14181:2004, 3.25]
2.28
variability
standard deviation of the differences of parallel measurements between the SRM and AMS
[EN 14181:2004, 3.26]
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2.29
zero reading
instrument reading of the AMS on simulation of the input parameter at zero concentration, which tests as
much as possible all the measuring elements of the AMS, that contribute significantly to its performance
NOTE Adapted from EN 14181:2004, 3.23.
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
a intercept of the calibration function
b slope of the calibration function
3
C mass concentration in mg/m
D
difference between measured SRM value y and calibrated AMS value yˆ
i
i i
average of D
D
i
E emission limit value
E extinction of the optical transmission monitor
otm
i
index
2
k
v test value for the variability test based on a χ -test, with a β-value of 50 %, for N numbers of
paired measurements
L
control limit value
L length of the measurement path in m
mp
m target value (chart centre line)
0
n number of checks
N number of paired samples in parallel measurements
P percentage value
2
R correlation coefficient
s standard deviation of the AMS at zero and span level
AMS
standard deviation of the differences D in parallel measurements
s i
D
t students t-factor for a confidence level of 95 %
0,95
th
x i measured signal obtained with the AMS
i
th
i measured result obtained with the SRM
y
i
yˆ best estimate for the true value, calculated from the AMS measured signal x by means of the
i i
calibration function
y span value
span
Z critical value in the Grubbs’s test
th
Z test value of i data pair in the Grubbs’s test
i
z weighted average taking the past and the last check into account
i
λ smoothing parameter
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µ average diameter of the grains in the stack in µm
uncertainty derived from requirements of legislation
σ
0
3.2 Abbreviations
AMS automated measuring system
ARL average run length
AST annual surveillance test
ELV emission limit value
EWMA exponentially weighted moving average
LCL lower control limit
NO nitrogen oxides
x
QAL quality assurance level
SRM standard reference method
TOC total organic compounds
UCL upper control limit
4 General guidance on quality assurance and calibration
4.1 General
The role of this Technical Report is to provide guidance on the application of European Standard
EN 14181:2004 on quality assurance of automated measuring systems used for monitoring stationary source
emissions and EN 13284-2:2004 on automated measuring systems used for the determination of low range
mass concentration of dust at stationary sources. Both European Standards are applicable to industrial plants
falling under the European Directives for the incineration of waste (2000/76/EC) and large combustion plants
(2001/80/EC), hence referred to as Directives in this Technical Report.
For simplicity, throughout this document, reference to EN 14181:2004 also refers to EN 13284-2:2004.
This Technical Report summarises the requirements of EN 14181:2004 and EN 13284-2:2004, and provides
guidance on how to perform each of the required tasks.
4.2 Regulatory framework and standards for monitoring
4.2.1 Monitoring requirements in the Directives
The Directives prescribe the use of European Standards for monitoring emissions and calibration of
automated measuring systems, or, if European Standards are not available, then the use of ISO, national or
other equivalent international standards that provide data of a suitable quality. The standards for monitoring
emissions are known as standard reference methods (SRM). Furthermore, the Directives specify overall
performance requirements for continuous monitoring through uncertainty allowances expressed as a 95 %
confidence interval. EN 14181:2004 presumes that the uncertainty of the AMS is expressed in the applicable
Directives as half of the length of a 95 % confidence interval as a percentage P of the emission limit value E.
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4.2.2 Scope and structure of EN 14181:2004
EN 14181:2004 applies to AMS permanently installed at industrial plants regulated under the Directives. Also
EN 14181:2004 applies to the AMS themselves and not the data recording systems used with AMS. The
requirements for data acquisition and handling systems will be covered by a separate standard. The scope of
EN 14181:2004 applies to complete AMS as defined by EN 15267-3, which includes not just the analyser, but
also any sampling systems and other components required to analyse the stack gas and produce a
measurement.
Although EN 14181:2004 was developed for application at industrial plants covered by the Directives, it can
be applied to industrial plants covered by other EC laws, such as for other types of industrial plants regulated
under the Directive 96/61/EC for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). EN 14181:2004 specifies
three quality assurance levels and an annual surveillance test. These are:
QAL1 is a procedure to demonstrate that the AMS is suitable for the intended purpose before installation,
by meeting required performance standards EN ISO 14956, and the uncertainty allowances specified in
EU Directives. Since the publication of EN 14181:2004, CEN has published EN 15267-3 to apply EN
ISO 14956 for new AMS.
QAL2 includes a set of functional tests to check that the AMS has been installed appropriately, and that
the AMS is operating correctly. The functional tests on the AMS are then followed by a procedure to
calibrate the AMS, using standard reference methods and then verify whether it still meets the required
uncertainty allowances, once installed. QAL2 establishes the traceability of the AMS measured values, to
the applicable standard. This provides a demonstration of compliance with legally binding emission limit
values.
QAL3 is a procedure to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the AMS during its normal
operation by checking the zero and span readings.
AST is a set of functional tests to check the correct operation of the AMS, followed by a procedure to
evaluate the AMS to show that it continues to function correctly and the calibration function is still valid.
These quality assurance levels follow a logical sequence to demonstrate the suitability of the AMS, its correct
installation, commissioning, and calibration, followed by procedures to ensure a continuing and correct
operation (see Figure 1).
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Figure 1 — Quality Assurance Levels from EN 14181
4.3 Roles and responsibilities
The operator of an industrial plant regulated by the Directives has the overall responsibility to comply with the
requirements of EN 14181:2004. The operator is responsible for organising the functional tests, according to
the requirements of the competent authority. The AMS manufacturer, AMS supplier, the operator’s own
personnel, or a test laboratory may therefore perform the functional tests, depending on the requirements of
the competent authority.
Although the operator is responsible for compliance with the requirements of EN 14181:2004, this standard
specifies that the test laboratories which perform the parallel measurements, using standard reference
methods, as required by QAL2 and the AST, shall be either accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17025, or shall
otherwise meet the requirements of the competent authority. Therefore, EC member states may use national
systems for approving testing laboratories for QAL2 and the AST.
5 Application of QAL1
5.1 General
The purpose of QAL1 is to show that an AMS is potentially suitable for its intended task, by demonstrating that
the uncertainty at the emission limit value (ELV) will at least meet the uncertainty specified in the Directives.
The ability of the AMS to meet this uncertainty in turn depends on
the ability of the AMS to capture all or most the measurement peaks over a sufficiently wide
measurement range, without compromising the required uncertainty at the ELV, and
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the ability of the AMS to be sufficiency stable once installed, i.e. any drift and precision are acceptable
within allowable specifications as defined by nati
...
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